@phdthesis{vonAndrianWerburg2024, author = {von Andrian-Werburg, Maximilian T. P.}, title = {Sex/Gender: A Revised Integrative Model for Sex/Gender Differences and Its Application on Media Research}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-236-2}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-237-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-345669}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {xv, 177}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Far more women than men like to watch sad films, and far more men than women use video-based pornography. Do sex-affiliated biological-evolutionary influences cause these apparent differences, are they caused by social-cultural ones associated with gender, or do these dimensions interact? In the first step of this thesis, the Integrative Model for Sex/Gender Differences was thoroughly discussed and substantially revised. The model subsumed the current state of knowledge in psychology, which is based on wrong assumptions or outdated knowledge. In the second chapter, the Revised Integrative Model for Sex/Gender Differences yielded a theoretical guide to drive an extensive literature review for studies that used biological- evolutionary variables to predict sex/gender differences in media selection, use, and effects. In the study process, a large number of 6231 study titles and, if these appeared promising, abstracts were assessed for eligibility. In sum, only 39 studies were discovered that were attached to the topics of the revised integrative model and briefly outlined. Topics researched were as broad as exploring the potential of online dating advertisements to evaluate Sexual Strategies Theory and assess neuronal sex differences that affect video game and website use. The following chapter dealt with biopsychosocial predictor variables of pornography use, which appeared to be strongly affected by biological-evolutionary variables like the sex drive. The last empirical chapter assessed predictor variables for sad film use, which were social-culturally driven variables, such as the masculine gender role affecting the use of sad films. Men are taught that the sadness a sad film induces in them is not a socially desirable emotion to experience for them. Therefore, they like to watch sad films less in the first place. The final discussion highlighted that in line with recent acknowledgments in psychology science, human behavior can only be sufficiently explained if nature and nurture approaches for research are combined.}, subject = {Geschlecht}, language = {en} } @article{PosslerBowmanDaneels2023, author = {Possler, Daniel and Bowman, Nicholas David and Daneels, Rowan}, title = {Explaining the formation of eudaimonic gaming experiences: a theoretical overview and systemization based on interactivity and game elements}, series = {Frontiers in Communication}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Communication}, issn = {2297-900X}, doi = {10.3389/fcomm.2023.1215960}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-328136}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Over the past years, scholars have explored eudaimonic video game experiences—profound entertainment responses that include meaningfulness, reflection, and others. In a comparatively short time, a plethora of explanations for the formation of such eudaimonic gaming experiences has been developed across multiple disciplines, making it difficult to keep track of the state of theory development. Hence, we present a theoretical overview of these explanations. We first provide a working definition of eudaimonic gaming experiences (i.e., experiences that reflect human virtues and encourage players to develop their potential as human beings fully) and outline four layers of video games—agency, narrative, sociality, and aesthetics—that form the basis for theorizing. Subsequently, we provide an overview of the theoretical approaches, categorizing them based on which of the four game layers their explanation mainly rests upon. Finally, we suggest the contingency of the different theoretical approaches for explaining eudaimonic experiences by describing how their usefulness varies as a function of interactivity. As different types of games offer players various levels of interactivity, our overview suggests which theories and which game layers should be considered when examining eudaimonic experiences for specific game types.}, language = {en} } @article{Hutmacher2023, author = {Hutmacher, Fabian}, title = {Taking methodological pluralism seriously}, series = {Frontiers in Psychology}, volume = {14}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1215737}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-328221}, year = {2023}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, language = {en} } @article{RudloffHutmacherAppel2023, author = {Rudloff, Jan Philipp and Hutmacher, Fabian and Appel, Markus}, title = {Post-truth epistemic beliefs rooted in the Dark Factor of Personality are associated with higher COVID-19 vaccination refusal}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {13}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-31079-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357619}, year = {2023}, abstract = {A substantial number of people refused to get vaccinated against COVID-19, which prompts the question as to why. We focus on the role of individual worldviews about the nature and generation of knowledge (epistemic beliefs). We propose a model that includes epistemic beliefs, their relationship to the Dark Factor of Personality (D), and their mutual effect on the probability of having been vaccinated against COVID-19. Based on a US nationally representative sample (N = 1268), we show that stronger endorsement of post-truth epistemic beliefs was associated with a lower probability of having been vaccinated against COVID-19. D was also linked to a lower probability of having been vaccinated against COVID-19, which can be explained by post-truth epistemic beliefs. Our results indicate that the more individuals deliberately refrain from adhering to the better argument, the less likely they are vaccinated. More generally, post-truth epistemic beliefs pose a challenge for rational communication.}, language = {en} } @article{HruschkaAppel2023, author = {Hruschka, Timon M. J. and Appel, Markus}, title = {Learning about informal fallacies and the detection of fake news: an experimental intervention}, series = {PLoS One}, volume = {18}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {3}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0283238}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-350404}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The philosophical concept of informal fallacies-arguments that fail to provide sufficient support for a claim-is introduced and connected to the topic of fake news detection. We assumed that the ability to identify informal fallacies can be trained and that this ability enables individuals to better distinguish between fake news and real news. We tested these assumptions in a two-group between-participants experiment (N = 116). The two groups participated in a 30-minute-long text-based learning intervention: either about informal fallacies or about fake news. Learning about informal fallacies enhanced participants' ability to identify fallacious arguments one week later. Furthermore, the ability to identify fallacious arguments was associated with a better discernment between real news and fake news. Participants in the informal fallacy intervention group and the fake news intervention group performed equally well on the news discernment task. The contribution of (identifying) informal fallacies for research and practice is discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{WienrichCarolusMarkusetal.2023, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Carolus, Astrid and Markus, Andr{\´e} and Augustin, Yannik and Pfister, Jan and Hotho, Andreas}, title = {Long-term effects of perceived friendship with intelligent voice assistants on usage behavior, user experience, and social perceptions}, series = {Computers}, volume = {12}, journal = {Computers}, number = {4}, issn = {2073-431X}, doi = {10.3390/computers12040077}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313552}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Social patterns and roles can develop when users talk to intelligent voice assistants (IVAs) daily. The current study investigates whether users assign different roles to devices and how this affects their usage behavior, user experience, and social perceptions. Since social roles take time to establish, we equipped 106 participants with Alexa or Google assistants and some smart home devices and observed their interactions for nine months. We analyzed diverse subjective (questionnaire) and objective data (interaction data). By combining social science and data science analyses, we identified two distinct clusters—users who assigned a friendship role to IVAs over time and users who did not. Interestingly, these clusters exhibited significant differences in their usage behavior, user experience, and social perceptions of the devices. For example, participants who assigned a role to IVAs attributed more friendship to them used them more frequently, reported more enjoyment during interactions, and perceived more empathy for IVAs. In addition, these users had distinct personal requirements, for example, they reported more loneliness. This study provides valuable insights into the role-specific effects and consequences of voice assistants. Recent developments in conversational language models such as ChatGPT suggest that the findings of this study could make an important contribution to the design of dialogic human-AI interactions.}, language = {en} } @article{GrundgeigerErtleDietheietal.2023, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Ertle, Franz and Diethei, Daniel and Mengelkamp, Christoph and Held, Volker}, title = {Improving procedural skills acquisition of students during medical device training: experiments on e-Learning vs. e-Learning with hands-on}, series = {Advances in Health Sciences Education}, volume = {28}, journal = {Advances in Health Sciences Education}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1007/s10459-022-10148-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324477}, pages = {127-146}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In the context of medical device training, e-Learning can address problems like unstandardized content and different learning paces. However, staff and students value hands-on activities during medical device training. In a blended learning approach, we examined whether using a syringe pump while conducting an e-Learning program improves the procedural skills needed to operate the pump compared to using the e-Learning program only. In two experiments, the e-Learning only group learned using only the e-Learning program. The e-Learning + hands-on group was instructed to use a syringe pump during the e-Learning to repeat the presented content (section "Experiment 1") or to alternate between learning on the e-Learning program and applying the learned content using the pump (section "Experiment 2"). We conducted a skills test, a knowledge test, and assessed confidence in using the pump immediately after learning and two weeks later. Simply repeating the content (section "Experiment 1") did not improve performance of e-Learning + hands-on compared with e-Learning only. The instructed learning process (section "Experiment 1") resulted in significantly better skills test performance for e-Learning + hands-on compared to the e-Learning only. Only a structured learning process based on multi-media learning principles and memory research improved procedural skills in relation to operating a medical device.}, language = {en} } @article{SteinCimanderAppel2022, author = {Stein, Jan-Philipp and Cimander, Paula and Appel, Markus}, title = {Power-posing robots: the influence of a humanoid robot's posture and size on its perceived dominance, competence, eeriness, and threat}, series = {International Journal of Social Robotics}, volume = {14}, journal = {International Journal of Social Robotics}, number = {6}, issn = {1875-4791}, doi = {10.1007/s12369-022-00878-x}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324502}, pages = {1413-1422}, year = {2022}, abstract = {When interacting with sophisticated digital technologies, people often fall back on the same interaction scripts they apply to the communication with other humans—especially if the technology in question provides strong anthropomorphic cues (e.g., a human-like embodiment). Accordingly, research indicates that observers tend to interpret the body language of social robots in the same way as they would with another human being. Backed by initial evidence, we assumed that a humanoid robot will be considered as more dominant and competent, but also as more eerie and threatening once it strikes a so-called power pose. Moreover, we pursued the research question whether these effects might be accentuated by the robot's body size. To this end, the current study presented 204 participants with pictures of the robot NAO in different poses (expansive vs. constrictive), while also manipulating its height (child-sized vs. adult-sized). Our results show that NAO's posture indeed exerted strong effects on perceptions of dominance and competence. Conversely, participants' threat and eeriness ratings remained statistically independent of the robot's depicted body language. Further, we found that the machine's size did not affect any of the measured interpersonal perceptions in a notable way. The study findings are discussed considering limitations and future research directions.}, language = {en} } @article{HohmHappelHurtienneetal.2022, author = {Hohm, Anna and Happel, Oliver and Hurtienne, J{\"o}rn and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, title = {User experience in safety-critical domains: a survey on motivational orientations and psychological need satisfaction in acute care}, series = {Cognition, Technology \& Work}, volume = {24}, journal = {Cognition, Technology \& Work}, number = {2}, issn = {1435-5558}, doi = {10.1007/s10111-022-00697-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324486}, pages = {247-260}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The relevance of user experience in safety-critical domains has been questioned and lacks empirical investigation. Based on previous studies examining user experience in consumer technology, we conducted an online survey on positive experiences with interactive technology in acute care. The participants of the study consisted of anaesthesiologists, nurses, and paramedics (N = 55) from three German cities. We report qualitative and quantitative data examining (1) the relevance and notion of user experience, (2) motivational orientations and psychological need satisfaction, and (3) potential correlates of hedonic, eudaimonic, and extrinsic motivations such as affect or meaning. Our findings reveal that eudaimonia was the most salient aspect in these experiences and that the relevance of psychological needs is differently ranked than in experiences with interactive consumer technology. We conclude that user experience should be considered in safety-critical domains, but research needs to develop further tools and methods to address the domain-specific requirements.}, language = {en} } @article{HutmacherMayrhofer2023, author = {Hutmacher, Fabian and Mayrhofer, Roland}, title = {Psychology as a historical science? Theoretical assumptions, methodological considerations, and potential pitfalls}, series = {Current Psychology}, volume = {42}, journal = {Current Psychology}, number = {22}, issn = {1046-1310}, doi = {10.1007/s12144-022-03030-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324491}, pages = {18507-18514}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The current condition of (Western) academic psychology can be criticized for various reasons. In the past years, many debates have been centered around the so-called "replication crisis" and the "WEIRD people problem". However, one aspect which has received relatively little attention is the fact that psychological research is typically limited to currently living individuals, while the psychology of the past remains unexplored. We find that more research in the field of historical psychology is required to capture both the similarities and differences between psychological mechanisms both then and now. We begin by outlining the potential benefits of understanding psychology also as a historical science and explore these benefits using the example of stress. Finally, we consider methodological, ideological, and practical pitfalls, which could endanger the attempt to direct more attention toward cross-temporal variation. Nevertheless, we suggest that historical psychology would contribute to making academic psychology a truly universal endeavor that explores the psychology of all humans.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schneider2024, author = {Schneider, Florian Alexander}, title = {Voice Assistants are Social Actors - An Empirical Analysis of Media Equation Effects in Human-Voice Assistant Interaction}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-34670}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-346704}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Ownership and usage of personal voice assistant devices like Amazon Echo or Google Home have increased drastically over the last decade since their market launch. This thesis builds upon existing computers are social actors (CASA) and media equation research that is concerned with humans displaying social reactions usually exclusive to human-human interaction when interacting with media and technological devices. CASA research has been conducted with a variety of technological devices such as desktop computers, smartphones, embodied virtual agents, and robots. However, despite their increasing popularity, little empirical work has been done to examine social reactions towards these personal stand-alone voice assistant devices, also referred to as smart speakers. Thus, this dissertation aims to adopt the CASA approach to empirically evaluate social responses to smart speakers. With this goal in mind, four laboratory experiments with a total of 407 participants have been conducted for this thesis. Results show that participants display a wide range of social reactions when interacting with voice assistants. This includes the utilization of politeness strategies such as the interviewer-bias, which led to participants giving better evaluations directly to a smart speaker device compared to a separate computer. Participants also displayed prosocial behavior toward a smart speaker after interdependence and thus a team affiliation had been induced. In a third study, participants applied gender stereotypes to a smart speaker not only in self-reports but also exhibited conformal behavior patterns based on the voice the device used. In a fourth and final study, participants followed the rule of reciprocity and provided help to a smart speaker device that helped them in a prior interaction. This effect was also moderated by subjects' personalities, indicating that individual differences are relevant for CASA research. Consequently, this thesis provides strong empirical support for a voice assistants are social actors paradigm. This doctoral dissertation demonstrates the power and utility of this research paradigm for media psychological research and shows how considering voice assistant devices as social actors lead to a more profound understanding of voice-based technology. The findings discussed in this thesis also have implications for these devices that need to be carefully considered both in future research as well as in practical design.}, subject = {Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation}, language = {en} } @article{WienrichCarolusRothIsigkeitetal.2022, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Carolus, Astrid and Roth-Isigkeit, David and Hotho, Andreas}, title = {Inhibitors and enablers to explainable AI success: a systematic examination of explanation complexity and individual characteristics}, series = {Multimodal Technologies and Interaction}, volume = {6}, journal = {Multimodal Technologies and Interaction}, number = {12}, issn = {2414-4088}, doi = {10.3390/mti6120106}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-297288}, year = {2022}, abstract = {With the increasing adaptability and complexity of advisory artificial intelligence (AI)-based agents, the topics of explainable AI and human-centered AI are moving close together. Variations in the explanation itself have been widely studied, with some contradictory results. These could be due to users' individual differences, which have rarely been systematically studied regarding their inhibiting or enabling effect on the fulfillment of explanation objectives (such as trust, understanding, or workload). This paper aims to shed light on the significance of human dimensions (gender, age, trust disposition, need for cognition, affinity for technology, self-efficacy, attitudes, and mind attribution) as well as their interplay with different explanation modes (no, simple, or complex explanation). Participants played the game Deal or No Deal while interacting with an AI-based agent. The agent gave advice to the participants on whether they should accept or reject the deals offered to them. As expected, giving an explanation had a positive influence on the explanation objectives. However, the users' individual characteristics particularly reinforced the fulfillment of the objectives. The strongest predictor of objective fulfillment was the degree of attribution of human characteristics. The more human characteristics were attributed, the more trust was placed in the agent, advice was more likely to be accepted and understood, and important needs were satisfied during the interaction. Thus, the current work contributes to a better understanding of the design of explanations of an AI-based agent system that takes into account individual characteristics and meets the demand for both explainable and human-centered agent systems.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Grundke2023, author = {Grundke, Andrea}, title = {Head and Heart: On the Acceptability of Sophisticated Robots Based on an Enhancement of the Mind Perception Dichotomy and the Uncanny Valley of Mind}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-33015}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-330152}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {With the continuous development of artificial intelligence, there is an effort to let the expressed mind of robots resemble more and more human-like minds. However, just as the human-like appearance of robots can lead to feelings of aversion to such robots, recent research has shown that the apparent mind expressed by machines can also be responsible for their negative evaluations. This work strives to explore facets of aversion evoked by machines with human-like mind (uncanny valley of mind) within three empirical projects from a psychological point of view in different contexts, including the resulting consequences. In Manuscript \#1, the perspective of previous work in the research area is reversed and thus shows that humans feel eeriness in response to robots that can read human minds, a capability unknown from human-human interaction. In Manuscript \#2, it is explored whether empathy for a robot being harmed by a human is a way to alleviate the uncanny valley of mind. A result of this work worth highlighting is that aversion in this study did not arise from the manipulation of the robot's mental capabilities but from its attributed incompetence and failure. The results of Manuscript \#3 highlight that status threat is revealed if humans perform worse than machines in a work-relevant task requiring human-like mental capabilities, while higher status threat is linked with a higher willingness to interact, due to the machine's perceived usefulness. In sum, if explanatory variables and concrete scenarios are considered, people will react fairly positively to machines with human-like mental capabilities. As long as the machine's usefulness is palpable to people, but machines are not fully autonomous, people seem willing to interact with them, accepting aversion in favor of the expected benefits.}, subject = {Humanoider Roboter}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Winkler2023, author = {Winkler, Julia}, title = {The Experience of Emotional Shifts as a Narrative Process: Investigating the Relationship of Emotional Shifts and Transportation and Their Roles in Narrative Persuasion}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-32179}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-321794}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Emotional shifts are often a fundamental part of the narrative experience and engrained into the schematic structures of stories. Recent theoretical work suggests that these shifts are key for narrative influence and are interconnected with transportation, a known mechanism of narrative effects. Empirical research examining this proposition is still scarce, inconclusive, and lacking measures that assess the experience of emotional shifts throughout a narrative to explain effects. This thesis aims to contribute to this research lacuna and investigates the link between emotional shifts, transportation, and story-consistent outcomes using different methods to measure emotional shifts in the moment they occur (Manuscript \#1 and \#2), and using various narrative stimuli (audiovisual, written, auditive). Manuscript \#1 uses real-time-response (RTR) measurement to examine the relationship of valence shifts experienced during film viewing with transportation and post-exposure self-reported emotional flow. Manuscript \#2 reports a pilot study and two experiments in which a self-probed emotional retrospection task is used to measure the number and intensity of emotional shifts during reading. I investigate the effect of reviews on transportation, the link between transportation and emotional shifts, and their respective associations with story-consistent attitudes, social sharing intentions, and donation behavior. In Manuscript \#3, narrative structures are manipulated. Two experiments examine the effects of audio stories with shifting (positive-negative-positive) vs. positive-only emotional trajectories on the experience of happiness- and sadness-shifts, transportation, and post-exposure emotional flow. Transportation was positively linked to valence shifts (M\#1), and the number and intensity of emotional shifts (M\#2), and emotional flow (M\#1, M\#3). In M\#3, transportation was predicted by shifts in happiness, but not sadness. Emotional flow was linked to shifts in happiness, sadness, and RTR valence (M\#1, M\#3). Emotional shifts and transportation were associated with social sharing intentions, but only transportation was linked to some story-consistent attitudes (affective attitudes in particular).}, subject = {Gef{\"u}hl}, language = {en} } @article{HutmacherSchlaegerMeerson2023, author = {Hutmacher, Fabian and Schl{\"a}ger, Linus and Meerson, Rinat}, title = {Autobiographical memory in the digital age: Insights based on the subjective reports of users of smart journaling apps}, series = {Applied Cognitive Psychology}, volume = {37}, journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology}, number = {4}, issn = {0888-4080}, doi = {10.1002/acp.4033}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-318620}, pages = {686 -- 698}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Humans have long used external memory aids to support remembering. However, modern digital technologies could facilitate recording and remembering personal information in an unprecedented manner. The present research sought to understand the potential impact of these technologies on autobiographical memory based on interviews with users of smart journaling apps. In Study 1 (N = 12), participants who had no prior experience with smart journaling apps tested the app Day One for 2 weeks and were interviewed about their subjective perceptions afterwards. In order to cross-validate the obtained findings, Study 2 (N = 4) was based on in-depth interviews with long-time users of different smart journaling apps. Taken together, the two studies provide insights into the way autobiographical remembering may change in the digital age - but also into the opportunities and risks potentially associated with the use of technologies that allow creating a detailed and multimedia-based record of one's life.}, language = {en} } @article{HutmacherMorgenroth2022, author = {Hutmacher, Fabian and Morgenroth, Karolina}, title = {The beginning of the life story: The meaning of the earliest autobiographical memory from an adult perspective}, series = {Applied Cognitive Psychology}, volume = {36}, journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology}, number = {3}, issn = {0888-4080}, doi = {10.1002/acp.3948}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-318610}, pages = {612 -- 622}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Earliest autobiographical memories mark a potential beginning of our life story. However, their meaning has hardly been investigated. Against this background, participants (N = 182) were asked to think about two kinds of meaning: the meaning that the remembered event might have had in the moment of experience and the meaning that the memory of the event has for their present life situation. With respect to the meaning in the moment of experience, participants most frequently referred to situational characteristics. The meaning for the present life situation was most frequently related to aspects of the memory that told something about the person beyond the immediate context of the remembered event. Moreover, these meanings were more frequently associated with continuity than with a contrast between then and now. Apart from these overarching commonalities, our data also show that the earliest autobiographical memories of different people can tell very different stories.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AbendscheinDesaiAstell2023, author = {Abendschein, Robin and Desai, Shital and Astell, Arlene J.}, title = {Towards Accessibility Guidelines for the Metaverse : A Synthesis of Recommendations for People Living With Dementia}, series = {Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'23) : Workshop "Towards an Inclusive and Accessible Metaverse"}, booktitle = {Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'23) : Workshop "Towards an Inclusive and Accessible Metaverse"}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-32019}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-320199}, pages = {6}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Given the growing interest of corporate stakeholders in Metaverse applications, there is a need to understand accessibility of these technologies for marginalized populations such as people living with dementia to ensure inclusive design of Metaverse applications. We assessed the accessibility of extended reality technology for people living with mild cognitive impairment and dementia to develop accessibility guidelines for these technologies. We used four strategies to synthesize evidence for barriers and facilitators of accessibility: (1) Findings from a non-systematic literature review, (2) guidelines from well-researched technology, (3) exploration of selected mixed reality technologies, and (4) observations from four sessions and video data of people living with dementia using mixed reality technologies. We utilized template analysis to develop codes and themes towards accessibility guidelines. Future work can validate our preliminary findings by applying them on video recordings or testing them in experiments.}, subject = {CHI Conference}, language = {en} } @article{RudloffHutmacherAppel2022, author = {Rudloff, Jan Philipp and Hutmacher, Fabian and Appel, Markus}, title = {Beliefs about the nature of knowledge shape responses to the pandemic: Epistemic beliefs, the Dark Factor of Personality, and COVID-19-related conspiracy ideation and behavior}, series = {Journal of Personality}, volume = {90}, journal = {Journal of Personality}, number = {6}, doi = {10.1111/jopy.12706}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-293793}, pages = {937 -- 955}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Objective Global challenges such as climate change or the COVID-19 pandemic have drawn public attention to conspiracy theories and citizens' non-compliance to science-based behavioral guidelines. We focus on individuals' worldviews about how one can and should construct reality (epistemic beliefs) to explain the endorsement of conspiracy theories and behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic and propose the Dark Factor of Personality (D) as an antecedent of post-truth epistemic beliefs. Method and Results This model is tested in four pre-registered studies. In Study 1 (N = 321), we found first evidence for a positive association between D and post-truth epistemic beliefs (Faith in Intuition for Facts, Need for Evidence, Truth is Political). In Study 2 (N = 453), we tested the model proper by further showing that post-truth epistemic beliefs predict the endorsement of COVID-19 conspiracies and disregarding COVID-19 behavioral guidelines. Study 3 (N = 923) largely replicated these results at a later stage of the pandemic. Finally, in Study 4 (N = 513), we replicated the results in a German sample, corroborating their cross-cultural validity. Interactions with political orientation were observed. Conclusion Our research highlights that epistemic beliefs need to be taken into account when addressing major challenges to humankind.}, language = {en} } @article{HeinLatoschikWienrich2022, author = {Hein, Rebecca M. and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, title = {Inter- and transcultural learning in cocial virtual reality: a proposal for an inter- and transcultural virtual object database to be used in the implementation, reflection, and evaluation of virtual encounters}, series = {Multimodal Technologies and Interaction}, volume = {6}, journal = {Multimodal Technologies and Interaction}, number = {7}, issn = {2414-4088}, doi = {10.3390/mti6070050}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-278974}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Visual stimuli are frequently used to improve memory, language learning or perception, and understanding of metacognitive processes. However, in virtual reality (VR), there are few systematically and empirically derived databases. This paper proposes the first collection of virtual objects based on empirical evaluation for inter-and transcultural encounters between English- and German-speaking learners. We used explicit and implicit measurement methods to identify cultural associations and the degree of stereotypical perception for each virtual stimuli (n = 293) through two online studies, including native German and English-speaking participants. The analysis resulted in a final well-describable database of 128 objects (called InteractionSuitcase). In future applications, the objects can be used as a great interaction or conversation asset and behavioral measurement tool in social VR applications, especially in the field of foreign language education. For example, encounters can use the objects to describe their culture, or teachers can intuitively assess stereotyped attitudes of the encounters.}, language = {en} } @article{WolfDoellingerMaletal.2022, author = {Wolf, Erik and D{\"o}llinger, Nina and Mal, David and Wenninger, Stephan and Bartl, Andrea and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, title = {Does distance matter? Embodiment and perception of personalized avatars in relation to the self-observation distance in virtual reality}, series = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, volume = {3}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, issn = {2673-4192}, doi = {10.3389/frvir.2022.1031093}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-299415}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Virtual reality applications employing avatar embodiment typically use virtual mirrors to allow users to perceive their digital selves not only from a first-person but also from a holistic third-person perspective. However, due to distance-related biases such as the distance compression effect or a reduced relative rendering resolution, the self-observation distance (SOD) between the user and the virtual mirror might influence how users perceive their embodied avatar. Our article systematically investigates the effects of a short (1 m), middle (2.5 m), and far (4 m) SOD between users and mirror on the perception of their personalized and self-embodied avatars. The avatars were photorealistic reconstructed using state-of-the-art photogrammetric methods. Thirty participants repeatedly faced their real-time animated self-embodied avatars in each of the three SOD conditions, where they were repeatedly altered in their body weight, and participants rated the 1) sense of embodiment, 2) body weight perception, and 3) affective appraisal towards their avatar. We found that the different SODs are unlikely to influence any of our measures except for the perceived body weight estimation difficulty. Here, the participants perceived the difficulty significantly higher for the farthest SOD. We further found that the participants' self-esteem significantly impacted their ability to modify their avatar's body weight to their current body weight and that it positively correlated with the perceived attractiveness of the avatar. Additionally, the participants' concerns about their body shape affected how eerie they perceived their avatars. The participants' self-esteem and concerns about their body shape influenced the perceived body weight estimation difficulty. We conclude that the virtual mirror in embodiment scenarios can be freely placed and varied at a distance of one to four meters from the user without expecting major effects on the perception of the avatar.}, language = {en} }