@article{WallmannSperlichDuekingMuelleretal.2022, author = {Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit and D{\"u}king, Peter and M{\"u}ller, Miriam and Frob{\"o}se, Ingo and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Type and intensity distribution of structured and incidental lifestyle physical activity of students and office workers: a retrospective content analysis}, series = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {22}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-12999-z}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301217}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Background Physical activity (PA) guidelines acknowledge the health benefits of regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) regardless of bout duration. However, little knowledge exists concerning the type and intensity distribution of structured and incidental lifestyle PA of students and office workers. The present study aimed to i) assess the duration and distribution of intensity of MVPAs during waking hours ≥50\% of heart rate reserve (HRR), ii) to identify the type of PA through diary assessment, iii) to assign these activities into structured and lifestyle incidental PA, and iv) to compare this information between students and office workers. Methods Twenty-three healthy participants (11 students, 12 office workers) recorded heart rate (HR) with a wrist-worn HR monitor (Polar M600) and filled out a PA diary throughout seven consecutive days (i.e. ≥ 8 waking h/day). Relative HR zones were calculated, and PA diary information was coded using the Compendium of PA. We matched HR data with the reported PA and identified PA bouts during waking time ≥ 50\% HRR concerning duration, HRR zone, type of PA, and assigned each activity to incidental and structured PA. Descriptive measures for time spend in different HRR zones and differences between students and office workers were calculated. Results In total, we analyzed 276.894 s (76 h 54 min 54 s) of waking time in HRR zones ≥50\% and identified 169 different types of PA. The participants spend 31.9 ± 27.1 min/day or 3.9 ± 3.2\% of their waking time in zones of ≥50\% HRR with no difference between students and office workers (p > 0.01). The proportion of assigned incidental lifestyle PA was 76.9 ± 22.5\%. Conclusions The present study provides initial insights regarding the type, amount, and distribution of intensity of structured and incidental lifestyle PA ≥ 50\% HRR. Findings show a substantial amount of incidental lifestyle PA during waking hours and display the importance of promoting a physically active lifestyle. Future research could employ ambulatory assessments with integrated electronic diaries to detect information on the type and context of MVPA during the day.}, language = {en} } @article{GuederWilkesmannScholzetal.2022, author = {G{\"u}der, G{\"u}lmisal and Wilkesmann, Joana and Scholz, Nina and Leppich, Robert and D{\"u}king, Peter and Sperlich, Billy and Rost, Christian and Frantz, Stefan and Morbach, Caroline and Sahiti, Floran and Stefenelli, Ulrich and Breunig, Margret and St{\"o}rk, Stefan}, title = {Establishing a cardiac training group for patients with heart failure: the "HIP-in-W{\"u}rzburg" study}, series = {Clinical Research in Cardiology}, volume = {111}, journal = {Clinical Research in Cardiology}, issn = {1861-0692}, doi = {10.1007/s00392-021-01892-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-266678}, pages = {406-415}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Background Exercise training in heart failure (HF) is recommended but not routinely offered, because of logistic and safety-related reasons. In 2020, the German Society for Prevention\&Rehabilitation and the German Society for Cardiology requested establishing dedicated ""HF training groups."" Here, we aimed to implement and evaluate the feasibility and safety of one of the first HF training groups in Germany. Methods Twelve patients (three women) with symptomatic HF (NYHA class II/III) and an ejection fraction ≤ 45\% participated and were offered weekly, physician-supervised exercise training for 1 year. Patients received a wrist-worn pedometer (M430 Polar) and underwent the following assessments at baseline and after 4, 8 and 12 months: cardiopulmonary exercise test, 6-min walk test, echocardiography (blinded reading), and quality of life assessment (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, KCCQ). Results All patients (median age [quartiles] 64 [49; 64] years) completed the study and participated in 76\% of the offered 36 training sessions. The pedometer was worn ≥ 1000 min per day over 86\% of the time. No cardiovascular events occurred during training. Across 12 months, NT-proBNP dropped from 986 pg/ml [455; 1937] to 483 pg/ml [247; 2322], and LVEF increased from 36\% [29;41] to 41\% [32;46]\%, (p for trend = 0.01). We observed no changes in exercise capacity except for a subtle increase in peak VO2\% predicted, from 66.5 [49; 77] to 67 [52; 78]; p for trend = 0.03. The physical function and social limitation domains of the KCCQ improved from 60 [54; 82] to 71 [58; 95, and from 63 [39; 83] to 78 [64; 92]; p for trend = 0.04 and = 0.01, respectively. Positive trends were further seen for the clinical and overall summary scores. Conclusion This pilot study showed that the implementation of a supervised HF-exercise program is feasible, safe, and has the potential to improve both quality of life and surrogate markers of HF severity. This first exercise experiment should facilitate the design of risk-adopted training programs for patients with HF.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingZinnerReedetal.2020, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Zinner, Christoph and Reed, Jennifer L. and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Predefined vs data-guided training prescription based on autonomic nervous system variation: A systematic review}, series = {Scandinavian Journal of Medicine \& Science in Sports}, volume = {30}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Medicine \& Science in Sports}, number = {12}, doi = {10.1111/sms.13802}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-217893}, pages = {2291 -- 2304}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Monitoring variations in the functioning of the autonomic nervous system may help personalize training of runners and provide more pronounced physiological adaptations and performance improvements. We systematically reviewed the scientific literature comparing physiological adaptations and/or improvements in performance following training based on responses of the autonomic nervous system (ie, changes in heart rate variability) and predefined training. PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched systematically in July 2019. Keywords related to endurance, running, autonomic nervous system, and training. Studies were included if they (a) involved interventions consisting predominantly of running training; (b) lasted at least 3 weeks; (c) reported pre- and post-intervention assessment of running performance and/or physiological parameters; (d) included an experimental group performing training adjusted continuously on the basis of alterations in HRV and a control group; and (e) involved healthy runners. Five studies involving six interventions and 166 participants fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Four HRV-based interventions reduced the amount of moderate- and/or high-intensity training significantly. In five interventions, improvements in performance parameters (3000 m, 5000 m, Loadmax, Tlim) were more pronounced following HRV-based training. Peak oxygen uptake (VO\(_{2peak}\)) and submaximal running parameters (eg, LT1, LT2) improved following both HRV-based and predefined training, with no clear difference in the extent of improvement in VO\(_{2peak}\). Submaximal running parameters tended to improve more following HRV-based training. Research findings to date have been limited and inconsistent. Both HRV-based and predefined training improve running performance and certain submaximal physiological adaptations, with effects of the former training tending to be greater.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingHolmbergKunzetal.2020, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Holmberg, Hans‑Christer and Kunz, Philipp and Leppich, Robert and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Intra-individual physiological response of recreational runners to different training mesocycles: a randomized cross-over study}, series = {European Journal of Applied Physiology}, volume = {120}, journal = {European Journal of Applied Physiology}, issn = {1439-6319}, doi = {10.1007/s00421-020-04477-4}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235022}, pages = {2705-2713}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Purpose Pronounced differences in individual physiological adaptation may occur following various training mesocycles in runners. Here we aimed to assess the individual changes in performance and physiological adaptation of recreational runners performing mesocycles with different intensity, duration and frequency. Methods Employing a randomized cross-over design, the intra-individual physiological responses [i.e., peak (\(\dot{VO}_{2peak}\)) and submaximal (\(\dot{VO}_{2submax}\)) oxygen uptake, velocity at lactate thresholds (V\(_2\), V\(_4\))] and performance (time-to-exhaustion (TTE)) of 13 recreational runners who performed three 3-week sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), high-volume low-intensity training (HVLIT) or more but shorter sessions of HVLIT (high-frequency training; HFT) were assessed. Results \(\dot{VO}_{2submax}\), V\(_2\), V\(_4\) and TTE were not altered by HIIT, HVLIT or HFT (p > 0.05). \(\dot{VO}_{2peak}\) improved to the same extent following HVLIT (p = 0.045) and HFT (p = 0.02). The number of moderately negative responders was higher following HIIT (15.4\%); and HFT (15.4\%) than HVLIT (7.6\%). The number of very positive responders was higher following HVLIT (38.5\%) than HFT (23\%) or HIIT (7.7\%). 46\% of the runners responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23\% did not respond to any. Conclusion On a group level, none of the interventions altered \(\dot{VO}_{2submax}\), V\(_2\), V\(_4\) or TTE, while HVLIT and HFT improved \(\dot{VO}_{2peak}\). The mean adaptation index indicated similar numbers of positive, negative and non-responders to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT, but more very positive responders to HVLIT than HFT or HIIT. 46\% responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23\% did not respond to any. These findings indicate that the magnitude of responses to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT is highly individual and no pattern was apparent.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingTaflerWallmannSperlichetal.2020, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Tafler, Marie and Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit and Sperlich, Billy and Kleih, Sonja}, title = {Behavior Change Techniques in Wrist-Worn Wearables to Promote Physical Activity: Content Analysis}, series = {JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth}, volume = {8}, journal = {JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth}, number = {11}, doi = {10.2196/20820}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230556}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Background: Decreasing levels of physical activity (PA) increase the incidences of noncommunicable diseases, obesity, and mortality. To counteract these developments, interventions aiming to increase PA are urgently needed. Mobile health (mHealth) solutions such as wearable sensors (wearables) may assist with an improvement in PA. Objective: The aim of this study is to examine which behavior change techniques (BCTs) are incorporated in currently available commercial high-end wearables that target users' PA behavior. Methods: The BCTs incorporated in 5 different high-end wearables (Apple Watch Series 3, Garmin V{\´i}voactive 3, Fitbit Versa, Xiaomi Amazfit Stratos 2, and Polar M600) were assessed by 2 researchers using the BCT Taxonomy version 1 (BCTTv1). Effectiveness of the incorporated BCTs in promoting PA behavior was assessed by a content analysis of the existing literature. Results: The most common BCTs were goal setting (behavior), action planning, review behavior goal(s), discrepancy between current behavior and goal, feedback on behavior, self-monitoring of behavior, and biofeedback. Fitbit Versa, Garmin V{\´i}voactive 3, Apple Watch Series 3, Polar M600, and Xiaomi Amazfit Stratos 2 incorporated 17, 16, 12, 11, and 11 BCTs, respectively, which are proven to effectively promote PA. Conclusions: Wearables employ different numbers and combinations of BCTs, which might impact their effectiveness in improving PA. To promote PA by employing wearables, we encourage researchers to develop a taxonomy specifically designed to assess BCTs incorporated in wearables. We also encourage manufacturers to customize BCTs based on the targeted populations.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingGiessingFrenkeletal.2020, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Giessing, Laura and Frenkel, Marie Ottilie and Koehler, Karsten and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Wrist-Worn Wearables for Monitoring Heart Rate and Energy Expenditure While Sitting or Performing Light-to-Vigorous Physical Activity: Validation Study}, series = {JMIR mhealth and uhealth}, volume = {8}, journal = {JMIR mhealth and uhealth}, number = {5}, doi = {10.2196/16716}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229413}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Background: Physical activity reduces the incidences of noncommunicable diseases, obesity, and mortality, but an inactive lifestyle is becoming increasingly common. Innovative approaches to monitor and promote physical activity are warranted. While individual monitoring of physical activity aids in the design of effective interventions to enhance physical activity, a basic prerequisite is that the monitoring devices exhibit high validity. Objective: Our goal was to assess the validity of monitoring heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE) while sitting or performing light-to-vigorous physical activity with 4 popular wrist-worn wearables (Apple Watch Series 4, Polar Vantage V, Garmin Fenix 5, and Fitbit Versa). Methods: While wearing the 4 different wearables, 25 individuals performed 5 minutes each of sitting, walking, and running at different velocities (ie, 1.1 m/s, 1.9 m/s, 2.7 m/s, 3.6 m/s, and 4.1 m/s), as well as intermittent sprints. HR and EE were compared to common criterion measures: Polar-H7 chest belt for HR and indirect calorimetry for EE. Results: While monitoring HR at different exercise intensities, the standardized typical errors of the estimates were 0.09-0.62, 0.13-0.88, 0.62-1.24, and 0.47-1.94 for the Apple Watch Series 4, Polar Vantage V, Garmin Fenix 5, and Fitbit Versa, respectively. Depending on exercise intensity, the corresponding coefficients of variation were 0.9\%-4.3\%, 2.2\%-6.7\%, 2.9\%-9.2\%, and 4.1\%-19.1\%, respectively, for the 4 wearables. While monitoring EE at different exercise intensities, the standardized typical errors of the estimates were 0.34-1.84, 0.32-1.33, 0.46-4.86, and 0.41-1.65 for the Apple Watch Series 4, Polar Vantage V, Garmin Fenix 5, and Fitbit Versa, respectively. Depending on exercise intensity, the corresponding coefficients of variation were 13.5\%-27.1\%, 16.3\%-28.0\%, 15.9\%-34.5\%, and 8.0\%-32.3\%, respectively. Conclusions: The Apple Watch Series 4 provides the highest validity (ie, smallest error rates) when measuring HR while sitting or performing light-to-vigorous physical activity, followed by the Polar Vantage V, Garmin Fenix 5, and Fitbit Versa, in that order. The Apple Watch Series 4 and Polar Vantage V are suitable for valid HR measurements at the intensities tested, but HR data provided by the Garmin Fenix 5 and Fitbit Versa should be interpreted with caution due to higher error rates at certain intensities. None of the 4 wrist-worn wearables should be employed to monitor EE at the intensities and durations tested."}, language = {en} } @article{DavidsonDuekingZinneretal.2020, author = {Davidson, Padraig and D{\"u}king, Peter and Zinner, Christoph and Sperlich, Billy and Hotho, Andreas}, title = {Smartwatch-Derived Data and Machine Learning Algorithms Estimate Classes of Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Runners: A Pilot Study}, series = {Sensors}, volume = {20}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {9}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {10.3390/s20092637}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205686}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a subjective load marker and may assist in individualizing training prescription, particularly by adjusting running intensity. Unfortunately, RPE has shortcomings (e.g., underreporting) and cannot be monitored continuously and automatically throughout a training sessions. In this pilot study, we aimed to predict two classes of RPE (≤15 "Somewhat hard to hard" on Borg's 6-20 scale vs. RPE >15 in runners by analyzing data recorded by a commercially-available smartwatch with machine learning algorithms. Twelve trained and untrained runners performed long-continuous runs at a constant self-selected pace to volitional exhaustion. Untrained runners reported their RPE each kilometer, whereas trained runners reported every five kilometers. The kinetics of heart rate, step cadence, and running velocity were recorded continuously ( 1 Hz ) with a commercially-available smartwatch (Polar V800). We trained different machine learning algorithms to estimate the two classes of RPE based on the time series sensor data derived from the smartwatch. Predictions were analyzed in different settings: accuracy overall and per runner type; i.e., accuracy for trained and untrained runners independently. We achieved top accuracies of 84.8 \% for the whole dataset, 81.8 \% for the trained runners, and 86.1 \% for the untrained runners. We predict two classes of RPE with high accuracy using machine learning and smartwatch data. This approach might aid in individualizing training prescriptions.}, language = {en} } @article{FussDuekingWeizman2018, author = {Fuss, Franz Konstantin and D{\"u}king, Peter and Weizman, Yehuda}, title = {Discovery of a Sweet Spot on the Foot with a Smart Wearable Soccer Boot Sensor That Maximizes the Chances of Scoring a Curved Kick in Soccer}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, issn = {1664-042X}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2018.00063}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189126}, pages = {63}, year = {2018}, abstract = {This paper provides the evidence of a sweet spot on the boot/foot as well as the method for detecting it with a wearable pressure sensitive device. This study confirmed the hypothesized existence of sweet and dead spots on a soccer boot or foot when kicking a ball. For a stationary curved kick, kicking the ball at the sweet spot maximized the probability of scoring a goal (58-86\%), whereas having the impact point at the dead zone minimized the probability (11-22\%). The sweet spot was found based on hypothesized favorable parameter ranges (center of pressure in x/y-directions and/or peak impact force) and the dead zone based on hypothesized unfavorable parameter ranges. The sweet spot was rather concentrated, independent of which parameter combination was used (two- or three-parameter combination), whereas the dead zone, located 21 mm from the sweet spot, was more widespread.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingAchtzehnHolmbergetal.2018, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Achtzehn, Silvia and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Integrated framework of load monitoring by a combination of smartphone applications, wearables and point-of-care testing provides feedback that allows individual responsive adjustments to activities of daily living}, series = {Sensors}, volume = {18}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {5}, doi = {10.3390/s18051632}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176506}, pages = {1632}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Athletes schedule their training and recovery in periods, often utilizing a pre-defined strategy. To avoid underperformance and/or compromised health, the external load during training should take into account the individual's physiological and perceptual responses. No single variable provides an adequate basis for planning, but continuous monitoring of a combination of several indicators of internal and external load during training, recovery and off-training as well may allow individual responsive adjustments of a training program in an effective manner. From a practical perspective, including that of coaches, monitoring of potential changes in health and performance should ideally be valid, reliable and sensitive, as well as time-efficient, easily applicable, non-fatiguing and as non-invasive as possible. Accordingly, smartphone applications, wearable sensors and point-of-care testing appear to offer a suitable monitoring framework allowing responsive adjustments to exercise prescription. Here, we outline 24-h monitoring of selected parameters by these technologies that (i) allows responsive adjustments of exercise programs, (ii) enhances performance and/or (iii) reduces the risk for overuse, injury and/or illness.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingFussHolmbergetal.2018, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Fuss, Franz Konstantin and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Recommendations for assessment of the reliability, sensitivity, and validity of data provided by wearable sensors designed for monitoring physical activity}, series = {JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth}, volume = {6}, journal = {JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth}, number = {4}, doi = {10.2196/mhealth.9341}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176202}, pages = {e102}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Although it is becoming increasingly popular to monitor parameters related to training, recovery, and health with wearable sensor technology (wearables), scientific evaluation of the reliability, sensitivity, and validity of such data is limited and, where available, has involved a wide variety of approaches. To improve the trustworthiness of data collected by wearables and facilitate comparisons, we have outlined recommendations for standardized evaluation. We discuss the wearable devices themselves, as well as experimental and statistical considerations. Adherence to these recommendations should be beneficial not only for the individual, but also for regulatory organizations and insurance companies.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingHolmbergSperlich2018, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {The potential usefulness of virtual reality systems for athletes: a short SWOT analysis}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {128}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2018.00128}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176178}, year = {2018}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingHothoHolmbergetal.2016, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Hotho, Andreas and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Fuss, Franz Konstantin and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Comparison of Non-Invasive Individual Monitoring of the Training and Health of Athletes with Commercially Available Wearable Technologies}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {7}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {71}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2016.00071}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165516}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Athletes adapt their training daily to optimize performance, as well as avoid fatigue, overtraining and other undesirable effects on their health. To optimize training load, each athlete must take his/her own personal objective and subjective characteristics into consideration and an increasing number of wearable technologies (wearables) provide convenient monitoring of various parameters. Accordingly, it is important to help athletes decide which parameters are of primary interest and which wearables can monitor these parameters most effectively. Here, we discuss the wearable technologies available for non-invasive monitoring of various parameters concerning an athlete's training and health. On the basis of these considerations, we suggest directions for future development. Furthermore, we propose that a combination of several wearables is most effective for accessing all relevant parameters, disturbing the athlete as little as possible, and optimizing performance and promoting health.}, language = {en} } @article{SperlichDuekingHolmberg2017, author = {Sperlich, Billy and D{\"u}king, Peter and Holmberg, Hans-Christer}, title = {A SWOT analysis of the use and potential misuse of implantable monitoring devices by athletes}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {629}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2017.00629}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158742}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Kein Abstract vorhanden.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingHolmbergSperlich2017, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Instant Biofeedback Provided by Wearable Sensor Technology Can Help to Optimize Exercise and Prevent Injury and Overuse}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {167}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2017.00167}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158044}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @article{BornZinnerDuekingetal.2016, author = {Born, Dennis-Peter and Zinner, Christoph and D{\"u}king, Peter and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Multi-Directional Sprint Training Improves Change-Of-Direction Speed and Reactive Agility in Young Highly Trained Soccer Players}, series = {Journal of Sports Science and Medicine}, volume = {15}, journal = {Journal of Sports Science and Medicine}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146866}, pages = {314-319}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a repeated sprint training with multi-directional change-of-direction (COD) movements (RSmulti) compared to repeated shuttle sprints (RSS) on variables related to COD speed and reactive agility. Nineteen highly-trained male U15 soccer players were assigned into two groups performing either RSmulti or RSS. For both groups, each training session involved 20 repeated 15 s sprints interspersed with 30 s recovery. With RSmulti the COD movements were randomized and performed in response to a visual stimulus, while the RSS involved predefined 180° COD movements. Before and following the six training sessions, performance in the Illinois agility test (IAT), COD speed in response to a visual stimulus, 20 m linear sprint time and vertical jumping height were assessed. Both groups improved their performance in the IAT (p < 0.01, ES = 1.13; p = 0.01, ES = 0.55). The COD speed in response to a visual stimulus improved with the RSmulti (p < 0.01, ES = 1.03), but not the RSS (p = 0.46, ES = 0.28). No differences were found for 20 m sprint time (P=0.73, ES = 0.07; p = 0.14, ES = 0.28) or vertical jumping height (p = 0.46, ES = 0.11; p = 0.29, ES = 0.12) for the RSmulti and RSS, respectively. In conclusion, performance in the IAT improved with the RSmulti as well as RSS. With the RSmulti however, the COD movements are performed in response to a visual stimulus, which may result in specific adaptations that improve COD speed and reactive agility in young highly trained soccer players.}, language = {en} }