@article{KlinglerHeiderichGirardetal.2014,
  author    = {Klingler, Werner and Heiderich, Sebastian and Girard, Thierry and Gravino, Elvira and Heffron, James J. A. and Johannsen, Stephan and Jurkat-Rott, Karin and R{\"u}ffert, Henrik and Schuster, Frank and Snoeck, Marc and Sorrentino, Vincenzo and Tegazzin, Vincenzo and Lehmann-Horn, Frank},
  title     = {Functional and genetic characterization of clinical malignant hyperthermia crises: a multi-centre study},
  series = {Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases},
  number    = {8},
  issn      = {1750-1172},
  doi       = {10.1186/1750-1172-9-8},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117630},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare pharmacogenetic disorder which is characterized by life-threatening metabolic crises during general anesthesia. Classical triggering substances are volatile anesthetics and succinylcholine (SCh). The molecular basis of MH is excessive release of Ca2+ in skeletal muscle principally by a mutated ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1). To identify factors explaining the variable phenotypic presentation and complex pathomechanism, we analyzed proven MH events in terms of clinical course, muscle contracture, genetic factors and pharmocological triggers. Methods: In a multi-centre study including seven European MH units, patients with a history of a clinical MH episode confirmed by susceptible (MHS) or equivocal (MHE) in vitro contracture tests (IVCT) were investigated. A test result is considered to be MHE if the muscle specimens develop pathological contractures in response to only one of the two test substances, halothane or caffeine. Crises were evaluated using a clinical grading scale (CGS), results of IVCT and genetic screening. The effects of SCh and volatile anesthetics on Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were studied in vitro. Results: A total of 200 patients met the inclusion criteria. Two MH crises (1\%) were triggered by SCh (1 MHS, 1 MHE), 18\% by volatile anesthetics and 81\% by a combination of both. Patients were 70\% male and 50\% were younger than 12 years old. Overall, CGS was in accord with IVCT results. Crises triggered by enflurane had a significantly higher CGS compared to halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane. Of the 200 patients, 103 carried RyR1 variants, of which 14 were novel. CGS varied depending on the location of the mutation within the RyR1 gene. In contrast to volatile anesthetics, SCh did not evoke Ca2+ release from isolated rat SR vesicles. Conclusions: An MH event could depend on patient-related risk factors such as male gender, young age and causative RyR1 mutations as well as on the use of drugs lowering the threshold of myoplasmic Ca2+ release. SCh might act as an accelerant by promoting unspecific Ca2+ influx via the sarcolemma and indirect RyR1 activation. Most MH crises develop in response to the combined administration of SCh and volatile anesthetics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LotzHerrmannNotzetal.2021,
  author    = {Lotz, Christopher and Herrmann, Johannes and Notz, Quirin and Meybohm, Patrick and Kehl, Franz},
  title     = {Mitochondria and pharmacologic cardiac conditioning — At the heart of ischemic injury},
  series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  number    = {6},
  issn      = {1422-0067},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijms22063224},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285368},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Pharmacologic cardiac conditioning increases the intrinsic resistance against ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. The cardiac conditioning response is mediated via complex signaling networks. These networks have been an intriguing research field for decades, largely advancing our knowledge on cardiac signaling beyond the conditioning response. The centerpieces of this system are the mitochondria, a dynamic organelle, almost acting as a cell within the cell. Mitochondria comprise a plethora of functions at the crossroads of cell death or survival. These include the maintenance of aerobic ATP production and redox signaling, closely entwined with mitochondrial calcium handling and mitochondrial permeability transition. Moreover, mitochondria host pathways of programmed cell death impact the inflammatory response and contain their own mechanisms of fusion and fission (division). These act as quality control mechanisms in cellular ageing, release of pro-apoptotic factors and mitophagy. Furthermore, recently identified mechanisms of mitochondrial regeneration can increase the capacity for oxidative phosphorylation, decrease oxidative stress and might help to beneficially impact myocardial remodeling, as well as invigorate the heart against subsequent ischemic insults. The current review highlights different pathways and unresolved questions surrounding mitochondria in myocardial I/R injury and pharmacological cardiac conditioning.},
  language  = {en}
}