@phdthesis{Walter2012,
  author    = {Walter, Martina},
  title     = {A new methodological approach to assess drug driving - The German Smartphone Survey},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75283},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The aim of the present piece of work was to give information about the frequency of psychoactive substances within the German driver population and to identify preventive and promotive circumstances of drug driving. Furthermore, a new methodological approach to gather and link data about the consumption of psychoactive substances and the mobility of drug users is shown. Traditionally, roadside surveys are conducted to estimate the prevalence of drug driving within a population. By the present study, an alternative method is introduced. In total, 195 drug users (mainly cannabis users) and 100 controls out of the normal driving population were queried for four weeks about their driving and drug consumption behaviour by a questionnaire that was deployed on smartphones. The prevalences of drug driving within the sample were extrapolated into representative values. Because the subjects reported all daily activities within the study-period, it was also possible to describe situations in which the subjects decided against driving under influence. Besides, relevant previous experiences, attitudes, the approval of legal regulations, other traffic-specific parameters, social influences and personality variables were queried. So, individual factors that are associated with drug driving can be specified. The results are integrated in a model that shows dependencies of different societal, behavioural and legal variables. They can serve as major input to the discussion on drug driving and can be of practical use for rehabilitation and prevention purposes. The results can be summarised as follows: - Compared to the results of a German roadside survey from 1994, the prevalences that are found within the present study seem pretty low. This finding is discussed and possible explanations for the described trend are lined out. Furthermore, the prevalences that were calculated in the present study are compared to current data from other European countries. - The results show differences between users and controls on several variables. The differences indicate that substance use impacts on the structuring of day-to-day life. Overall, the controls' days proceed more along a daily working routine than the users' (e.g. less mobility at night, more mobility at rush-hour, alcohol consumption mainly at nights out). - The individual extent to which drugs are consumed differs dependent on daytime, day of the week and kind of substance. Of course, these dependencies also influence the occurrence of drug driving. Other factors of influence on drug driving are the distance, the availability of alternative modes of transport as well as the presence of female companions. - Not everybody who uses drugs drives under the influence of drugs. A striking predictor for frequent drug driving and highly intoxicated driving is a high consumption, associated with risky consumption patterns and a low subjective feeling of impairment after drug consumption. - The subjects' attitudes towards drug driving and their beliefs about social norms largely go in line with the behaviour they engage in. Drug users have rather liberal attitudes towards drug use and driving under influence. - A possible deterrence effect of sanctioning and police enforcement and its dependence on the acceptance and awareness of the measures is delineated. - Only small effects are found when examining the objective impairment that is caused by drug use by a computer-based test battery. This result is critically discussed with regards to the operationalisation of the study groups. - Except from driving under influence, there is no evidence to suggest that DUI offenders also show problematic behaviour according to other traffic-related measures. - Parents and peers may have an influence as role models on the development of problematic behaviour. A good relationship between parents and children may have a positive impact on the development of conventional values and behaviour. - Drug use is associated with some crucial personality dimensions and drugs are often used to solve personal problems. A less precise but similar difference was found for users who commit many drives under influence compared to users who never or only sometimes drive under influence. Moreover, users marginally more often have psychological problems compared to controls. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the new methodological approach of data collection are discussed as well as the challenges that are faced when implementing it. All in all, it has proved to be a promising method and should serve as a standard to which future studies should aspire.},
  subject      = {Verkehrspsychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HerbertKuebler2011,
  author    = {Herbert, Cornelia and K{\"u}bler, Andrea},
  title     = {Dogs Cannot Bark: Event-Related Brain Responses to True and False Negated Statements as Indicators of Higher-Order Conscious Processing},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74907},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The present study investigated event-related brain potentials elicited by true and false negated statements to evaluate if discrimination of the truth value of negated information relies on conscious processing and requires higher-order cognitive processing in healthy subjects across different levels of stimulus complexity. The stimulus material consisted of true and false negated sentences (sentence level) and prime-target expressions (word level). Stimuli were presented acoustically and no overt behavioral response of the participants was required. Event-related brain potentials to target words preceded by true and false negated expressions were analyzed both within group and at the single subject level. Across the different processing conditions (word pairs and sentences), target words elicited a frontal negativity and a late positivity in the time window from 600-1000 msec post target word onset. Amplitudes of both brain potentials varied as a function of the truth value of the negated expressions. Results were confirmed at the single-subject level. In sum, our results support recent suggestions according to which evaluation of the truth value of a negated expression is a time- and cognitively demanding process that cannot be solved automatically, and thus requires conscious processing. Our paradigm provides insight into higher-order processing related to language comprehension and reasoning in healthy subjects. Future studies are needed to evaluate if our paradigm also proves sensitive for the detection of consciousness in non-responsive patients.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Stemmler2011,
  author    = {Stemmler, Thomas},
  title     = {Just do it! Guilt as a moral intuition to cooperate - A parallel constraint satisfaction approach},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74873},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Nach langer Dominanz rationaler Urteils- und Entscheidungsmodelle in der Moralpsychologie (z.B. Kohlberg, 1969) besteht seit einiger Zeit verst{\"a}rktes Interesse an intuitiven, emotionalen Einfl{\"u}ssen auf moralische Urteile und Entscheidungen (z.B. Greene, 2007; Haidt, 2001; Monin, Pizarro, \& Beer, 2007). Der Einfluss von Emotionen auf moralische Entscheidungen wird in der Literatur u.a. mittels heuristischer, non-kompensatorischer Informationsverarbeitung erkl{\"a}rt (z.B. Sinnott-Armstrong, Young, \& Cushman, 2010; Sunstein, 2005; Tobler, Kalis, \& Kalenscher, 2008). Hierbei wird jedoch der Prozess der Emotionsentstehung ignoriert. Appraisaltheorien postulieren, dass Emotionen durch die Inkoh{\"a}renz (oder Diskrepanz) von Verhaltensrepr{\"a}sentationen wie Zielen und Aktionen entstehen (Moors, 2009). Emotionsentstehung und (intuitives) Entscheiden kann in einem Modell vereint werden sobald man bei beiden Prozessen eine konnektionistische Struktur (z.B. Barnes \& Thagard, 1996) zugrunde legt. Die vorliegende Arbeit kontrastiert beide Perspektiven intuitiv-emotionalen Entscheidens im Hinblick auf Schuld und Kooperation.},
  subject      = {Kooperation},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Pfister2011,
  author    = {Pfister, Roland},
  title     = {Wardrobe Malfunctions and the Measurement of Internet Behaviour},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69067},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The wardrobe malfunction—an unanticipated exposure of bodily parts in the public—has become a prevailing issue in concerts, shows and other celebrity events that is reliably reported by the media. The internet as the fastest source for celebrity gossip allows measuring the impact of such wardrobe malfunctions on the public in-terest in a celebrity. This measurement in turn allows conclusions about intention, motivation, and internet be-haviour of a wide variety of internet users. The present study exemplifies the use of an innovative non-reactive measure of active interest—the Search Volume Index—to assess the impact of a variety of internet-related phe-nomena, including wardrobe malfunctions. Results indicate that interest in a celebrity increases immediately af-ter such an event and stays at a high level for about three weeks (the wardrobe plateau). This special form of ce-lebrity gossip thus meets a constant interest of a substantial proportion of internet users.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MuenssingerHalderKleihetal.2010,
  author    = {M{\"u}nßinger, Jana I. and Halder, Sebastian and Kleih, Sonja C. and Furdea, Adrian and Raco, Valerio and H{\"o}sle, Adi and K{\"u}bler, Andrea},
  title     = {Brain Painting: first evaluation of a new brain-computer interface application with ALS-patients and healthy volunteers},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68168},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) enable paralyzed patients to communicate; however, up to date, no creative expression was possible. The current study investigated the accuracy and user-friendliness of P300-Brain Painting, a new BCI application developed to paint pictures using brain activity only. Two different versions of the P300-Brain Painting application were tested: A colored matrix tested by a group of ALS-patients (n = 3) and healthy participants (n = 10), and a black and white matrix tested by healthy participants (n = 10). The three ALS-patients achieved high accuracies; two of them reaching above 89\% accuracy. In healthy subjects, a comparison between the P300-Brain Painting application (colored matrix) and the P300-Spelling application revealed significantly lower accuracy and P300 amplitudes for the P300-Brain Painting application. This drop in accuracy and P300 amplitudes was not found when comparing the P300-Spelling application to an adapted, black and white matrix of the P300-Brain Painting application. By employing a black and white matrix, the accuracy of the P300-Brain Painting application was significantly enhanced and reached the accuracy of the P300-Spelling application. ALS-patients greatly enjoyed P300-Brain Painting and were able to use the application with the same accuracy as healthy subjects. P300-Brain Painting enables paralyzed patients to express themselves creatively and to participate in the prolific society through exhibitions.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GerdesWieserMuehlbergeretal.2010,
  author    = {Gerdes, Antje B. M. and Wieser, Matthias J. and M{\"u}hlberger, Andreas and Weyers, Peter and Alpers, Georg W. and Plichta, Michael M. and Breuer, Felix and Pauli, Paul},
  title     = {Brain activations to emotional pictures are differentially associated with valence and arousal ratings},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68153},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Several studies have investigated the neural responses triggered by emotional pictures, but the specificity of the involved structures such as the amygdala or the ventral striatum is still under debate. Furthermore, only few studies examined the association of stimuli's valence and arousal and the underlying brain responses. Therefore, we investigated brain responses with functional magnetic resonance imaging of 17 healthy participants to pleasant and unpleasant affective pictures and afterwards assessed ratings of valence and arousal. As expected, unpleasant pictures strongly activated the right and left amygdala, the right hippocampus, and the medial occipital lobe, whereas pleasant pictures elicited significant activations in left occipital regions, and in parts of the medial temporal lobe. The direct comparison of unpleasant and pleasant pictures, which were comparable in arousal clearly indicated stronger amygdala activation in response to the unpleasant pictures. Most important, correlational analyses revealed on the one hand that the arousal of unpleasant pictures was significantly associated with activations in the right amygdala and the left caudate body. On the other hand, valence of pleasant pictures was significantly correlated with activations in the right caudate head, extending to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These findings support the notion that the amygdala is primarily involved in processing of unpleasant stimuli, particularly to more arousing unpleasant stimuli. Reward-related structures like the caudate and NAcc primarily respond to pleasant stimuli, the stronger the more positive the valence of these stimuli is.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeyersJankeMachtetal.1993,
  author    = {Weyers, P. and Janke, W. and Macht, Michael and Weijers, H.-G.},
  title     = {Social and nonsocial open field behaviour of rats under light and noise stimulation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61246},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {ln two experiments, male rats were observed in pairs under different environmental stimulations in an open field. ln Experiment 1, white noise of 85 dB(A) reduced social activities and increased defecation compared to 75 dB(A) and 65 dß(A). ln Experiment 2, the illumination of the open field was varied in addition to a variation of the noise intensity. Again, 85 dB(A) as compared to 50 dB(A) reduced social activities and increased defecation, but also led to changes in non-social behaviours such as sniffing, grooming, and rearing. ln contrast, 400 lx did not differ substantially in its effects from 40 lx in any of the observed behavioural categories. Altogether, the behaviour pattern under 85 dß(A) white noise cannot satisfactorily be explained only by increased anxiety or fear. Alternative explanations are discussed.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PressleyBorkowskiSchneider1990,
  author    = {Pressley, Michael and Borkowski, John G. and Schneider, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Good information processing: What it is and how education can promote it},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62127},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {The nature of good information processing is outlined as determined by intact neurology, information stored in long-term memory, and general cognitive tendencies, attitudes, and styles. Educators can promote the development of good information processing by promoting what is in long-term memory. This can be accomplished by teaching important literary, scientific, and cultural knowledge; teaching strategies; motivating the acquisition and use of important conceptual knowledge and strategies; and encouraging the general tendencies supporting good information processing. Good information processing can be produced by years of appropriate educational input. Good information processors cannot be produced by short-term interventions.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchneiderKoerkelWeinert1989,
  author    = {Schneider, Wolfgang and K{\"o}rkel, Joachim and Weinert, Franz E.},
  title     = {Domain-Specific Knowledge and Memory Performance: A Comparison of High- and Low-Aptitude Children},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62107},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Two studies compared memory performance and text comprehension of groups that were equivalent on domain-specific knowledge but differed in overall aptitude, to investigate whether prior knowledge about a particular domain or overall aptitude level was more important when the task was to acquire and use new information in the domain of interest. Both studies dealt with third-, fifth-, and seventh-grade soccer experts' and novices' memory and comprehension of a story dealing with a soccer game. Several measures of memory performance, memory monitoring, and text comprehension were used. Levels of soccer knowledge and of overall aptitude were varied in a factorial design. Neither study detected significant differences between high-aptitude and low-aptitude experts, regardless of their ages. Low aptitude experts outperformed high-aptitude novices on all memory and comprehension measures. The results indicate that domain-specific knowledge can compensate for low overall aptitude on domain-related cognitive tasks.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KurtzCostesSchneider1994,
  author    = {Kurtz-Costes, Beth E. and Schneider, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Self-concept, attributional beliefs, and school achievement: A longitudinal analysis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62245},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BjorklundSchneiderCasseletal.1994,
  author    = {Bjorklund, David F. and Schneider, Wolfgang and Cassel, William S. and Ashley, Elizabeth},
  title     = {Training and Extension of a Memory Strategy: Evidence for Utilization Deficiencies in the Acquisition of an Organizational Strategy in High- and Low-IQ Children},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62234},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {143 9- and 10-year-oId children were classified into high- and Jow-IQ groups and given 4 different sort/recall lists (baseline, training, near [immediate] extension, far [l-week] extension) to assess training and extension of an organizational memory strategy. All children received categorized items of moderate typicality for Phases 1, 3, and 4. For Phase 2, children were assigned to either a training or control group, with half of the children in each group receiving category typical items and the others category atypical items. Levels of recall, sorting, and clustering were greater in Phase 2 for high-IQ children, for the typical lists, and for trained children. Both the high- and low-IQ children trained with typical items continued to show high levels of recall on the near extension phase. No group of subjects maintained high levels of recall after 1 week, although levels of sorting and/or clustering on the extension trials remained high for all groups of subjects except the low-IQ control children. This latter pattern (elevated sorting/clustering with low levels of recall) is an indication of a utilization deficiency, a phase in strategy development when children use a strategy but gain little or no benefit n performance. The results provide evidence for IQ, training, and material effects in the demonstration of a utilization deficiency.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RabinowitzOrnsteinFoldsBennettetal.1994,
  author    = {Rabinowitz, Mitchell and Ornstein, Peter A. and Folds-Bennett, Trisha H. and Schneider, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Age-related differences in speed of processing: Unconfounding age and experience},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62223},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchneiderGruberGoldetal.1993,
  author    = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Gruber, Hans and Gold, Andreas and Opwis, Klaus},
  title     = {Chess expertise and memory for chess positions in children and adults},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62211},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BjorklundSchneiderHarnishfegeretal.1992,
  author    = {Bjorklund, David F. and Schneider, Wolfgang and Harnishfeger, Katherine Kipp and Cassel, William S. and Bjorklund, Barbara R. and Bernholtz, Jean E.},
  title     = {The role of IQ, expertise, and motivation in the recall of familiar Information},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62204},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {High- and low-IQ children in the first, third, and fifth grades performed two free-recall tasks: a sort-recall task with sets of categorically related pictures, and a class-recall task, with children recalling the current members of their school class. All children were deemed to be experts concerning the composition of their school class, but, unlike experts in other domains, had no special motivation associated with their expertise. Recall and clustering on both tasks were high. The high-IQ children performed better than low-IQ children only on the sort-recall task. IQ was significantly correlated with measures of performance on the sort-recall task but not on the class-recall task. The results reflect the fact that the memory benefits associated with being an expert (here, elimination of IQ effects) are related to the greater knowledge the expert possesses and not to factors of motivation.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GaultneyBjorklundSchneider1992,
  author    = {Gaultney, Jane F. and Bjorklund, David F. and Schneider, Wolfgang},
  title     = {The role of children's expertise in a Strategie memory task},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62190},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {In a study intended to replicate and extend the findings from a recent experiment by Schneider and Bjorklund (1992), the expert/novice paradigm was used with second- and fourth-grade children in a sort/recall task. Children were classified as experts or novices for their knowledge of baseball, then given two sort/recall tasks, with a list consisting of either baseball or nonbaseball terms. Experts recalled more than novices on the baseball list only. While both groups used organizational strategies at sorting on the nonbaseball list, experts were marginally more strategic than novices on the baseball list, and no differences were found between the groups on either list for clustering. Baseball experts used more adultlike categories, suggesting that their enhanced levels of recall were attributed in part to strategy use, although there was also evidence that most of the substantial recall difference between the groups was attributed to item-specific effects associated with a more elaborated knowledge base. A second experiment using fifth-grade children on a multitrial sort/recall task using the baseball list also found increased recall by experts, and also found evidence of strategic behavior at the sort phase for trials 3 and 4.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WoloshynPressleySchneider1992,
  author    = {Woloshyn, Vera E. and Pressley, Michael and Schneider, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Elaborative interrogation as a function of prior knowledge},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62187},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchneiderBjorklund1992,
  author    = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Bjorklund, David F.},
  title     = {Expertise, aptitude, and strategic remembering},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62175},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Second- and fourth-grade children were classified according to their knowledge of soccer (experts vs. novices) and IQ (high vs. low), and given 2 sort-recall tasks. One task included items related to the game of soccer and the other included items from familiar natural language categories. Previous research has shown that expertise in a snbject can compensate for low levels of performance on text comprehension tasks. Our results, the flrst examing the effects of both expertise and intelligence on a strategic memory task, were that soccer expert children recalled more items on the soccer list bnt not on the nonsoccer list than soccer novice children. However, soccer expertise did not modify a significant effect of IQ level, with high-IQ children recalling more than low-IQ children for all contrasts. Interest in soccer was found to be related to expertise but did not contribute to differences in memory performance. The results demonstrate that the knowledge base plays an important role in children's memory, but that domain knowledge cannot fully eliminate the effects of IQ on sort-recall tasks using domain-related materials. That is, although rich domain knowledge seemed to compensate for low aptitude, in that low-aptitude experts performed at the level of high-aptitude novices, its effects were not strong enough to eliminate performance differences between highand low-aptitude soccer experts.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CarrSchneider1991,
  author    = {Carr, Martha and Schneider, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Long-term maintenance of organizational strategies in kindergarten children},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62157},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {The goal of the present study was to determine whether 4- and 5-year-old kindergarten children could be trained to maintain an organizational strategy over 2- and 8 week periods through an elaborate training program. A second goal was to assess the effects of the training program on strategy awareness. Twenty-eight kindergarten children were pretested on two sort-recall tasks and their awareness of the use of the clustering strategy was assessed through a protocol type procedure. Half the children received seven half-hour sessions of individual training in the clustering strategy and half the children participated in a control group. Both groups were post-tested on two sort-recall tasks 2 weeks following training and again 8 weeks following training. Strategy awareness, as measured by verbal protocol, was assessed at both post-test points. The elaborate strategy training program was successful in inducing short- and long-term strategy maintenance of the clustering strategy. Trained children's clustering during sorting and clustering during recall was consistently related to the amount of items correctly recalled. No differences in strategy awareness were found. These findings demonstrate that the elaborate training procedure used in this study can be a very effective memory technique for young kindergarten children.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KurtzSchneiderCarretal.1990,
  author    = {Kurtz, Beth E. and Schneider, Wolfgang and Carr, Martha and Borkowski, John G. and Rellinger, Elizabeth},
  title     = {Strategy instruction and attributional beliefs in West Germany and the United States: Do teachers foster metacognitive development?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62145},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {Previous research has shown German children to be more strategic on sort-recall memory tasks than their American age-mates, and to show fewer effort-related attributions. We conducted this study to determine if those differences are due to systematic differences in the strategy instruction and attributional beliefs of German and U.S. teachers, and to explore metacognitive instructional practices in the two countries. Teachers responded to a questionnaire that inquired about their use of strategy instructions, fostering of reflective thinking in pupils, sources of children's learning problems, and modeling of metacognitive skills such as monitoring. The second part of the questionnaire asked about the reasons underlying children's academic successes and failures. German teachers reported more instruction of task-specific strategies, while American teachers showed more effort-related attributions. The types of strategies instructed and types of learning problems most frequently described varied across the two countries, and also according to how many years the teachers had taught. Results were discussed regarding their implications for metacognitive developmental theory, particularly regarding culture and other environmental influences on the development of controlled processing.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SodianSchneider1990,
  author    = {Sodian, Beate and Schneider, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Children's understanding of cognitive cueing: How to manipulate cues to fool a competitor},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62132},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {4-6-year-old children's understanding of cognitive cuing was studied in 2 experiments using a strategic interaction paradigm. Ghildren could fool a competitor by hiding targets in locations that were labeled with semantically weakly associated cues and help a cooperative partner by hiding them in semantically highly associated locations. Very few 4-year-olds, half the 5-year-olds, and almost all 6-year-olds appropriately chose semantically highly vs. weakly associated hiding places to make the targets easy vs. difficult to find. The second experiment showed that 4-year-olds did not strategically manipulate cues as sources of information, although they themselves proficiently used them as such in a search task. These findings are discussed with regard to research on children's developing understanding of origins of knowledge and belief and with regard to recent claims that young preschoolers possess a metacognitive understanding of cognitive cuing.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}