@article{ScheinerSeisKleindienstetal.2023, author = {Scheiner, Christin and Seis, Christian and Kleindienst, Nikolaus and Buerger, Arne}, title = {Psychopathology, protective factors, and COVID-19 among adolescents: a structural equation model}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {20}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, number = {3}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph20032493}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-304475}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019 and the associated restrictions, mental health in children and adolescents has been increasingly discussed in the media. Negative impacts of the pandemic, including a sharp increase in psychopathology and, consequently, reduced quality of life, appear to have particularly affected children and young people, who may be especially vulnerable to the adverse effects of isolation. Nevertheless, many children and adolescents have managed to cope well with the restrictions, without deterioration of their mental health. The present study therefore explored the links between COVID-19 infection (in oneself or a family member, as well as the death of a family member due to the virus), protective factors such as self-efficacy, resilience, self-esteem, and health-related quality of life, and measures of psychopathology such as depression scores, internalizing/externalizing problems, emotion dysregulation, and victimization. For this purpose, we examined data from 2129 adolescents (mean age = 12.31, SD = 0.67; 51\% male; 6\% born outside of Germany) using a structural equation model. We found medium to high loadings of the manifest variables with the latent variables (COVID-19, protective factors, and psychopathology). Protective factors showed a significant negative correlation with psychopathology. However, COVID-19 had a weak connection with psychopathology in our sample. External pandemic-related factors (e.g., restrictions) and their interaction with existing psychopathology or individual protective factors appear to have a greater influence on young people's mental health than the impact of the virus per se. Sociopolitical efforts should be undertaken to foster prevention and promote individual resilience, especially in adolescence.}, language = {en} } @article{KirschKunde2023, author = {Kirsch, Wladimir and Kunde, Wilfried}, title = {Changes in body perception following virtual object manipulation are accompanied by changes of the internal reference scale}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {13}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-34311-8}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357876}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Changes in body perception often arise when observers are confronted with related yet discrepant multisensory signals. Some of these effects are interpreted as outcomes of sensory integration of various signals, whereas related biases are ascribed to learning-dependent recalibration of coding individual signals. The present study explored whether the same sensorimotor experience entails changes in body perception that are indicative of multisensory integration and those that indicate recalibration. Participants enclosed visual objects by a pair of visual cursors controlled by finger movements. Then either they judged their perceived finger posture (indicating multisensory integration) or they produced a certain finger posture (indicating recalibration). An experimental variation of the size of the visual object resulted in systematic and opposite biases of the perceived and produced finger distances. This pattern of results is consistent with the assumption that multisensory integration and recalibration had a common origin in the task we used.}, language = {en} } @article{ThieleRichterHilger2023, author = {Thiele, Jonas A. and Richter, Aylin and Hilger, Kirsten}, title = {Multimodal brain signal complexity predicts human intelligence}, series = {eNeuro}, volume = {10}, journal = {eNeuro}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0345-22.2022}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312949}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Spontaneous brain activity builds the foundation for human cognitive processing during external demands. Neuroimaging studies based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) identified specific characteristics of spontaneous (intrinsic) brain dynamics to be associated with individual differences in general cognitive ability, i.e., intelligence. However, fMRI research is inherently limited by low temporal resolution, thus, preventing conclusions about neural fluctuations within the range of milliseconds. Here, we used resting-state electroencephalographical (EEG) recordings from 144 healthy adults to test whether individual differences in intelligence (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices scores) can be predicted from the complexity of temporally highly resolved intrinsic brain signals. We compared different operationalizations of brain signal complexity (multiscale entropy, Shannon entropy, Fuzzy entropy, and specific characteristics of microstates) regarding their relation to intelligence. The results indicate that associations between brain signal complexity measures and intelligence are of small effect sizes (r ∼ 0.20) and vary across different spatial and temporal scales. Specifically, higher intelligence scores were associated with lower complexity in local aspects of neural processing, and less activity in task-negative brain regions belonging to the default-mode network. Finally, we combined multiple measures of brain signal complexity to show that individual intelligence scores can be significantly predicted with a multimodal model within the sample (10-fold cross-validation) as well as in an independent sample (external replication, N = 57). In sum, our results highlight the temporal and spatial dependency of associations between intelligence and intrinsic brain dynamics, proposing multimodal approaches as promising means for future neuroscientific research on complex human traits.}, language = {en} } @article{GramAlbertovaSchirmeretal.2022, author = {Gram, Maximilian and Albertova, P. and Schirmer, V. and Blaimer, M. and Gamer, M. and Herrmann, M. J. and Nordbeck, P. and Jakob, P. M.}, title = {Towards robust in vivo quantification of oscillating biomagnetic fields using Rotary Excitation based MRI}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {12}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-19275-5}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300862}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Spin-lock based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has the potential for direct spatially-resolved detection of neuronal activity and thus may represent an important step for basic research in neuroscience. In this work, the corresponding fundamental effect of Rotary EXcitation (REX) is investigated both in simulations as well as in phantom and in vivo experiments. An empirical law for predicting optimal spin-lock pulse durations for maximum magnetic field sensitivity was found. Experimental conditions were established that allow robust detection of ultra-weak magnetic field oscillations with simultaneous compensation of static field inhomogeneities. Furthermore, this work presents a novel concept for the emulation of brain activity utilizing the built-in MRI gradient system, which allows REX sequences to be validated in vivo under controlled and reproducible conditions. Via transmission of Rotary EXcitation (tREX), we successfully detected magnetic field oscillations in the lower nano-Tesla range in brain tissue. Moreover, tREX paves the way for the quantification of biomagnetic fields.}, language = {en} } @article{MichelSoellMolitor2022, author = {Michel, Eva and S{\"o}ll, Lena and Molitor, Sabine}, title = {Die Rolle elternbeurteilter exekutiver Funktionen zur Schulleistungsprognose}, series = {Lernen und Lernst{\"o}rungen}, volume = {11}, journal = {Lernen und Lernst{\"o}rungen}, number = {1}, issn = {2235-0977}, doi = {10.1024/2235-0977/a000334}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231575}, pages = {43-54}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Einleitung: Unter dem Begriff exekutive Funktionen (EF) werden h{\"a}ufig die Komponenten Inhibition, kognitive Flexibilit{\"a}t und Aktualisierung von Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnisrepr{\"a}sentationen subsumiert. EF sind bereichs{\"u}bergreifende Pr{\"a}diktoren schulischer Leistungen. Verschiedene Operationalisierungen derselben Komponente, z.B. Performanztests und Elterneinsch{\"a}tzungen, zeigen h{\"a}ufig nur geringe Interkorrelationen. Die Methoden scheinen unterschiedliche Aspekte einer Komponente zu erfassen, daher k{\"o}nnte eine Kombination zur Vorhersage schulischer Leistungen sinnvoll sein. Methode: N = 96 Erst- und Zweitkl{\"a}ssler_innen mit und ohne Entwicklungsauff{\"a}lligkeiten wurden mittels EF-Performanztests und Schulleistungstests zu Mathematik und Lesen untersucht. Per Fragebogen wurden elternbeurteilte EF und als Kontrollvariablen der sozio{\"o}konomische Status (S{\"O}S) und das Vorliegen von Merkmalen einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivit{\"a}tsst{\"o}rung (ADHS) erfasst. Ergebnisse: Elternbeurteilungen hatten {\"u}ber die Performanztests hinaus einen bedeutsamen Vorhersagewert f{\"u}r die Mathematik- und Leseleistung. Der Einfluss von Alter, S{\"O}S und ADHS-Merkmalen wurde kontrolliert. Diskussion: Die kombinierte Anwendung beider Erfassungsmethoden scheint somit vorteilhaft f{\"u}r die Prognose schulischer Leistungen und die Pr{\"a}vention von Schulleistungsproblemen.}, language = {de} } @article{AbendrothNaurothRichteretal.2022, author = {Abendroth, Johanna and Nauroth, Peter and Richter, Tobias and Gollwitzer, Mario}, title = {Non-strategic detection of identity-threatening information: Epistemic validation and identity defense may share a common cognitive basis}, series = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {17}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0261535}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301019}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Readers use prior knowledge to evaluate the validity of statements and detect false information without effort and strategic control. The present study expands this research by exploring whether people also non-strategically detect information that threatens their social identity. Participants (N = 77) completed a task in which they had to respond to a "True" or "False" probe after reading true, false, identity-threatening, or non-threatening sentences. Replicating previous studies, participants reacted more slowly to a positive probe ("True") after reading false (vs. true) sentences. Notably, participants also reacted more slowly to a positive probe after reading identity-threatening (vs. non-threatening) sentences. These results provide first evidence that identity-threatening information, just as false information, is detected at a very early stage of information processing and lends support to the notion of a routine, non-strategic identity-defense mechanism.}, language = {en} } @article{PfisterFoerster2022, author = {Pfister, Roland and Foerster, Anna}, title = {How to measure post-error slowing: The case of pre-error speeding}, series = {Behavior Research Methods}, volume = {54}, journal = {Behavior Research Methods}, number = {1}, issn = {1554-3528}, doi = {10.3758/s13428-021-01631-4}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-273244}, pages = {435-443}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Post-error slowing is one of the most widely employed measures to study cognitive and behavioral consequences of error commission. Several methods have been proposed to quantify the post-error slowing effect, and we discuss two main methods: The traditional method of comparing response times in correct post-error trials to response times of correct trials that follow another correct trial, and a more recent proposal of comparing response times in correct post-error trials to the corresponding correct pre-error trials. Based on thorough re-analyses of two datasets, we argue that the latter method provides an inflated estimate by also capturing the (partially) independent effect of pre-error speeding. We propose two solutions for improving the assessment of human error processing, both of which highlight the importance of distinguishing between initial pre-error speeding and later post-error slowing.}, language = {en} } @article{GhafoorNordbeckRitteretal.2022, author = {Ghafoor, Hina and Nordbeck, Peter and Ritter, Oliver and Pauli, Paul and Schulz, Stefan M.}, title = {Can Religiosity and Social Support Explain Effects of Trait Emotional Intelligence on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Cross-Cultural Study}, series = {Journal of Religion and Health}, volume = {61}, journal = {Journal of Religion and Health}, number = {1}, issn = {0022-4197}, doi = {10.1007/s10943-020-01163-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-232823}, pages = {158-174}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Religion and social support along with trait emotional intelligence (EI) help individuals to reduce stress caused by difficult situations. Their implications may vary across cultures in reference to predicting health-related quality of life (HRQoL). A convenience sample of N = 200 chronic heart failure (CHF) patients was recruited at cardiology centers in Germany (n = 100) and Pakistan (n = 100). Results indicated that trait-EI predicted better mental component of HRQoL in Pakistani and German CHF patients. Friends as social support appeared relevant for German patients only. Qualitative data indicate an internal locus of control in German as compared to Pakistani patients. Strengthening the beneficial role of social support in Pakistani patients is one example of how the current findings may inspire culture-specific treatment to empower patients dealing with the detrimental effects of CHF.}, language = {en} } @article{ReisPfister2022, author = {Reis, Moritz and Pfister, Roland}, title = {Being Observed Does Not Boost Rule Retrieval}, series = {Advances in Cognitive Psychology}, volume = {18}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Psychology}, number = {3}, doi = {10.5709/acp-0359-8}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301089}, pages = {173 -- 178}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Previous research, mainly focusing on the situational preconditions of rule violations, indicates that feelings of being watched by other agents promote rule compliance. However, the cognitive underpinnings of this effect and of rule violations in general have only attracted little scientific attention yet. In this study, we investigated whether cues of being observed not only reduce the likelihood of violating rules but also affect the underlying cognitive processes of such behavior when still putting a rule violation into action. Therefore, we applied a motion-tracking paradigm in which participants could violate a simple stimulus-response mapping rule while being faced with pictures of either open or closed eyes. In line with prior research, temporal and spatial measures of the participants' movements indicated that violating this rule induced substantial cognitive conflict. However, conflict during rulebreaking was not moderated by the eye stimuli. This outcome suggests that rule retrieval constitutes an automatic process which is not or is only barely influenced by situational parameters. Moreover, our results imply that the effect of perceived observation on rule conformity is driven by normative influences on decision-making instead of social facilitation of dominant action tendencies.}, language = {en} } @article{EidelKuebler2022, author = {Eidel, M. and K{\"u}bler, A.}, title = {Identifying potential training factors in a vibrotactile P300-BCI}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {12}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-18088-w}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301064}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) often rely on visual stimulation and feedback. Potential end-users with impaired vision, however, cannot use these BCIs efficiently and require a non-visual alternative. Both auditory and tactile paradigms have been developed but are often not sufficiently fast or accurate. Thus, it is particularly relevant to investigate if and how users can train and improve performance. We report data from 29 healthy participants who trained with a 4-choice tactile P300-BCI during five sessions. To identify potential training factors, we pre-post assessed the robustness of the BCI performance against increased workload in a dual task condition and determined the participants' somatosensory sensitivity thresholds with a forced-choice intensity discrimination task. Accuracy (M = 79.2\% to 92.0\%) and tactually evoked P300 amplitudes increased significantly, confirming successful training. Pre-post somatosensory sensitivity increased, and workload decreased significantly, but results of the dual task condition remained inconclusive. The present study confirmed the previously reported feasibility and trainability of our tactile BCI paradigm within a multi-session design. Importantly, we provide first evidence of improvement in the somatosensory system as a potential mediator for the observed training effects.}, language = {en} } @article{EckDignathKalckertetal.2022, author = {Eck, Julia and Dignath, David and Kalckert, Andreas and Pfister, Roland}, title = {Instant disembodiment of virtual body parts}, series = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics}, volume = {84}, journal = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics}, number = {8}, doi = {10.3758/s13414-022-02544-w}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324844}, pages = {2725-2740}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Evidence from multisensory body illusions suggests that body representations may be malleable, for instance, by embodying external objects. However, adjusting body representations to current task demands also implies that external objects become disembodied from the body representation if they are no longer required. In the current web-based study, we induced the embodiment of a two-dimensional (2D) virtual hand that could be controlled by active movements of a computer mouse or on a touchpad. Following initial embodiment, we probed for disembodiment by comparing two conditions: Participants either continued moving the virtual hand or they stopped moving and kept the hand still. Based on theoretical accounts that conceptualize body representations as a set of multisensory bindings, we expected gradual disembodiment of the virtual hand if the body representations are no longer updated through correlated visuomotor signals. In contrast to our prediction, the virtual hand was instantly disembodied as soon as participants stopped moving it. This result was replicated in two follow-up experiments. The observed instantaneous disembodiment might suggest that humans are sensitive to the rapid changes that characterize action and body in virtual environments, and hence adjust corresponding body representations particularly swiftly.}, language = {en} } @article{HoffmannKochHuestegge2022, author = {Hoffmann, Mareike A. and Koch, Iring and Huestegge, Lynn}, title = {Are some effector systems harder to switch to? In search of cost asymmetries when switching between manual, vocal, and oculomotor tasks}, series = {Memory \& Cognition}, volume = {50}, journal = {Memory \& Cognition}, number = {7}, doi = {10.3758/s13421-022-01287-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324887}, pages = {1563-1577}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In task-switching studies, performance is typically worse in task-switch trials than in task-repetition trials. These switch costs are often asymmetrical, a phenomenon that has been explained by referring to a dominance of one task over the other. Previous studies also indicated that response modalities associated with two tasks may be considered as integral components for defining a task set. However, a systematic assessment of the role of response modalities in task switching is still lacking: Are some response modalities harder to switch to than others? The present study systematically examined switch costs when combining tasks that differ only with respect to their associated effector systems. In Experiment 1, 16 participants switched (in unpredictable sequence) between oculomotor and vocal tasks. In Experiment 2, 72 participants switched (in pairwise combinations) between oculomotor, vocal, and manual tasks. We observed systematic performance costs when switching between response modalities under otherwise constant task features and could thereby replicate previous observations of response modality switch costs. However, we did not observe any substantial switch-cost asymmetries. As previous studies using temporally overlapping dual-task paradigms found substantial prioritization effects (in terms of asymmetric costs) especially for oculomotor tasks, the present results suggest different underlying processes in sequential task switching than in simultaneous multitasking. While more research is needed to further substantiate a lack of response modality switch-cost asymmetries in a broader range of task switching situations, we suggest that task-set representations related to specific response modalities may exhibit rapid decay.}, language = {en} } @article{Franz2022, author = {Franz, David J.}, title = {Moral responsibility for self-deluding beings}, series = {Philosophia}, volume = {50}, journal = {Philosophia}, number = {4}, issn = {0048-3893}, doi = {10.1007/s11406-022-00469-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324871}, pages = {1791-1807}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In this article, I argue for four theses. First, libertarian and compatibilist accounts of moral responsibility agree that the capability of practical reason is the central feature of moral responsibility. Second, this viewpoint leads to a reasons-focused account of human behavior. Examples of human action discussed in debates about moral responsibility suggest that typical human actions are driven primarily by the agent's subjective reasons and are sufficiently transparent for the agent. Third, this conception of self-transparent action is a questionable idealization. As shown by psychological research on self-assessment, motivated reasoning, and terror management theory, humans oftentimes have only a limited understanding of their conduct. Self-deception is rather the rule than the exception. Fourth, taking the limited self-transparency of practical reason seriously leads to a socially contextualized conception of moral responsibility.}, language = {en} } @article{GruendahlWeissMaieretal.2022, author = {Gr{\"u}ndahl, Marthe and Weiß, Martin and Maier, Lisa and Hewig, Johannes and Deckert, J{\"u}rgen and Hein, Grit}, title = {Construction and validation of a scale to measure loneliness and isolation during social distancing and its effect on mental health}, series = {Frontiers in Psychiatry}, volume = {13}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry}, issn = {1664-0640}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.798596}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-269446}, year = {2022}, abstract = {A variety of factors contribute to the degree to which a person feels lonely and socially isolated. These factors may be particularly relevant in contexts requiring social distancing, e.g., during the COVID-19 pandemic or in states of immunodeficiency. We present the Loneliness and Isolation during Social Distancing (LISD) Scale. Extending existing measures, the LISD scale measures both state and trait aspects of loneliness and isolation, including indicators of social connectedness and support. In addition, it reliably predicts individual differences in anxiety and depression. Data were collected online from two independent samples in a social distancing context (the COVID-19 pandemic). Factorial validation was based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA; Sample 1, N = 244) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; Sample 2, N = 304). Multiple regression analyses were used to assess how the LISD scale predicts state anxiety and depression. The LISD scale showed satisfactory fit in both samples. Its two state factors indicate being lonely and isolated as well as connected and supported, while its three trait factors reflect general loneliness and isolation, sociability and sense of belonging, and social closeness and support. Our results imply strong predictive power of the LISD scale for state anxiety and depression, explaining 33 and 51\% of variance, respectively. Anxiety and depression scores were particularly predicted by low dispositional sociability and sense of belonging and by currently being more lonely and isolated. In turn, being lonely and isolated was related to being less connected and supported (state) as well as having lower social closeness and support in general (trait). We provide a novel scale which distinguishes between acute and general dimensions of loneliness and social isolation while also predicting mental health. The LISD scale could be a valuable and economic addition to the assessment of mental health factors impacted by social distancing.}, language = {en} } @article{RichterHertelKubiketal.2022, author = {Richter, Tobias and Hertel, Silke and Kubik, Veit and Marksteiner, Tamara and Souvignier, Elmar and Sparfeldt, J{\"o}rn R.}, title = {In welchen Branchen und f{\"u}r welche beruflichen T{\"a}tigkeiten werden Psychologinnen und Psychologen gesucht und was sollten sie k{\"o}nnen? : Eine systematische Inhaltsanalyse von Stellenanzeigen}, series = {Psychologische Rundschau}, volume = {73}, journal = {Psychologische Rundschau}, number = {4}, issn = {0033-3042}, doi = {10.1026/0033-3042/a000557}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251451}, pages = {229-242}, year = {2022}, abstract = {{\"U}ber die Struktur des Arbeitsmarkts f{\"u}r Psychologinnen und Psychologen, insbesondere {\"u}ber die quantitative Verteilung von Stellen auf verschiedene Besch{\"a}ftigungsbereiche, berufliche T{\"a}tigkeiten, geforderte Kompetenzen und Abschl{\"u}sse, liegen keine zuverl{\"a}ssigen und aktuellen Informationen vor. Wir berichten die Ergebnisse einer systematischen Inhaltsanalyse von 2025 Stellenanzeigen, die im Zeitraum von jeweils einem Monat in den Jahren 2018 und 2020 in g{\"a}ngigen deutschen Online-Stellenb{\"o}rsen ver{\"o}ffentlicht wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Arbeitsmarkt f{\"u}r Psychologinnen und Psychologen {\"a}ußerst vielf{\"a}ltig ist und eine große Bandbreite beruflicher T{\"a}tigkeiten im Gesundheits-‍, Bildungs- und Sozialwesen, der Wirtschaft, der Wissenschaft sowie bei Polizei, Justiz und Verwaltung umfasst. Die Psychotherapie war mit 35 \% das gr{\"o}ßte Berufsfeld, w{\"a}hrend sich die Mehrzahl der Stellen auf berufliche T{\"a}tigkeiten verteilte, die sich in der Regel keinem einzelnen Fachgebiet der Psychologie zuordnen ließen. F{\"u}r 27 \% der ausgeschriebenen Stellen war eine Approbation erforderlich, und 28 \% der Stellen waren befristet. Die Ergebnisse liefern wichtige Informationen f{\"u}r die Konzeption und professionsorientierte Gestaltung von psychologischen Studieng{\"a}ngen.}, language = {de} } @article{TeichmuellerBastRittneretal.2022, author = {Teichm{\"u}ller, K. and Bast, L. and Rittner, H. L. and Kindl, G.}, title = {Chronische Schmerzen im Seniorenalter vor dem Hintergrund der COVID-19-Pandemie}, series = {Der Schmerz}, volume = {36}, journal = {Der Schmerz}, doi = {10.1007/s00482-022-00663-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-346778}, pages = {429-436}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Hintergrund Internationale Studien belegen negative Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf Stimmung und Stresslevel befragter Personen. Auch konnten Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen der Pandemie und h{\"o}heren Schmerzst{\"a}rken sowie st{\"a}rkerer schmerzbedingter Beeintr{\"a}chtigung nachgewiesen werden. Die Studienlage dazu, ob {\"a}ltere Menschen besser oder schlechter mit der Pandemie und ihren Auswirkungen umgehen k{\"o}nnen als j{\"u}ngere Personen, ist aber uneindeutig. Methodik Seit einigen Jahren bietet das Universit{\"a}tsklinikum W{\"u}rzburg ein multimodales Schmerztherapieprogramm f{\"u}r SeniorInnen an. F{\"u}r die vorliegende Arbeit wurden retrospektiv klinische Routinedaten zum Zeitpunkt des interdisziplin{\"a}ren multimodalen Assessments von n = 75 TeilnehmerInnen in den Jahren 2018 und 2019 mit denen von n = 42 Patientinnen w{\"a}hrend der COVID-19-Pandemie 2020-2021 verglichen. Wir untersuchten Schmerz, psychische Belastung und k{\"o}rperliches Funktionsniveau mithilfe des Deutschen Schmerzfragebogens, klinischer Diagnostik und geriatrischer Funktionstests. Ergebnisse Die beiden Teilstichproben unterschieden sich nicht in demografischen Merkmalen. Bez{\"u}glich Schmerzintensit{\"a}t und Beeintr{\"a}chtigung sowie der psychischen Belastung fanden sich ebenfalls keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Lediglich die Anzahl der schmerzbedingt beeintr{\"a}chtigten Tage war vor Corona signifikant h{\"o}her. Die geriatrischen Funktionstests zeigten signifikant bessere Werte w{\"a}hrend der Pandemie an. Diskussion Die vorliegenden Daten zeigen keine Verschlechterung von Schmerz und k{\"o}rperlichem sowie psychischem Wohlbefinden bei SeniorInnen vor dem Hintergrund der Pandemie. Weitere Studien sollten die m{\"o}glichen Gr{\"u}nde daf{\"u}r untersuchen. Diese k{\"o}nnten in einer h{\"o}heren Resilienz der SeniorInnen basierend auf ihrer Lebenserfahrung, finanziellen Sicherheit oder einer geringeren Ver{\"a}nderung des Lebensalltags liegen.}, language = {de} } @article{NeszmelyiWellerKundeetal.2022, author = {Neszm{\´e}lyi, Bence and Weller, Lisa and Kunde, Wilfried and Pfister, Roland}, title = {Social action effects: representing predicted partner responses in social interactions}, series = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, volume = {16}, journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, issn = {1662-5161}, doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2022.837495}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-276609}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The sociomotor framework outlines a possible role of social action effects on human action control, suggesting that anticipated partner reactions are a major cue to represent, select, and initiate own body movements. Here, we review studies that elucidate the actual content of social action representations and that explore factors that can distinguish action control processes involving social and inanimate action effects. Specifically, we address two hypotheses on how the social context can influence effect-based action control: first, by providing unique social features such as body-related, anatomical codes, and second, by orienting attention towards any relevant feature dimensions of the action effects. The reviewed empirical work presents a surprisingly mixed picture: while there is indirect evidence for both accounts, previous studies that directly addressed the anatomical account showed no signs of the involvement of genuinely social features in sociomotor action control. Furthermore, several studies show evidence against the differentiation of social and non-social action effect processing, portraying sociomotor action representations as remarkably non-social. A focus on enhancing the social experience in future studies should, therefore, complement the current database to establish whether such settings give rise to the hypothesized influence of social context.}, language = {en} } @article{RodriguesWeissMusseletal.2022, author = {Rodrigues, Johannes and Weiß, Martin and Mussel, Patrick and Hewig, Johannes}, title = {On second thought … the influence of a second stage in the ultimatum game on decision behavior, electro-cortical correlates and their trait interrelation}, series = {Psychophysiology}, volume = {59}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, number = {7}, doi = {10.1111/psyp.14023}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-318983}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Previous EEG research only investigated one stage ultimatum games (UGs). We investigated the influence of a second bargaining stage in an UG concerning behavioral responses, electro-cortical correlates and their moderations by the traits altruism, anger, anxiety, and greed in 92 participants. We found that an additional stage led to more rejection in the 2-stage UG (2SUG) and that increasing offers in the second stage compared to the first stage led to more acceptance. The FRN during a trial was linked to expectance evaluation concerning the fairness of the offers, while midfrontal theta was a marker for the needed cognitive control to overcome the respective default behavioral pattern. The FRN responses to unfair offers were more negative for either low or high altruism in the UG, while high trait anxiety led to more negative FRN responses in the first stage of 2SUG, indicating higher sensitivity to unfairness. Accordingly, the mean FRN response, representing the trait-like general electrocortical reactivity to unfairness, predicted rejection in the first stage of 2SUG. Additionally, we found that high trait anger led to more rejections for unfair offer in 2SUG in general, while trait altruism led to more rejection of unimproving unfair offers in the second stage of 2SUG. In contrast, trait anxiety led to more acceptance in the second stage of 2SUG, while trait greed even led to more acceptance if the offer was worse than in the stage before. These findings suggest, that 2SUG creates a trait activation situation compared to the UG.}, language = {en} } @article{HaberstumpfForsterLeinweberetal.2022, author = {Haberstumpf, Sophia and Forster, Andr{\´e} and Leinweber, Jonas and Rauskolb, Stefanie and Hewig, Johannes and Sendtner, Michael and Lauer, Martin and Polak, Thomas and Deckert, J{\"u}rgen and Herrmann, Martin J.}, title = {Measurement invariance testing of longitudinal neuropsychiatric test scores distinguishes pathological from normative cognitive decline and highlights its potential in early detection research}, series = {Journal of Neuropsychology}, volume = {16}, journal = {Journal of Neuropsychology}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1111/jnp.12269}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-318932}, pages = {324 -- 352}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Objective Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a growing challenge worldwide, which is why the search for early-onset predictors must be focused as soon as possible. Longitudinal studies that investigate courses of neuropsychological and other variables screen for such predictors correlated to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, one often neglected issue in analyses of such studies is measurement invariance (MI), which is often assumed but not tested for. This study uses the absence of MI (non-MI) and latent factor scores instead of composite variables to assess properties of cognitive domains, compensation mechanisms, and their predictability to establish a method for a more comprehensive understanding of pathological cognitive decline. Methods An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a set of increasingly restricted confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to find latent factors, compared them with the composite approach, and to test for longitudinal (partial-)MI in a neuropsychiatric test battery, consisting of 14 test variables. A total of 330 elderly (mean age: 73.78 ± 1.52 years at baseline) were analyzed two times (3 years apart). Results EFA revealed a four-factor model representing declarative memory, attention, working memory, and visual-spatial processing. Based on CFA, an accurate model was estimated across both measurement timepoints. Partial non-MI was found for parameters such as loadings, test- and latent factor intercepts as well as latent factor variances. The latent factor approach was preferable to the composite approach. Conclusion The overall assessment of non-MI latent factors may pose a possible target for this field of research. Hence, the non-MI of variances indicated variables that are especially suited for the prediction of pathological cognitive decline, while non-MI of intercepts indicated general aging-related decline. As a result, the sole assessment of MI may help distinguish pathological from normative aging processes and additionally may reveal compensatory neuropsychological mechanisms.}, language = {en} } @article{WeissRodriguesHewig2022, author = {Weiß, Martin and Rodrigues, Johannes and Hewig, Johannes}, title = {Big Five personality factors in relation to coping with contact restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a small sample study}, series = {Social Sciences}, volume = {11}, journal = {Social Sciences}, number = {10}, issn = {2076-0760}, doi = {10.3390/socsci11100466}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290556}, year = {2022}, abstract = {To slow down the spread of the SARS-Cov-2 virus, countries worldwide severely restricted public and social life. In addition to the physical threat posed by the viral disease (COVID-19), the pandemic also has implications for psychological well-being. Using a small sample (N = 51), we examined how Big Five personality traits relate to coping with contact restrictions during three consecutive weeks in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. We showed that extraversion was associated with suffering from severe contact restrictions and with benefiting from their relaxation. Individuals with high neuroticism did not show a change in their relatively poor coping with the restrictions over time, whereas conscientious individuals seemed to experience no discomfort and even positive feelings during the period of contact restrictions. Our results support the assumption that neuroticism is a vulnerability factor in relation to psychological wellbeing but also show an influence of contact restrictions on extraverted individuals.}, language = {en} }