@inproceedings{OPUS4-31720, title = {Abstracts of the Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023}, editor = {Neumann, Isabel and Gado, Sabrina and K{\"a}thner, Ivo and Hildebrandt, Lea and Andreatta, Marta}, edition = {korrigierte Auflage}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-31720}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317203}, pages = {76}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023 was initiated to bring together researchers from many fields who use VR/AR/XR. There was a focus on applied XR and social VR. In this conference band, you can find the abstracts of the two keynotes, the 34 posters and poster pitches, the 29 talks and the four workshops.}, subject = {Virtuelle Realit{\"a}t}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{OPUS4-31528, title = {Abstracts of the Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023}, editor = {Neumann, Isabel and Gado, Sabrina and K{\"a}thner, Ivo and Hildebrandt, Lea and Andreatta, Marta}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-31528}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-315285}, pages = {76}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023 was initiated to bring together researchers from many fields who use VR/AR/XR. There was a focus on applied XR and social VR. In this conference band, you can find the abstracts of the two keynotes, the 34 posters and poster pitches, the 29 talks and the four workshops.}, subject = {Virtuelle Realit{\"a}t}, language = {en} } @article{GrappEllKiermeieretal.2022, author = {Grapp, Miriam and Ell, Johanna and Kiermeier, Senta and Haun, Markus W. and K{\"u}bler, Andrea and Friederich, Hans-Christoph and Maatouk, Imad}, title = {Feasibility study of a self-guided internet-based intervention for family caregivers of patients with cancer (OAse)}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {12}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-21157-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300537}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Despite high levels of distress, family caregivers of patients with cancer rarely seek psychosocial support and Internet-based interventions (IBIs) are a promising approach to reduce some access barriers. Therefore, we developed a self-guided IBI for family caregivers of patients with cancer (OAse), which, in addition to patients' spouses, also addresses other family members (e.g., adult children, parents). This study aimed to determine the feasibility of OAse (recruitment, dropout, adherence, participant satisfaction). Secondary outcomes were caregivers' self-efficacy, emotional state, and supportive care needs. N = 41 family caregivers participated in the study (female: 65\%), mostly spouses (71\%), followed by children (20\%), parents (7\%), and friends (2\%). Recruitment (47\%), retention (68\%), and adherence rates (76\% completed at least 4 of 6 lessons) support the feasibility of OAse. Overall, the results showed a high degree of overall participant satisfaction (96\%). There were no significant pre-post differences in secondary outcome criteria, but a trend toward improvement in managing difficult interactions/emotions (p = .06) and depression/anxiety (p = .06). Although the efficacy of the intervention remains to be investigated, our results suggest that OAse can be well implemented in caregivers' daily lives and has the potential to improve family caregivers' coping strategies.}, language = {en} } @article{ZyberajSeibelSchowalteretal.2022, author = {Zyberaj, Jetmir and Seibel, Sebastian and Schowalter, Annika F. and P{\"o}tz, Lennart and Richter-Killenberg, Stefanie and Volmer, Judith}, title = {Developing sustainable careers during a pandemic: the role of psychological capital and career adaptability}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {14}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = {5}, issn = {2071-1050}, doi = {10.3390/su14053105}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267286}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not only had negative effects on employees' health, but also on their prospects to gain and maintain employment. Using a longitudinal research design with two measurement points, we investigated the ramifications of various psychological and organizational resources on employees' careers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, in a sample of German employees (N = 305), we investigated the role of psychological capital (PsyCap) for four career-related outcomes: career satisfaction, career engagement, coping with changes in career due to COVID-19, and career-related COVID-19 worries. We also employed leader-member exchange (LMX) as a moderator and career adaptability as a mediating variable in these relationships. Results from path analyses revealed a positive association between PsyCap and career satisfaction and career coping. Furthermore, PsyCap was indirectly related to career engagement through career adaptability. However, moderation analysis showed no moderating role of LMX on the link between PsyCap and career adaptability. Our study contributes to the systematic research concerning the role of psychological and organizational resources for employees' careers and well-being, especially for crisis contexts.}, language = {en} } @article{ThieleRichterHilger2023, author = {Thiele, Jonas A. and Richter, Aylin and Hilger, Kirsten}, title = {Multimodal brain signal complexity predicts human intelligence}, series = {eNeuro}, volume = {10}, journal = {eNeuro}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0345-22.2022}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312949}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Spontaneous brain activity builds the foundation for human cognitive processing during external demands. Neuroimaging studies based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) identified specific characteristics of spontaneous (intrinsic) brain dynamics to be associated with individual differences in general cognitive ability, i.e., intelligence. However, fMRI research is inherently limited by low temporal resolution, thus, preventing conclusions about neural fluctuations within the range of milliseconds. Here, we used resting-state electroencephalographical (EEG) recordings from 144 healthy adults to test whether individual differences in intelligence (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices scores) can be predicted from the complexity of temporally highly resolved intrinsic brain signals. We compared different operationalizations of brain signal complexity (multiscale entropy, Shannon entropy, Fuzzy entropy, and specific characteristics of microstates) regarding their relation to intelligence. The results indicate that associations between brain signal complexity measures and intelligence are of small effect sizes (r ∼ 0.20) and vary across different spatial and temporal scales. Specifically, higher intelligence scores were associated with lower complexity in local aspects of neural processing, and less activity in task-negative brain regions belonging to the default-mode network. Finally, we combined multiple measures of brain signal complexity to show that individual intelligence scores can be significantly predicted with a multimodal model within the sample (10-fold cross-validation) as well as in an independent sample (external replication, N = 57). In sum, our results highlight the temporal and spatial dependency of associations between intelligence and intrinsic brain dynamics, proposing multimodal approaches as promising means for future neuroscientific research on complex human traits.}, language = {en} } @article{WeissRodriguesHewig2022, author = {Weiß, Martin and Rodrigues, Johannes and Hewig, Johannes}, title = {Big Five personality factors in relation to coping with contact restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a small sample study}, series = {Social Sciences}, volume = {11}, journal = {Social Sciences}, number = {10}, issn = {2076-0760}, doi = {10.3390/socsci11100466}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290556}, year = {2022}, abstract = {To slow down the spread of the SARS-Cov-2 virus, countries worldwide severely restricted public and social life. In addition to the physical threat posed by the viral disease (COVID-19), the pandemic also has implications for psychological well-being. Using a small sample (N = 51), we examined how Big Five personality traits relate to coping with contact restrictions during three consecutive weeks in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. We showed that extraversion was associated with suffering from severe contact restrictions and with benefiting from their relaxation. Individuals with high neuroticism did not show a change in their relatively poor coping with the restrictions over time, whereas conscientious individuals seemed to experience no discomfort and even positive feelings during the period of contact restrictions. Our results support the assumption that neuroticism is a vulnerability factor in relation to psychological wellbeing but also show an influence of contact restrictions on extraverted individuals.}, language = {en} } @article{RuboGamer2019, author = {Rubo, Marius and Gamer, Matthias}, title = {Visuo-tactile congruency influences the body schema during full body ownership illusion}, series = {Consciousness and Cognition}, volume = {73}, journal = {Consciousness and Cognition}, doi = {10.1016/j.concog.2019.05.006}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227095}, pages = {UNSP 102758, 1-14}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Previous research showed that full body ownership illusions in virtual reality (VR) can be robustly induced by providing congruent visual stimulation, and that congruent tactile experiences provide a dispensable extension to an already established phenomenon. Here we show that visuo-tactile congruency indeed does not add to already high measures for body ownership on explicit measures, but does modulate movement behavior when walking in the laboratory. Specifically, participants who took ownership over a more corpulent virtual body with intact visuo-tactile congruency increased safety distances towards the laboratory's walls compared to participants who experienced the same illusion with deteriorated visuo-tactile congruency. This effect is in line with the body schema more readily adapting to a more corpulent body after receiving congruent tactile information. We conclude that the action-oriented, unconscious body schema relies more heavily on tactile information compared to more explicit aspects of body ownership.}, language = {en} } @article{KiserGromerPaulietal.2022, author = {Kiser, Dominik P. and Gromer, Daniel and Pauli, Paul and Hilger, Kirsten}, title = {A virtual reality social conditioned place preference paradigm for humans: Does trait social anxiety affect approach and avoidance of virtual agents?}, series = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, volume = {3}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, issn = {2673-4192}, doi = {10.3389/frvir.2022.916575}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-293564}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Approach and avoidance of positive and negative social cues are fundamental to prevent isolation and ensure survival. High trait social anxiety is characterized by an avoidance of social situations and extensive avoidance is a risk factor for the development of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Therefore, experimental methods to assess social avoidance behavior in humans are essential. The social conditioned place preference (SCPP) paradigm is a well-established experimental paradigm in animal research that is used to objectively investigate social approach-avoidance mechanisms. We retranslated this paradigm for human research using virtual reality. To this end, 58 healthy adults were exposed to either a happy- or angry-looking virtual agent in a specific room, and the effects of this encounter on dwell time as well as evaluation of this room in a later test without an agent were examined. We did not observe a general SCPP effect on dwell time or ratings but discovered a moderation by trait social anxiety, in which participants with higher trait social anxiety spent less time in the room in which the angry agent was present before, suggesting that higher levels of trait social anxiety foster conditioned social avoidance. However, further studies are needed to verify this observation and substantiate an association with social anxiety disorder. We discussed the strengths, limitations, and technical implications of our paradigm for future investigations to more comprehensively understand the mechanisms involved in social anxiety and facilitate the development of new personalized treatment approaches by using virtual reality.}, language = {en} } @article{SchumannSteinbornKuertenetal., author = {Schumann, Frank and Steinborn, Michael B. and K{\"u}rten, Jens and Cao, Liyu and H{\"a}ndel, Barbara Friederike and Huestegge, Lynn}, title = {Restoration of attention by rest in a multitasking world: theory, methodology, and empirical evidence}, series = {Frontiers in Psychology}, volume = {13}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2022.867978}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267913}, abstract = {In this work, we evaluate the status of both theory and empirical evidence in the field of experimental rest-break research based on a framework that combines mental-chronometry and psychometric-measurement theory. To this end, we (1) provide a taxonomy of rest breaks according to which empirical studies can be classified (e.g., by differentiating between long, short, and micro-rest breaks based on context and temporal properties). Then, we (2) evaluate the theorizing in both the basic and applied fields of research and explain how popular concepts (e.g., ego depletion model, opportunity cost theory, attention restoration theory, action readiness, etc.) relate to each other in contemporary theoretical debates. Here, we highlight differences between all these models in the light of two symbolic categories, termed the resource-based and satiation-based model, including aspects related to the dynamics and the control (strategic or non-strategic) mechanisms at work. Based on a critical assessment of existing methodological and theoretical approaches, we finally (3) provide a set of guidelines for both theory building and future empirical approaches to the experimental study of rest breaks. We conclude that a psychometrically advanced and theoretically focused research of rest and recovery has the potential to finally provide a sound scientific basis to eventually mitigate the adverse effects of ever increasing task demands on performance and well-being in a multitasking world at work and leisure.}, language = {en} } @article{RodriguesZiebellMuelleretal.2022, author = {Rodrigues, Johannes and Ziebell, Philipp and M{\"u}ller, Mathias and Hewig, Johannes}, title = {Standardizing continuous data classifications in a virtual T-maze using two-layer feedforward networks}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {12}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-17013-5}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301096}, year = {2022}, abstract = {There continues to be difficulties when it comes to replication of studies in the field of Psychology. In part, this may be caused by insufficiently standardized analysis methods that may be subject to state dependent variations in performance. In this work, we show how to easily adapt the two-layer feedforward neural network architecture provided by Huang1 to a behavioral classification problem as well as a physiological classification problem which would not be solvable in a standardized way using classical regression or "simple rule" approaches. In addition, we provide an example for a new research paradigm along with this standardized analysis method. This paradigm as well as the analysis method can be adjusted to any necessary modification or applied to other paradigms or research questions. Hence, we wanted to show that two-layer feedforward neural networks can be used to increase standardization as well as replicability and illustrate this with examples based on a virtual T-maze paradigm\(^{2-5}\) including free virtual movement via joystick and advanced physiological data signal processing.}, language = {en} } @article{ReisPfister2022, author = {Reis, Moritz and Pfister, Roland}, title = {Being Observed Does Not Boost Rule Retrieval}, series = {Advances in Cognitive Psychology}, volume = {18}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Psychology}, number = {3}, doi = {10.5709/acp-0359-8}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301089}, pages = {173 -- 178}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Previous research, mainly focusing on the situational preconditions of rule violations, indicates that feelings of being watched by other agents promote rule compliance. However, the cognitive underpinnings of this effect and of rule violations in general have only attracted little scientific attention yet. In this study, we investigated whether cues of being observed not only reduce the likelihood of violating rules but also affect the underlying cognitive processes of such behavior when still putting a rule violation into action. Therefore, we applied a motion-tracking paradigm in which participants could violate a simple stimulus-response mapping rule while being faced with pictures of either open or closed eyes. In line with prior research, temporal and spatial measures of the participants' movements indicated that violating this rule induced substantial cognitive conflict. However, conflict during rulebreaking was not moderated by the eye stimuli. This outcome suggests that rule retrieval constitutes an automatic process which is not or is only barely influenced by situational parameters. Moreover, our results imply that the effect of perceived observation on rule conformity is driven by normative influences on decision-making instead of social facilitation of dominant action tendencies.}, language = {en} } @article{KirschKunde2022, author = {Kirsch, Wladimir and Kunde, Wilfried}, title = {Perceptual changes after learning of an arbitrary mapping between vision and hand movements}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {12}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-15579-8}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301074}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The present study examined the perceptual consequences of learning arbitrary mappings between visual stimuli and hand movements. Participants moved a small cursor with their unseen hand twice to a large visual target object and then judged either the relative distance of the hand movements (Exp.1), or the relative number of dots that appeared in the two consecutive target objects (Exp.2) using a two-alternative forced choice method. During a learning phase, the numbers of dots that appeared in the target object were correlated with the hand movement distance. In Exp.1, we observed that after the participants were trained to expect many dots with larger hand movements, they judged movements made to targets with many dots as being longer than the same movements made to targets with few dots. In Exp.2, another group of participants who received the same training judged the same number of dots as smaller when larger rather than smaller hand movements were executed. When many dots were paired with smaller hand movements during the learning phase of both experiments, no significant changes in the perception of movements and of visual stimuli were observed. These results suggest that changes in the perception of body states and of external objects can arise when certain body characteristics co-occur with certain characteristics of the environment. They also indicate that the (dis)integration of multimodal perceptual signals depends not only on the physical or statistical relation between these signals, but on which signal is currently attended.}, language = {en} } @article{GramAlbertovaSchirmeretal.2022, author = {Gram, Maximilian and Albertova, P. and Schirmer, V. and Blaimer, M. and Gamer, M. and Herrmann, M. J. and Nordbeck, P. and Jakob, P. M.}, title = {Towards robust in vivo quantification of oscillating biomagnetic fields using Rotary Excitation based MRI}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {12}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-19275-5}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300862}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Spin-lock based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has the potential for direct spatially-resolved detection of neuronal activity and thus may represent an important step for basic research in neuroscience. In this work, the corresponding fundamental effect of Rotary EXcitation (REX) is investigated both in simulations as well as in phantom and in vivo experiments. An empirical law for predicting optimal spin-lock pulse durations for maximum magnetic field sensitivity was found. Experimental conditions were established that allow robust detection of ultra-weak magnetic field oscillations with simultaneous compensation of static field inhomogeneities. Furthermore, this work presents a novel concept for the emulation of brain activity utilizing the built-in MRI gradient system, which allows REX sequences to be validated in vivo under controlled and reproducible conditions. Via transmission of Rotary EXcitation (tREX), we successfully detected magnetic field oscillations in the lower nano-Tesla range in brain tissue. Moreover, tREX paves the way for the quantification of biomagnetic fields.}, language = {en} } @article{EidelKuebler2022, author = {Eidel, M. and K{\"u}bler, A.}, title = {Identifying potential training factors in a vibrotactile P300-BCI}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {12}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-18088-w}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301064}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) often rely on visual stimulation and feedback. Potential end-users with impaired vision, however, cannot use these BCIs efficiently and require a non-visual alternative. Both auditory and tactile paradigms have been developed but are often not sufficiently fast or accurate. Thus, it is particularly relevant to investigate if and how users can train and improve performance. We report data from 29 healthy participants who trained with a 4-choice tactile P300-BCI during five sessions. To identify potential training factors, we pre-post assessed the robustness of the BCI performance against increased workload in a dual task condition and determined the participants' somatosensory sensitivity thresholds with a forced-choice intensity discrimination task. Accuracy (M = 79.2\% to 92.0\%) and tactually evoked P300 amplitudes increased significantly, confirming successful training. Pre-post somatosensory sensitivity increased, and workload decreased significantly, but results of the dual task condition remained inconclusive. The present study confirmed the previously reported feasibility and trainability of our tactile BCI paradigm within a multi-session design. Importantly, we provide first evidence of improvement in the somatosensory system as a potential mediator for the observed training effects.}, language = {en} } @article{EderMaasSchubmannetal.2022, author = {Eder, Andreas B. and Maas, Franzisca and Schubmann, Alexander and Krishna, Anand and Erle, Thorsten M.}, title = {Motivations underlying self-infliction of pain during thinking for pleasure}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {12}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-14775-w}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301059}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Previous research suggested that people prefer to administer unpleasant electric shocks to themselves rather than being left alone with their thoughts because engagement in thinking is an unpleasant activity. The present research examined this negative reinforcement hypothesis by giving participants a choice of distracting themselves with the generation of electric shock causing no to intense pain. Four experiments (N = 254) replicated the result that a large proportion of participants opted to administer painful shocks to themselves during the thinking period. However, they administered strong electric shocks to themselves even when an innocuous response option generating no or a mild shock was available. Furthermore, participants inflicted pain to themselves when they were assisted in the generation of pleasant thoughts during the waiting period, with no difference between pleasant versus unpleasant thought conditions. Overall, these results question that the primary motivation for the self-administration of painful shocks is avoidance of thinking. Instead, it seems that the self-infliction of pain was attractive for many participants, because they were curious about the shocks, their intensities, and the effects they would have on them.}, language = {en} } @article{BoschetScherbaumPittig2022, author = {Boschet, Juliane M. and Scherbaum, Stefan and Pittig, Andre}, title = {Costly avoidance of Pavlovian fear stimuli and the temporal dynamics of its decision process}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {12}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-09931-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301041}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Conflicts between avoiding feared stimuli versus approaching them for competing rewards are essential for functional behavior and anxious psychopathology. Yet, little is known about the underlying decision process. We examined approach-avoidance decisions and their temporal dynamics when avoiding Pavlovian fear stimuli conflicted with gaining rewards. First, a formerly neutral stimulus (CS+) was repeatedly paired with an aversive stimulus (US) to establish Pavlovian fear. Another stimulus (CS-) was never paired with the US. A control group received neutral tones instead of aversive USs. Next, in each of 324 trials, participants chose between a CS-/low reward and a CS+/high reward option. For the latter, probability of CS+ presentation (Pavlovian fear information) and reward magnitude (reward information) varied. Computer mouse movements were tracked to capture the decision dynamics. Although no more USs occurred, pronounced and persistent costly avoidance of the Pavlovian fear CS+ was found. Time-continuous multiple regression of movement trajectories revealed a stronger and faster impact of Pavlovian fear compared to reward information during decision-making. The impact of fear information, but not reward information, modestly decreased across trials. These findings suggest a persistently stronger weighting of fear compared to reward information during approach-avoidance decisions, which may facilitate the development of pathological avoidance.}, language = {en} } @article{AbendrothNaurothRichteretal.2022, author = {Abendroth, Johanna and Nauroth, Peter and Richter, Tobias and Gollwitzer, Mario}, title = {Non-strategic detection of identity-threatening information: Epistemic validation and identity defense may share a common cognitive basis}, series = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {17}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0261535}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301019}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Readers use prior knowledge to evaluate the validity of statements and detect false information without effort and strategic control. The present study expands this research by exploring whether people also non-strategically detect information that threatens their social identity. Participants (N = 77) completed a task in which they had to respond to a "True" or "False" probe after reading true, false, identity-threatening, or non-threatening sentences. Replicating previous studies, participants reacted more slowly to a positive probe ("True") after reading false (vs. true) sentences. Notably, participants also reacted more slowly to a positive probe after reading identity-threatening (vs. non-threatening) sentences. These results provide first evidence that identity-threatening information, just as false information, is detected at a very early stage of information processing and lends support to the notion of a routine, non-strategic identity-defense mechanism.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Fleischmann2023, author = {Fleischmann, Lorena}, title = {Talent Development in Academic Domains: A Follow-Up of Former Junior Students at Julius-Maximilians-Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-30281}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-302814}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The field of giftedness and gifted education has long been characterized by internal fragmentation and inconsistent definitions of core concepts (e.g., Ambrose et al., 2010; Coleman, 2006; McBee et al., 2012). It was only in recent years that increased efforts have been made to organize available research findings and thereby bring back greater uniformity to the field of giftedness and gifted education. For example, Preckel et al.'s (2020) Talent Development in Achievement Domains (TAD) framework integrates theoretical perspectives and empirical knowledge from different parts of the field. It is general in concept and can be applied to a wide range of achievement domains. By specifically focusing on measurable psychological constructs as well as their relevance at different stages of the talent development process, Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework is well suited as a starting point for generating more domain-specific talent development models. The present thesis represents one of the first attempts to empirically test the validity of Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework in academic domains using longitudinal data. The longitudinal data came from a sample of former junior students at Julius-Maximilians-Universit{\"a}t (JMU) W{\"u}rzburg who showed high academic achievement potential. There were two related research issues: Research Issue 1 first aimed to document in detail how the educational trajectories of former junior students unfold in the years following their Abitur. To this end, a follow-up was conducted among 208 young adults who had participated in the junior study program at JMU W{\"u}rzburg between the winter semester of 2004/2005 and the summer semester of 2011. The design of the follow-up questionnaire was based on a series of research questions that had emerged from the relevant literature on junior study programs in Germany. The follow-up ran from October 2019 to February 2020. The data were analyzed descriptively and documented as a detailed report. The results of Research Issue 1 revealed that the former junior students continued to be academically (and later professionally) successful long after their school years. For example, at the time of the follow-up, almost all former junior students had earned a bachelor's and a master's degree, most often with notable academic successes (e.g., scholarships, awards/prizes). In addition, more than half of those who responded had begun or already completed a doctoral degree, also recording special academic accomplishments (e.g., scientific publications, scholarships). A significant proportion of the former junior students had already entered the workforce at the time of their response. A look at their current professional situation revealed an above-average expression of success indicators (e.g., income, professional status). The clear majority of the former junior students reported that, even in retrospect, they would choose to take part in the junior study program at JMU W{\"u}rzburg again. Research Issue 2 aimed to determine the extent to which the structure of Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework could be empirically validated in academic domains. The educational trajectories of 84 former junior students at JMU W{\"u}rzburg who had chosen a subject from the same subject field in their regular studies as in their junior studies served as the data basis. The educational trajectories were compiled from the former junior students' follow-up data and from their data on the selection process for the junior study program at JMU W{\"u}rzburg. Combining the structural assumptions of Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework with relevant insights from individual academic disciplines made it possible to derive hypotheses regarding potential predictors and indicators of the talent development stages aptitude, competence, and expertise in academic domains. Structural equation models were used for data analysis. The results of Research Issue 2 suggested that the talent development stages aptitude, competence, and expertise, while being predictive of each other in their chronological order, could be satisfactorily modeled using framework-compliant indicators in academic domains. In comparison, the talent development stage transformational achievement could not (yet) be modeled based on the longitudinal data. Among the hypothesized predictors, former junior students' investigative interests and their metacognitive abilities reliably determined the talent development stages competence and expertise, whereas the remaining predictors did not make significant contributions. Taken together, the results of the present thesis suggest that the validity of Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework can only be partially confirmed in academic domains. Unlike the postulated indicators, the predictors in Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework do not seem to be easily generalizable to academic domains but to be highly specific with regard to the talent domain under consideration. Therefore, a natural progression of the present thesis would be to examine the structure of Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework at the subordinate level of subject fields or even at the level of individual academic disciplines, for example.}, subject = {Hochbegabung}, language = {en} } @article{BreilKanskePittigetal.2021, author = {Breil, Christina and Kanske, Philipp and Pittig, Roxana and B{\"o}ckler, Anne}, title = {A revised instrument for the assessment of empathy and Theory of Mind in adolescents: Introducing the EmpaToM-Y}, series = {Behavior Research Methods}, volume = {53}, journal = {Behavior Research Methods}, doi = {10.3758/s13428-021-01589-3}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-302877}, pages = {2487-2501}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Empathy and Theory of Mind (ToM) are two core components of social understanding. The EmpaToM is a validated social video task that allows for independent manipulation and assessment of the two capacities. First applications revealed that empathy and ToM are dissociable constructs on a neuronal as well as on a behavioral level. As the EmpaToM has been designed for the assessment of social understanding in adults, it has a high degree of complexity and comprises topics that are inadequate for minors. For this reason, we designed a new version of the EmpaToM that is especially suited to measure empathy and ToM in youths. In experiment 1, we successfully validated the EmpaToM-Y on the original EmpaToM in an adult sample (N = 61), revealing a similar pattern of results across tasks and strong correlations of all constructs. As intended, the performance measure for ToM and the control condition of the EmpaToM-Y showed reduced difficulty. In experiment 2, we tested the feasibility of the EmpaToM-Y in a group of teenagers (N = 36). Results indicate a reliable empathy induction and higher demands of ToM questions for adolescents. We provide a promising task for future research targeting inter-individual variability of socio-cognitive and socio-affective capacities as well as their precursors and outcomes in healthy minors and clinical populations.}, language = {en} } @article{RuboGamer2018, author = {Rubo, Marius and Gamer, Matthias}, title = {Social content and emotional valence modulate gaze fixations in dynamic scenes}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {8}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-22127-w}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227106}, pages = {3804, 1-11}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Previous research has shown that low-level visual features (i.e., low-level visual saliency) as well as socially relevant information predict gaze allocation in free viewing conditions. However, these studies mainly used static and highly controlled stimulus material, thus revealing little about the robustness of attentional processes across diverging situations. Secondly, the influence of affective stimulus characteristics on visual exploration patterns remains poorly understood. Participants in the present study freely viewed a set of naturalistic, contextually rich video clips from a variety of settings that were capable of eliciting different moods. Using recordings of eye movements, we quantified to what degree social information, emotional valence and low-level visual features influenced gaze allocation using generalized linear mixed models. We found substantial and similarly large regression weights for low-level saliency and social information, affirming the importance of both predictor classes under ecologically more valid dynamic stimulation conditions. Differences in predictor strength between individuals were large and highly stable across videos. Additionally, low-level saliency was less important for fixation selection in videos containing persons than in videos not containing persons, and less important for videos perceived as negative. We discuss the generalizability of these findings and the feasibility of applying this research paradigm to patient groups.}, language = {en} }