@phdthesis{KordtsFreudinger2010,
  author    = {Kordts-Freudinger, Robert},
  title     = {Relief: Approach Behavior and Avoidance Goals},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55366},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The thesis deals with the question which motivation direction—approach or avoidance—is connected to the emotion relief—a positive, low-arousal emotion, which is caused by an expected or nonexpected, motive-consistent change for the better, thus caused by the absence of an aversive stimulus. Based on the idea of postulating different levels of approach avoidance motivation, the Reflective-Impulsive Model of Behavior (RIM, Strack \& Deutsch, 2004) is applied to relief and approach avoidance. The RIM differentiates between an impulsive and a reflective system of information processing, with both systems working in relative independence from each other. Two central variables moderate the relation between relief and approach avoidance. The first is the psychological system in which approach avoidance is processed and assessed. Two levels of approach avoidance are distinguished: an impulsive distance orientation (distance change in relation to specific stimuli) and a reflective goal orientation (attainment of positive versus avoidance of negative end states). The second is the psychological system in which relief developed: In the impulsive system, relief develops as the affect that is conditioned to the absence of negative states; in the reflective system, relief develops as a result of goal-oriented behaviour of controlling or preventing of negative stimulation. The thesis looks at both moderators (level of approach avoidance and psychological system of development of relief) at once. The central prediction for the impulsive distance orientation is: Relief leads to an approach distance orientation (distance reduction), independent from the system in which relief develops. The central prediction for the reflective goal orientation is: Relief leads to an avoidance goal orientation (control of negative end states). This latter prediction is only made for the case when relief was caused by (develops in) the reflective system, that is by one's own, goal-directed behaviour; it is further necessary for an avoidance goal orientation that the relief state cannot certainly reached, instead there always has to uncertainty in the control of negative states. The methodology in the thesis is based on studies of aversive conditioning. In most studies, a differentiation paradigm is applied. The impulsive relief is operationalized via a classically conditioned relief (aversive CS-), whereas the reflective relief is operationalized via an active avoidance paradigm which ensures the methodological comparability of "reflective relief" to "impulsive relief". The predictions are as follows: Prediction A: Relief will elicit positive affective valence and an approach distance orientation. This should be true for both relief that is caused by the impulsive system and for relief that is caused by the reflective system (Experiments 2-3). Prediction B: More positive valence of relief—caused by a larger change of affective states—will elicit a stronger approach distance orientation (Experiment 4). Prediction C: Relief caused by the impulsive system will not elicit a specific goal orientation (Experiment 5). Prediction D: Uncertain self-induced relief—caused by the reflective system—will elicit an avoidance goal orientation (Experiments 6-7). In addition, Experiment 1 validated the conditioning paradigm used for the elicitation of relief. The experiments in the thesis support all predictions made in the theoretical part. The work has implications for the assumptions made in the RIM (Strack \& Deutsch, 2004). In the impulsive system, the affective valence determines approach avoidance orientation (e.g., R. Neumann \& Strack, 2000), the reflective goal not playing an important role. Relief elicits an approach orientation in the impulsive system. In the reflective system, the active goal is decisive for the approach avoidance orientation. Uncertain self-caused relief elicits an avoidance goal orientation in the reflective system. The studies of the thesis thus support and validate the assumptions made in the RIM (Strack \& Deutsch, 2004) in the specific field of motivational direction.},
  subject      = {Motivation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Stojanovic2010,
  author    = {Stojanovic, Jelena},
  title     = {Cortical functional activations in musical talents and nontalents in visuomotor and auditory tasks: implications of the effect of practice on neuroplasticity},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51898},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Neuroplasticity is a term indicating structural and functional changes in the brain through the lifespan. In the present study, differences in the functional cortical activations between the musical talents and non-talents were investigated after a short-term practice of the visuomotor and auditory tasks. Visuomotor task consisted of the finger tapping sequences, while auditory task consisted of passive listening to the classical music excerpts. Non-talents were divided in two groups: trained non-talents who practiced the task prior to scanning and untrained non-talents who did not practice the task. Functional activations were obtained by the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a 1.5T Scanner. It was hypothesized that talents would exhibit different functional activations from non-talents in both tasks as a result of the long-term music practice, which would account for the brain plasticity. Decreased activation of the same areas in talents in respect to the non-talents as well as the activation of different areas between the talents and non-talents was hypothesized. In addition due to a plethora of previous studies showing increased activations in the primary motor cortex (M1) in musicians, as well as left inferior frontal gyrus (lIFG), increased activation of the M1 and lIFG in talents were hypothesized. Behavioral results did not reveal differences in performance among the three groups of subjects (talents, non-talents who practiced the task, and non-talents who did not practice the task). The main findings from imaging results of the visuomotor task confirmed the hypothesis of the increased activation in the M1 in talents. Region of interest analyses of the lIFG revealed the highest activation in the untrained non-talents, lower activation in talents, and least activation in the trained non-talents. Posthoc imaging analyses revealed higher activations in the cerebella of subjects who practiced the visuomotor task. For the auditory task, the effect of auditory practice was observed in the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG). These results should be interpreted with caution due to the absence of behavioral differences among the groups.},
  subject      = {Neuronale Plastizit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Weiland2010,
  author    = {Weiland, Romy},
  title     = {Facial reactions in response to gustatory and olfactory stimuli in healthy adults, patients with eating disorders, and patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51759},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The aim of this project was to investigate whether reflex-like innate facial reactions to tastes and odors are altered in patients with eating disorders. Qualitatively different tastes and odors have been found to elicit specific facial expressions in newborns. This specificity in newborns is characterized by positive facial reactions in response to pleasant stimuli and by negative facial reactions in response to unpleasant stimuli. It is, however, unclear, whether these specific facial displays remain stable during ontogeny (1). Despite the fact that several studies had shown that taste-and odor-elicited facial reactions remain quite stable across a human's life-span, the specificity of research questions, as well as different research methods, allow only limited comparisons between studies. Moreover, the gustofacial response patterns might be altered in pathological eating behavior (2). To date, however, the question of whether dysfunctional eating behavior might alter facial activity in response to tastes and odors has not been addressed. Furthermore, changes in facial activity might be linked to deficient inhibitory facial control (3). To investigate these three research questions, facial reactions in response to tastes and odors were assessed. Facial reactions were analyzed using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS, Ekman \& Friesen, 1978; Ekman, Friesen, \& Hager, 2002) and electromyography.},
  subject      = {Mimik},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Hommers1988,
  author    = {Hommers, Wilfried},
  title     = {Implicit psychological theories in legal thought on sentencing and liability},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47093},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Haftung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{TuerkPereira2010,
  author    = {T{\"u}rk Pereira, Philippe},
  title     = {Testing the sour-grapes effect - how food deprivation and reward expectancy change implicit and explicit food-liking and food-wanting},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-50591},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The aim of the present thesis was to explore how food deprivation and reward expectancy versus frustrative nonreward change implicit and explicit food-liking and food-wanting. As a result, Experiment 1-3 were successful in revealing that liking- and wanting-related associations toward food stimuli dissociate as a function of food deprivation, given that participants were not rewarded with real food during the experiment. More specifically, whereas food-deprived participants showed more wanting-related associations toward food stimuli than satiated participants, the liking-related associations did not differ across both conditions of hunger. Overall, this effect could be replicated in 3 experiments using different manipulations of nonreward versus reward expectancy. However, neither food deprivation nor nonreward were found to influence participants' self-reported mood and frustration. Moreover, participants of Experiment 2 anticipating food consumption showed the same liking- and wanting-related responses due to food deprivation than participants in the nonreward condition. But providing participants with individual control over food consumption abolished the dissociation of liking- and wanting-related associations. In this condition, however, participants' liking- and wanting-related associations were not moderated by need state, maybe due to the (partial) consumption of snack food before the implicit attitude assessment. This, in turn, may have reduced participants' disposition to respond with more liking- and wanting-related associations when being hungry. Finally, Experiment 4 revealed that the presentation of need-relevant vs. need-irrelevant stimuli prompted different liking-related associations depending on the time participants had fasted before the experiment. Specifically, it could be demonstrated that whereas moderately-hungry compared to satiated participants responded with more positive associations toward need-relevant stimuli, 15 hours food-deprived participants responded with more negative associations compared to moderately-hungry and satiated participants. Respectively, a significant curvilinear function of need state was obtained. In addition, participants were found to immediately respond more negatively to need-irrelevant stimuli as soon as they became moderately hungry, evidencing devaluation effects (see Brendl, Markman, \& Messner, 2003) to also occur on an implicit level of responding. Contrary to the implicit liking- and wanting-related evaluations, self-reported explicit food-liking and food-wanting did not dissociate as a function of food deprivation and nonreward, revealing that participants' explicit self-reports of food-liking and food-wanting did not mirror their implicit responses. As the most important result, it could be demonstrated that explicit food-liking and food-wanting varied positively as a function of need state. The results were discussed on the background of different theoretical assumptions on the malleability of implicit and explicit need-relevant attitudes (e.g. motivational theories, frustrative nonreward).},
  subject      = {Hunger},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Hommers1988,
  author    = {Hommers, Wilfried},
  title     = {Review of "Roskam, E.E., \& Suck, R. (Eds.): Progress in mathematical psychology. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1987, pp. 538."},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43525},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Hommers1980,
  author    = {Hommers, Wilfried},
  title     = {Information processing in children's choices among bets},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44169},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1980},
  abstract  = {Children's information processing of risky choice alternatives was investigated in two studies without using verbal reports. In Study 1, the ability to integrate the probabilities and the payoffs of simple bets was examined using the rating scale methodology. Children's choices among three of those simple bets were recorded also. By cross-classifying the children's choice and rating behavior it was shown that a three-stage developmental hypothesis of decision making is not sufficient. A four-stage hypothesis is proposed. In Study 2, the influence of enlarging the presented number of alternatives from two to three and the influence of the similarity of the alternatives on children's choice probabilities was examined with those bets. Children's choice behavior was probabilistic and was influenced only by enlarging the presented number of alternatives. These results suggest that a Bayesian approach, based on two probabilistic choice models, should not be applied in order to analyze children's choice behavior. The functional measurement approach is, as was demonstrated in Study 1, a powerful implement to further the understanding of the development of decision making.},
  subject      = {Kognitive Entwicklung / Informationsverarbeitung / Kind / Informationsintegration},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KruegerBoneradDennleretal.1992,
  author    = {Kr{\"u}ger, H.-P. and Bonerad, E. M. and Dennler, H. J. and Dunkl, E. and Friese, H. J. and Hain, C. and Kazenwadel, J. and Kohnen, Ralf and Maier, W. and Menzel, M.},
  title     = {Speech chronemics in drug evaluation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-41213},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{HommersAnderson1991,
  author    = {Hommers, Wilfried and Anderson, Norman H.},
  title     = {Moral algebra of harm and recompense},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44046},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Informationsverarbeitung / Kognition},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KohnenKrueger1986,
  author    = {Kohnen, Ralf and Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter},
  title     = {Drug Effects on Human Social Behavior: Chances in Talking Activities Induced by CGP 361/A, a Beta-blocking Agent},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-41228},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Krueger1983,
  author    = {Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter},
  title     = {What differentiates a differential psychopharmacology?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-41248},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1983},
  abstract  = {The methodological implications of a differential psychopharmacology are discussed. It is shown that the technique of stratifying subjects with personality scores depends on one basic assumption: the personality score is not affected by the other experimental factors. Two experiments are reported in which pre- and posttest (after the experiment) scores were measured. The pre-post-differences showed themselves to be affected by the medication. It is argued that in psychopharmacological experimentation an additional step must be included. All non-treatment factors must be examined for their stability in the course of the experiment. If they are stable, usual evaluation may take place. If changes are attributable to the treatment, personality scores must be regarded as dependent variables. They have to be evaluated together with the other observables with a multivariate model. Additionally, a procedure like this yields as "experimental differential psychology" a self-reliant contribution to the problems of differential psychology.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{HommersAnderson1989,
  author    = {Hommers, Wilfried and Anderson, Norman A.},
  title     = {Algebraic schemes in legal thought and in everyday morality},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44015},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Kriminalpsychologie / Aufsatzsammlung},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KohnenKrueger1982,
  author    = {Kohnen, Ralf and Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter},
  title     = {Tranquillizer effects in an experimental analog of verbal examinations},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-41617},
  year      = {1982},
  abstract  = {In an experimental analog of verbal examinations, the call-up situation, the effects of two dosages of a tranquillizing agent (lopirazepam) are compared to placebo treatment. 72 male and female, healthy, young volunteers have been randomly assigned to 12 groups of 6 subjects each. Pulse frequency and performance were registered. The results indicated differential drug effects which were interpreted according to the hypotheses of "differential effects of social stressors". If a situation was highly challenging for a subject, the application of a tranquillizer in an adequately high dosage enabled him to perform well in spite of or because of strong increases in pulse frequency.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KruegerStuckenbergVollrath1988,
  author    = {Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter and Stuckenberg, Annette and Vollrath, Mark},
  title     = {Stability and Variability in Interactive Behavior as Measured by Methods of "Speech Chronemics"},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-40908},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Dyadic interaction is modelled os an adaptive process between personality of the partners involved and the characteristics of the theme. The theme structure and the principles which control the adaptation process are referred to as "syntality". The material of the studies reported are the speech signals of the verbal interaction reduced to an on-off pattern. In a first study individual speech behavior was found to remain stable in dyads even if partners changed. The second study showed the stability of the speech patterns for different interaction themes even if dyads changed. These apparently contradictory results are reconciled by introducing the concept of "adaptive stability". Individual speech behavior does not happen at a stable activity level, but is characterized by a constant relationship (" less" or "more") to the respective activity of the other partner.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Ellgring1984,
  author    = {Ellgring, Johann Heinrich},
  title     = {The study of nonverbal behavior and its applications: State of the art in Europe},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42997},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schulz2009,
  author    = {Schulz, Stefan M.},
  title     = {Mediators of Social Anxiety - External Social Threat-Cues vs. Self-Related Negative Cognitions},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44684},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Sozial {\"a}ngstliche Menschen richten ihre Aufmerksamkeit in sozial bedrohlichen Situationen nach innen auf selbstbezogene negative Gedanken (z.B. „Ich schaffe das nicht!"). Außerdem richten sie ihre Aufmerksamkeit unwillk{\"u}rlich bevorzugt auf potenziell bedrohliche soziale Umweltreize und beurteilen diese im Vergleich zu niedrig sozial {\"a}ngstlichen Kontrollpersonen besonders negativ. Einschl{\"a}gige Modelle und die Fachliteratur lassen den Schluss zu, dass selbstbezogene negative Gedanken und die systematisch verzerrte Verarbeitung bedrohlicher sozialer Umweltreize Mediatoren f{\"u}r Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen sozialer {\"A}ngstlichkeit und akuter Angst in sozial bedrohlichen Situationen sind. Zudem finden sich Hinweise auf Wechselwirkungen zwischen den angenommenen Mediatoren. Auf dieser Grundlage wurde ein Arbeitsmodell zu Mediatoren sozialer Angst erstellt. In drei Experimenten wurden von diesem Modell abgeleitete Hypothesen {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Die Ergebnisse der drei Experimente zeigten eindrucksvoll in subjektiven und physiologischen Daten (Herzratenvariabilit{\"a}t bzw. parasympathische Aktivierung), dass selbstbezogene negative Gedanken tats{\"a}chlich ein Mediator sozialer Angst sind. Im Vergleich dazu spielt die verzerrte automatische Verarbeitung bedrohlicher sozialer Umweltreize zumindest in {\"o}kologisch validen, sozial bedrohlichen Situationen eine vernachl{\"a}ssigbare Rolle.},
  subject      = {Sozialangst},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Ellgring1991,
  author    = {Ellgring, Johann Heinrich},
  title     = {Introduction. The use of Video for behavior description and intervention},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42019},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Markel2009,
  author    = {Markel, Petra},
  title     = {If It's to Be, It Starts With Me! The Bidirectional Relation between Goals and the Self},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42972},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen Selbst und pers{\"o}nlichen Zielen genauer untersucht. Hierzu wurde zun{\"a}chst ein reaktionszeitbasiertes Maß zur impliziten Messung von Selbstaktivierung entwickelt (Studien 1 und 2). Im n{\"a}chsten Schritt wurde untersucht, ob ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen Selbst undpers{\"o}nlichen Zielen besteht. Hierf{\"u}r wurde mit Hilfe des neu entwickelten Maßes getestet, ob Probanden, die {\"u}ber pers{\"o}nliche Ziele nachdenken eine erh{\"o}hte Selbstaktivierung zeigen (Studien 3 und 4). Schließlich wurde analysiert, ob eine bidirektionale Beziehung zwischen Selbst und pers{\"o}nlichen Zielen besteht. Dazu wurde gepr{\"u}ft, ob positive Bewertungen mit h{\"o}herer Wahrscheinlichkeit als Ziele konstruiert werden, wenn das Selbst vor Abgabe der Bewertungen aktiviert worden ist (Studien 5 und 6). Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass das neu entwickelte Bildermaß zur impliziten Messung von Selbstaktivierung geeignet ist. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine direkte Verkn{\"u}pfung zwischen Selbst und pers{\"o}nlichen Zielen besteht. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit liefern erste Evidenz f{\"u}r Selbstaktivierung als Folge einer Aktivierung pers{\"o}nlicher Ziele und zeigen dar{\"u}ber hinaus, dass diese Beziehung bidirektional zu sein scheint. Probanden konstruieren Bewertungen unter SA mit gr{\"o}ßerer Wahrscheinlichkeit als Ziele, was sich in st{\"a}rkerer direkter Verhaltensbereitschaft (motivationale Tendenzen), mehr zielrelevantem Verhalten und auch mehr Motivation in instrumentellen Aufgaben zur Zielerreichung zeigt.},
  subject      = {Ziel},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StrackDeutsch2004,
  author    = {Strack, Fritz and Deutsch, Roland},
  title     = {Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-40447},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This article describes a 2-systems model that explains social behavior as a joint function of reflective and impulsive processes. In particular, it is assumed that social behavior is controlled by 2 interacting systems that follow different operating principles. The reflective system generates behavioral decisions that are based on knowledge about facts and values, whereas the impulsive system elicits behavior through associative links and motivational orientations. The proposed model describes how the 2 systems interact at various stages of processing, and how their outputs may determine behavior in a synergistic or antagonistic fashion. It extends previous models by integrating motivational components that allow more precise predictions of behavior. The implications of this reflective-impulsive model are applied to various phenomena from social psychology and beyond. Extending previous dual-process accounts, this model is not limited to specific domains of mental functioning and attempts to integrate cognitive, motivational, and behavioral mechanisms.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Topolinski2009,
  author    = {Topolinski, Sascha},
  title     = {A fluency-affect intuition model},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-38807},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {The present approach highlights a procedural account of intuitive judgments. In intuitions of hidden semantic coherence, people can intuitively detect whether a word triad has a common remote associate (coherent) or not (incoherent) before, and independently from actually retrieving the common associate. The present fluency-affect intuition model (FAIM) maintains that semantic coherence increases the processing fluency for coherent compared to incoherent triads, and that this increased fluency triggers brief and subtle positive affect, which is the experiential basis of these intuitions. Published work concerning 25 experiments is reviewed that gathered empirical support for this model. Furthermore, the impact of fluency and affect was also generalized to intuitions of visual coherence, and intuitions of grammaticality in an artificial grammar learning paradigm.},
  subject      = {Intuition},
  language  = {en}
}