@phdthesis{Englberger2012,
  author    = {Englberger, Eva},
  title     = {Gene regulation in hearts of Hey-mutant mouse embryos and monitoring of sub-cellular Hey1 distribution},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73395},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Hey-mutant mouse hearts at embryonic day E14.5 were shown to react to the knock out of Hey2 with several up-regualted genes. This up-regulation is due to the lack of Hey2 and cannot be explained by the structural changes in heart morphology as shown using control animals. Part of the gene regulation was further validated using in situ hybridization. Hey1 was located to the nucleus in immunofluorescence experiments. However, experiments on protein level showed also amount of Hey1 within the cytoplasm. The nuclear localization of Hey1 was unchanged during all cell cycle phases as well as when CaMKII was co-expressed or other cellular pathways were inhibited or stimulated. Hey1 does not seem to interact with the nuclear transport proteins importin-alpha and -beta, therefore it still needs to be elucidated how Hey1 is transported into the nucleus.},
  subject      = {Maus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Heidbreder2012,
  author    = {Heidbreder, Meike},
  title     = {Association and Activation of TNF-Receptor I Investigated with Single-Molecule Tracking and Super-Resolution Microscopy in Live Cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73191},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Cellular responses to outer stimuli are the basis for all biological processes. Signal integration is achieved by protein cascades, recognizing and processing molecules from the environment. Factors released by pathogens or inflammation usually induce an inflammatory response, a signal often transduced by Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF). TNFα receptors TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 can in turn lead to apoptosis or proliferation via NF-B. These processes are closely regulated by membrane compartimentalization, protein interactions and trafficking. Fluorescence microscopy offers a reliable and non-invasive method to probe these cellular events. However, some processes on a native membrane are not resolvable, as they are well below the diffraction limit of microscopy. The recent development of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy methods enables the observation of these cellular players well below this limit: by localizing, tracking and counting molecules with high spatial and temporal resolution, these new fluorescence microscopy methods offer a previously unknown insight into protein interactions at the near-molecular level. Direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) utilizes the reversible, stochastic blinking events of small commercially available fluorescent dyes, while photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) utilizes phototransformation of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins. By photoactivating only a small fraction of the present fluorophores in each observation interval, single emitters can be localized with high precision and a super-resolved image can be reconstructed. Quantum Dot Triexciton imaging (QDTI) utilizes the three-photon absorption (triexcitonic) properties of quantum dots (QD) and to achieve a twofold resolution increase using conventional confocal microscopes. In this thesis, experimental approaches were implemented to achieve super-resolution microscopy in fixed and live-cells to study the spatial and temporal dynamics of TNF and other cellular signaling events. We introduce QDTI to study the three-dimensional cellular distribution of biological targets, offering an easy method to achieve resolution enhancement in combination with optical sectioning, allowing the preliminary quantification of labeled proteins. As QDs are electron dense, QDTI can be used for correlative fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy, proving the versatility of QD probes. Utilizing the phototransformation properties of fluorescent proteins, single-receptor tracking on live cells was achieved, applying the concept of single particle tracking PALM (sptPALM) to track the dynamics of a TNF-R1-tdEos chimera on the membrane. Lateral receptor dynamics can be tracked with high precision and the influences of ligand addition or lipid disruption on TNF-R1 mobility was observed. The results reveal complex receptor dynamics, implying internalization processes in response to TNFα stimulation and a role for membrane domains with reduced fluidity, so-called lipid raft domains, in TNF-R1 compartimentalization prior or post ligand induction. Comparisons with previously published FCS data show a good accordance, but stressing the increased data depth available in sptPALM experiments. Additionally, the active transport of NF-κB-tdEos fusions was observed in live neurons under chemical stimulation and/or inhibition. Contrary to phototransformable proteins that need no special buffers to exhibit photoconversion or photoactivation, dSTORM has previously been unsuitable for in vivo applications, as organic dyes relied on introducing the probes via immunostaining in concert with a reductive, oxygen-free medium for proper photoswitching behaviour. ATTO655 had been previously shown to be suitable for live-cell applications, as its switching behavior can be catalyzed by the reductive environment of the cytoplasm. By introducing the cell-permeant organic dye via a chemical tag system, a high specificity and low background was achieved. Here, the labeled histone H2B complex and thus single nucleosome movements in a live cell can be observed over long time periods and with ~20 nm resolution. Implementing these new approaches for imaging biological processes with high temporal and spatial resolution provides new insights into the dynamics and spatial heterogeneities of proteins, further elucidating their function in the organism and revealing properties that are usually only detectable in vitro.  },
  subject      = {Fluoreszenzmikrosopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Dwertmann2012,
  author    = {Dwertmann, Anne},
  title     = {Impact of the Tumor Suppressor Arf on Miz1 and Sumoylation of Myc and Miz1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71876},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Upon oncogenic stress, the tumor suppressor Arf can induce irreversible cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, depending on the oncogenic insult. In this study, it could be shown that Arf interacts with Myc and the Myc-associated zinc-finger protein Miz1 to facilitate repression of genes involved in cell adhesion. Formation of a DNA-binding Arf/Myc/Miz1 complex disrupts interaction of Miz1 with its coactivator nucleophosmin and induces local heterochromatinisation, causing cells to lose attachment and undergo anoikis. The assembly of the complex relies on Myc, which might explain why high Myc levels trigger apoptosis and not cell cycle arrest in the Arf response. This mechanism could play an important role in eliminating cells harboring an oncogenic mutation. Arf furthermore induces sumoylation of Miz1 at a specific lysine by repressing the desumoylating enzyme Senp3. A sumoylation-deficient mutant of Miz1 however does not show phenotypic differences under the chosen experimental conditions. Myc can also be modified by Sumo by multisumoylation at many different lysines, which is unaffected by Arf. The exact mechanism and effect of this modification however stays unsolved.},
  subject      = {Apoptosis},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Cook2012,
  author    = {Cook, Mandy},
  title     = {The neurodegenerative Drosophila melanogaster AMPK mutant loechrig},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72027},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {In dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Drosophila Mutante loechrig (loe), die progressive Degeneration des Nervensystems aufweist, weiter beschrieben. In der loe Mutante fehlt eine neuronale Isoform der γ- Untereinheit der Proteinkinase AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase). Die heterotrimere AMPK (auch als SNF4Aγ bekannt) kontrolliert das Energieniveau der Zelle, was st{\"a}ndiges Beobachten des ATP/AMP- Verh{\"a}ltnis erfordert. AMPK wird durch niedrige Energiekonzentrationen und Beeintr{\"a}chtigungen im Metabolismus, wie zum Beispiel Sauerstoffmangel, aktiviert und reguliert mehrere wichtige Signaltransduktionswege, die den Zellmetabolismus kontrollieren. Jedoch ist die Rolle von AMPK im neuronalen {\"U}berleben noch unklar. Eines der Proteine, dass von AMPK reguliert wird, ist HMGR (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA- reductase), ein Schl{\"u}sselenzym in der Cholesterin- und Isoprenoidsynthese. Es wurde gezeigt, dass wenn die Konzentration von HMGR manipuliert wird, auch der Schweregrad des neurodegenerativen Ph{\"a}notyps in loe beeinflusst wird. Obwohl die regulatorische Rolle von AMPK auf HMGR in Drosophila konserviert ist, k{\"o}nnen Insekten Cholesterin nicht de novo synthetisieren. Dennoch ist der Syntheseweg von Isoprenoiden zwischen Vertebraten und Insekten evolution{\"a}r konserviert. Isoprenylierung von Proteinen, wie zum Beispiel von kleinen G-Proteinen, stellt den Proteinen einen hydophobischen Anker bereit, mit denen sie sich an die Zellmembran binden k{\"o}nnen, was in anschließender Aktivierung resultieren kann. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird gezeigt, dass die loe Mutation die Prenylierung von Rho1 und den LIM-Kinasesignalweg beeinflusst, was eine wichtige Rolle im Umsatz von Aktin und axonalem Auswachsen spielt. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Mutation in LOE, Hyperaktivit{\"a}t des Isoprenoidsynthesewegs verursacht, was zur erh{\"o}hten Farnesylierung von Rho1 und einer dementsprechend h{\"o}heren Konzentration von Phospho- Cofilin f{\"u}hrt. Eine Mutation in Rho1 verbessert den neurodegenerativen Ph{\"a}notyp und die Lebenserwartung von loe. Der Anstieg vom inaktiven Cofilin in loe f{\"u}hrt zu einer Zunahme von filament{\"o}sen Aktin. Aktin ist am Auswachen von Neuronen beteiligt und Experimente in denen loe Neurone analysiert wurden, gaben wertvolle Einblicke in eine m{\"o}gliche Rolle die AMPK, und dementsprechend Aktin, im Neuronenwachstum spielt. Des Weiteren wurde demonstriert, dass Neurone, die von der loe Mutante stamen, einen verlangsamten axonalen Transport aufweisen, was darauf hinweist dass Ver{\"a}nderungen, die durch den Einfluss von loe auf den Rho1 Signalweg im Zytoskelettnetzwerk hervorgerufen wurden, zur St{\"o}rung des axonalen Transports und anschließenden neuronalen Tod f{\"u}hren. Es zeigte außerdem, dass Aktin nicht nur am neuronalen Auswachsen beteiligt ist, sondern auch wichtig f{\"u}r die Aufrechterhaltung von Neuronen ist. Das bedeutet, dass {\"A}nderungen der Aktindynamik zur progressiven Degeneration von Neuronen f{\"u}hren kann. Zusammenfassend unterstreichen diese Ergebnisse die wichtige Bedeutung von AMPK in den Funktionen und im {\"U}berleben von Neuronen und er{\"o}ffnen einen neuartigen funktionellen Mechanismus in dem {\"A}nderungen in AMPK neuronale Degeneration hervorrufen kann.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Tyagi2012,
  author    = {Tyagi, Anu},
  title     = {Role of SWI/SNF in regulating pre-mRNA processing in Drosophila melanogaster},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72253},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complexes are multifactorial complexes that utilize the energy of ATP to rearrange the chromatin structure. The changes in chromatin structure lead to either increased or decreased DNA accessibility. SWI/SNF is one of such complex. The SWI/SNF complex is involved in both transcription activation and transcription repression. The ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF is called SWI2/SNF2 in yeast and Brahma, Brm, in Drosophila melanogaster. In mammals there are two paralogs of the ATPase subunit, Brm and Brg1. Recent studies have shown that the human Brm is involved in the regulation of alternative splicing. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Brm in pre-mRNA processing. The model systems used were Chironomus tentans, well suited for in situ studies and D. melanogaster, known for its full genome information. Immunofluorescent staining of the polytene chromosome indicated that Brm protein of C. tentans, ctBrm, is associated with several gene loci including the Balbiani ring (BR) puffs. Mapping the distribution of ctBrm along the BR genes by both immuno-electron microscopy and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that ctBrm is widely distributed along the BR genes. The results also show that a fraction of ctBrm is associated with the nascent BR pre-mRNP. Biochemical fractionation experiments confirmed the association of Brm with the RNP fractions, not only in C. tentans but also in D. melanogaster and in HeLa cells. Microarray hybridization experiments performed on S2 cells depleted of either dBrm or other SWI/SNF subunits show that Brm affects alternative splicing and 3´ end formation. These results indicated that BRM affects pre-mRNA processing as a component of SWI/SNF complexes. 1},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kistenpfennig2012,
  author    = {Kistenpfennig, Christa},
  title     = {Rhodopsin 7 and Cryptochrome - circadian photoreception in Drosophila},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72209},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Many organisms evolved an endogenous clock to adapt to the daily environmental changes caused by the earth's rotation. Light is the primary time cue ("Zeitgeber") for entrainment of circadian clocks to the external 24-h day. In Drosophila, several visual pigments are known to mediate synchronization to light: The blue-light photopigment Cryptochrome (CRY) and six well-described rhodopsins (Rh1-Rh6). CRY is present in the majority of clock neurons as well as in the compound eyes, whereas the location of rhodopsins is restricted to the photoreceptive organs - the compound eyes, the ocelli and the HB-eyelets. CRY is thought to represent the key photoreceptor of Drosophila's circadian clock. Nevertheless, mutant flies lacking CRY (cry01) are able to synchronize their locomotor activity rhythms to light-dark (LD) cycles, but need significantly longer than wild-type flies. In this behavior, cry01 mutants strongly resemble mammalian species that do not possess any internal photoreceptors and perceive light information exclusively through their photoreceptive organs (eyes). Thus, a mammalian-like phase-shifting behavior would be expected in cry01 flies. We investigated this issue by monitoring a phase response curve (PRC) of cry01 and wild-type flies to 1-h light pulses of 1000 lux irradiance. Indeed, cry01 mutants produced a mammalian-similar so called type 1 PRC of comparatively low amplitude (< 25\% of wild-type) with phase delays to light pulses during the early subjective night and phase advances to light pulses during the late subjective night (~1 h each). Despite the predominant role of CRY, the visual system contributes to the light sensitivity of the fly's circadian clock, mainly around dawn and dusk. Furthermore, this phase shifting allows for the slow re-entrainment which we observed in cry01 mutants to 8-h phase delays of the LD 12 h:12 h cycle. However, cry01 also showed surprising differences in their shifting ability: First of all, their PRC was characterized by a second dead zone in the middle of the subjective night (ZT17-ZT19) in addition to the usual unresponsiveness during the subjective day. Second, in contrast to wild-type flies, cry01 mutants did not increase their shift of activity rhythms neither in response to longer stimuli nor to light pulses of higher irradiance. In contrast, both 6-h light pulses of 1000 lux and 1-h light pulses of 10,000 lux light intensity during the early subjective night even resulted in phase advances instead of the expected delays. Thus, CRY seems to be not only responsible for the high light sensitivity of the wild-type circadian clock, but is apparently also involved in integrating and processing light information. Rhodopsin 7 (Rh7) is a yet uncharacterized protein, but became a good photoreceptor candidate due to sequence similarities to the six known Drosophila Rhs. The second part of this thesis investigated the expression pattern of Rh7 and its possible functions, especially in circadian photoreception. Furthermore, we were interested in a potential interaction with CRY and thus, tested cry01 and rh70 cry01 mutants as well. Rh1 is the main visual pigment of the Drosophila compound eye and expressed in six out of eight photoreceptors cells (R1-R6) in each of the ~800 ommatidia. Motion vision depends exclusively on Rh1 function but, moreover, Rh1 plays an important structural role and assures proper photoreceptor cell development and maintenance. In order to investigate its possible photoreceptive function, we expressed Rh7 in place of Rh1. Rh7 was indeed able to overtake the role of Rh1 in both aspects: It prevented retinal degeneration and mediated the optomotor response (OR), a motion vision-dependent behavior. At the transcriptional level, rh7 is expressed at approximately equal amounts in adult fly brains and retinas. Due to a reduced specificity of anti-Rh7 antibodies, we could not verify this result at the protein level. However, analysis of rh7 null mutants (rh70) suggested different Rh7 functions in vivo. Previous experiments strongly indicated an increased sensitivity of the compound eyes in the absence of Rh7 and suggested impaired light adaptation. We aimed to test this hypothesis at the levels of circadian photoreception. Locomotor activity rhythms are a reliable output of the circadian clock. Rh70 mutant flies generally displayed a wild-type similar bimodal activity pattern comprising morning (M) and evening (E) activity bouts. Activity monitoring supported the proposed "shielding" function, since rh70 mutants behaved like wild-type flies experiencing high irradiances. Under all investigated conditions, their activity peaks lay further apart resulting in a prolonged midday break. The behavior of cry01 mutants was mainly characterized by an unexpectedly high flexibility in the timing of M and E activity bouts which allowed tracking of lights-on and lights-off even under extreme photoperiods. Activity profiles of the corresponding rh70 cry01 double mutants reflected neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects of Rh7 and CRY and were dominated by a broad E activity peak. In the future, the different circadian phenotypes will be further investigated on the molecular level by analysis of clock protein cycling in the underlying pacemaker neurons. The work of this thesis confirmed that Rh7 is indeed able to work as a photoreceptor and to initiate the classical phototransduction cascade. On the other hand, it provided further evidence at the levels of circadian photoreception that Rh7 might serve as a shielding pigment for Rh1 in vivo, thereby mediating proper light adaptation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Karunakaran2012,
  author    = {Karunakaran, Karthika},
  title     = {Mechanisms of apoptosis regulation in human cells infected with Simkania negevensis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72098},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria that have gained high medical relevance. These important human pathogens cause diverse diseases including trachoma and wide spread sexually transmitted diseases. Chlamydia establishes membrane bound inclusions in the host cell and loots the host for nutritional requirements. Infections are usually recognized by the host immune system and eliminated systematically, by triggering apoptosis. However, the pathogen Chlamydia has evolved various strategies to prevent the detection as well as protect the invaded cell against apoptosis or any other form of cell death. The evolutionary conservation of cell death regulation has not been investigated in the order Chlamydiales, which also includes Chlamydia-like organisms with a broader host spectrum. The present study was aimed at investigating the apoptotic response of human cells infected with the Chlamydia-like organism Simkania negevensis (Sn). Simkania infected cells exhibited strong resistance to apoptosis induced by intrinsic stress or by the activation of cell death receptors. Apoptotic signaling was blocked upstream of mitochondria since Bax translocation, Bax and Bak oligomerisation and cytochrome c release were absent in these cells. Caspases were differentially regulated upon Sn infection. Caspase-3 and -9 were not activated upon Sn infection and apoptosis induction; whereas caspases-8 was activated in Sn infected cells even without apoptosis induction. This indicates that, Sn utilizes death receptor association independent caspase activation for thriving in the host environment. Infected cells turned on pro-survival pathways like cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAP-1/2 and XIAP) and the Akt/PI3K pathway. Sn infection also 20 activated the pro-survival transcription factor NF-кB. Blocking any of these survival pathways sensitized the infected host cell towards apoptosis induction, demonstrating their role in infection-induced apoptosis resistance. The NF-кB mutant cells also showed reduced infectivity of Sn, which indicated an essential role of NF-кB in Sn infection. It was interesting to observe that, Acanthamoeba castellanii, a natural host of Sn, survived maintaining its trophozoite forms after infection with Sn upon starvation. The metacaspases, responsible for encystment could be regulated by Sn upon infection. This suggests an early level of gene regulation indicating how the pathogen evolved its ability to inhibit apoptosis in higher organisms. The resistance to apoptosis pathways subverted in Sn-infected cells was similar but not identical to those modulated by Chlamydia. Together, the data supports the hypothesis of evolutionary conserved signaling pathways to apoptosis resistance as common denominators in the order Chlamydiales.},
  subject      = {Apoptosis},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gaetschenberger2012,
  author    = {G{\"a}tschenberger, Heike},
  title     = {Die Expression humoraler und zellul{\"a}rer Immunreaktionen bei Drohnenlarven und adulten Drohnen der Honigbiene (Apis mellifera)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71960},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Soziale Insekten wie die Honigbiene (Apis mellifera) besitzen ein breites Spektrum an Abwehrmechanismen gegen Pathogenbefall, sowohl auf der Ebene der Kolonie (soziale Immunit{\"a}t) als auch auf der Stufe des Individuums (angeborenes Immunsystem). Die Hauptaufgabe der relativ kurzlebigen Drohnen besteht in der Begattung von Jungk{\"o}niginnen. Daher stellte sich die Frage, ob auch die Drohnen {\"a}hnlich den Arbeiterinnen mit energieaufwendigen Immunreaktionen auf Infektionen reagieren. Wie im Folgenden beschrieben, konnte ich nachweisen, dass Drohnen eine ausgepr{\"a}gte Immunkompetenz besitzen. Das angeborene Immunsystem setzt sich aus humoralen und zellul{\"a}ren Abwehrreaktionen zusammen. Bei der humoralen Immunantwort werden bestimmte evolution{\"a}r konservierte Signalkaskaden aktiviert, an deren Ende die Expression einer Vielzahl von antimikrobiellen Peptiden (AMPs) und immunspezifischen Proteinen (IRPs) steht. Zur Analyse der humoralen Immunantwort wurden von mir zum einen Hemmhoftests durchgef{\"u}hrt, um die gesamte antimikrobielle Aktivit{\"a}t der Haemolymphe nach artifizieller Infektion zu ermitteln und zum anderen spezifische AMPs bzw. IRPs identifiziert. Hierzu wurden die Haemolymphproteine in ein- oder zwei-dimensionalen Polyacrylamidgelen aufgetrennt und ausgew{\"a}hlte Proteinbanden bzw. -spots mittels nano HPLC/Massenspektrometrie analysiert. Die Hauptkomponenten des zellul{\"a}ren Immunsystems sind Wundheilung, Phagozytose, Einkapselung und Nodulation. In meiner Arbeit habe ich zum ersten Mal Noduli bei infizierten Drohnen nachweisen k{\"o}nnen. Frisch geschl{\"u}pfte adulte Drohnen (1d) weisen ein breites Spektrum an Immunreaktionen auf, das sowohl humorale als auch zellul{\"a}re Immunantworten umfasst. Nach Infektion mit dem Gram-negativen Bakterium E.coli und verschiedenen bakteriellen Zellwandbestandteilen wie Lipopolysaccharid (LPS), Peptidoglycan (PGN) und 1,3ß-Glucan (Bestandteil von Pilzzellw{\"a}nden), werden die AMPs Hymenoptaecin, Defensin 1 und Abaecin induziert. Desweiteren exprimieren junge adulte Drohnen eine Reihe hochmolekularer immunspezifischer Proteine (IRPs) wie z.B. Carboxylesterase (CE 1), eine Serinprotease, die m{\"o}glicherweise an der Prozessierung der Prophenoloxidase beteiligt ist, ein Peptidoglycan-interagierendes Protein (PGRP-S2) und zwei Proteine unbekannter Funktion, IRp42 und IRp30. Parallel zu bekannten bienenspezifischen AMPs wurde ein animales Peptidtoxin (APT) in Drohnenlarven, adulten Drohnen und adulten Hummeln nach E.coli Infektion in der Haemolymphe nachgewiesen. Von dem als OCLP 1 (ω-conotoxin-like protein 1) benannten Peptid war bereits bekannt, dass es in Fischen paralytische und damit toxische Effekte ausl{\"o}st. Meine Beobachtungen lassen vermuten, dass es sich bei OCLP 1 um ein Peptidtoxin mit antimikrobiellen Eigenschaften und damit um eine neue Klasse von AMPs handelt. Die allgemeine humorale Immunkompetenz scheint w{\"a}hrend der gesamten Lebensspanne adulter Drohnen (~ 7 Wochen) konstant zu bleiben, wie durch die gleichbleibende antimikrobielle Aktivit{\"a}t im Hemmhoftest gezeigt wurde. Junge Drohnen reagieren auf eine E.coli Infektion mit der Bildung zahlreicher Noduli (~1000 Noduli/Drohn), die vor allem entlang des Herzschlauches zu finden sind. Diese zellul{\"a}re Immunantwort nimmt mit dem Alter der Drohnen ab, so dass bei 18 d alten Drohnen nur noch rund 10 Noduli/Drohn gefunden werden. Auf der anderen Seite nimmt die phagozytotische Aktivit{\"a}t bei {\"a}lteren Drohnen scheinbar zu. In einer Reihe von parallel laufenden Versuchsreihen konnte ich eindrucksvoll zeigen, dass zellul{\"a}re Immunreaktionen wie Phagozytose und Nodulation unmittelbar nach bakterieller Infektion einsetzen. Hierbei erreicht die Nodulibildung 8-10 h p.i. eine Plateauphase, wohingegen die humorale Immunantwort erst 6 h p.i. schwach einsetzt, danach stetig zunimmt und noch 72 h p.i. nachweisbar ist. Es ist mir gelungen, eine Methode zur k{\"u}nstlichen Aufzucht von Drohnenlarven zu etablieren. Diese erm{\"o}glichte konstante und sterile Versuchsbedingungen zur Untersuchung der Immunreaktionen von Larven. Nach Infektion mit E.coli reagieren Drohnenlarven mit einer starken Aktivierung ihrer humoralen Immunantwort durch die Expression von AMPs, jedoch werden keine hochmolekularen IRPs wie in adulten Drohnen hochreguliert. Zudem ist die Nodulibildung in Larven nur schwach ausgepr{\"a}gt. V{\"o}llig unerwartete Beobachtungen wurden beim Studium der Immunkompetenz von Drohnenpuppen gemacht. Nach Injektion lebender E.coli Zellen in Drohnenpuppen stellte ich eine dramatische Ver{\"a}nderung im Aussehen der Puppen fest. Die Puppen verf{\"a}rbten sich gr{\"a}ulich schwarz. Genauere Untersuchungen haben dann gezeigt, dass die Drohnenpuppen, wie auch die der Arbeiterinnen, offensichtlich keine zellul{\"a}re Abwehrreaktion aktivieren k{\"o}nnen und die humorale Immunantwort nur sehr schwach ausf{\"a}llt und viel zu sp{\"a}t einsetzt.},
  subject      = {Humorale Immunit{\"a}t},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Krueger2012,
  author    = {Kr{\"u}ger, Beate},
  title     = {Integration und Kombination bioinformatischer Methoden in Biotechnologie, synthetischer Biologie und Pharmaindustrie},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70702},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Die Bioinformatik ist eine interdisziplin{\"a}re Wissenschaft, welche Probleme aus allen Lebenswissenschaften mit Hilfe computergest{\"u}tzter Methoden bearbeitet. Ihr Ziel ist es, die Verarbeitung und Interpretation großer Datenmengen zu erm{\"o}glichen. Zudem unterst{\"u}tzt sie den Designprozess von Experimenten in der Synthetischen Biologie. Die synthetische Biologie besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Generierung neuer Komponenten und deren Eigenschaften, welche durch die Behandlung und Manipulation lebender Organismen oder Teilen daraus entstehen. Ein besonders interessantes Themengebiet hierbei sind Zweikomponenten-Systeme (Two-Component System, TCS). TCS sind wichtige Signalkaskaden in Bakterien, welche in der Lage sind Informationen aus der Umgebung in eine Zelle zu {\"u}bertragen und darauf zu reagieren. Die vorliegende Dissertation besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Beurteilung, Nutzung und Weiterentwicklung von bioinformatischen Methoden zur Untersuchung von Proteininteraktionen und biologischen Systemen. Der wissenschaftliche Beitrag der vorliegenden Arbeit kann in drei Aspekte unterteilt werden: - Untersuchung und Beurteilung von bioinformatischen Methoden und Weiterf{\"u}hrung der Ergebnisse aus der vorhergehenden Diplomarbeit zum Thema Protein-Protein-Interaktionsvorhersagen. - Analyse genereller evolution{\"a}rer Modifikationsm{\"o}glichkeiten von TCS sowie deren Design und spezifische Unterschiede. - Abstraktion bzw. Transfer der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse auf technische und biologische Zusammenh{\"a}nge. Mit dem Ziel das Design neuer Experimente in der synthetischen Biologie zu vereinfachen und die Vergleichbarkeit von technischen und biologischen Prozessen sowie zwischen Organismen zu erm{\"o}glichen. Das Ergebnis der durchgef{\"u}hrten Studie zeigte, dass Zweikomponenten-Systeme in ihrem Aufbau sehr konserviert sind. Nichtsdestotrotz konnten viele spezifische Eigenschaften und drei generelle Modifikationsm{\"o}glichkeiten entdeckt werden. Die Untersuchungen erm{\"o}glichten die Identifikation neuer Promotorstellen, erlaubten aber auch die Beschreibung der Beschaffenheit unterschiedlicher Signalbindestellen. Zudem konnten bisher fehlende Komponenten aus TCS entdeckt werden, ebenso wie neue divergierte TCS-Dom{\"a}nen im Organismus Mycoplasma. Eine Kombination aus technischen Ans{\"a}tzen und synthetischer Biologie vereinfachte die gezielte Manipulation von TCS oder anderen modularen Systemen. Die Etablierung der vorgestellten zweistufigen Modul-Klassifikation erm{\"o}glichte eine effizientere Analyse modular aufgebauter Prozesse und erlaubte somit das molekulare Design synthetischer, biologischer Anwendungen. Zur einfachen Nutzung dieses Ansatzes wurde eine frei zug{\"a}ngliche Software GoSynthetic entwickelt. Konkrete Beispiele demonstrierten die praktische Anwendbarkeit dieser Analysesoftware. Die vorgestellte Klassifikation der synthetisch-biologischen und technischen Einheiten soll die Planung zuk{\"u}nftiger Designexperimente vereinfachen und neue Wege f{\"u}r sinnverwandte Bereiche aufzeigen. Es ist nicht die Hauptaufgabe der Bioinformatik, Experimente zu ersetzen, sondern resultierende große Datenmengen sinnvoll und effizient auszuwerten. Daraus sollen neue Ideen f{\"u}r weitere Analysen und alternative Anwendungen gewonnen werden, um fehlerhafte oder falsche Ans{\"a}tze fr{\"u}hzeitig zu erkennen. Die Bioinformatik bietet moderne, technische Verfahren, um vertraute, aber oft m{\"u}hsame experimentelle Wege durch neue, vielversprechende Ans{\"a}tze zur Datenstrukturierung und Auswertung großer Datenmengen zu erg{\"a}nzen. Neue Sichtweisen werden durch die Erleichterung des Testprozederes gef{\"o}rdert. Die resultierende Zeitersparnis f{\"u}hrt zudem zu einer Kostenreduktion.},
  subject      = {Biotechnologie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kronhardt2012,
  author    = {Kronhardt, Angelika},
  title     = {Channel Formation, Binding and Translocation Properties of Anthrax, CDT and Related Toxins of the AB7 type},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71559},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The ability to produce toxins is spread among a huge variety of bacterial strains. A very prominent class of bacterial protein toxins is the family of binary AB toxins sharing a common mode of intoxication. A pore forming component B binds and translocates an enzymatic component A into the cytosol of target cells exhibiting a fatal mode of action. These components are supposed to be not toxic themselves but both required for cell toxicity. Anthrax toxin produced by the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus anthracis is the best studied binary toxin especially since its use as a biological weapon in the context of the attacks of 9/11 in 2001. In contrast to other binary toxins, Anthrax toxin possesses two different enzymatic components, edema factor (EF), a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent adenylat-cyclase and lethal factor (LF), a zinc-dependent metalloprotease. Protective antigen (PA) is the pore-forming component responsible for binding and translocation. Clostridium botulinum possesses in addition to the well known botulinum toxin (Botox) a variety of other toxins, such as the binary C2 toxin. C2 toxin is composed of the binding and translocation moiety C2II and the enzymatic moiety C2I acting as an actin-ADP-ribosyltransferase. In this study, the mode of translocation and the binding kinetics to the enzymatic component were studied in a biophysical experimental setup. In chapter 2, the binding of the N-terminal fractions EFN and LFN to the PA channel are analyzed in artificial bilayer membranes revealing lower binding affinity compared to full-length EF and LF. Other biophysical properties like voltage-dependency and ionic-strength dependency are not influenced. The results suggest that additional forces are involved in the binding process, than those concerning the N-terminus exclusively, as it was supposed previously. As the treatment of an Anthrax infection with antibiotics is often medicated very late due to the lack of early symptoms, tools to prevent intoxication are required. 4-aminoquinolones like chloroquine are known to block the PA channel, thereby inhibiting intoxication but they also lead to severe side-effects. In chapter 3 new promising agents are described that bind to PA in artificial bilayer systems, elucidating common motives and features which are necessary for binding to PA in general. The possible interaction of Anthrax and C2 toxin is investigated by measuring the binding of one enzymatic component to the respective other toxin's pore (chapter 4). Interestingly, in vitro experiments using the black lipid bilayer assay show that PA is able to bind to C2I resulting in half saturation constants in the nanomolar range. Furthermore, in vivo this combination of toxin components exhibits cell toxicity in human cell lines. This is first-time evidence that a heterologous toxin combination is functional in in vitro and in vivo systems. In contrast, C2II is able to bind to EF as well as to LF in vitro, whereas in in vivo studies almost no toxic effect is detected. In the case of PA, an N-terminal His6-tag attached to the enzymatic subunit increased the binding affinity (chapter 5). A His6-tag attached to not related proteins also led to high binding affinities, providing the possibility to establish PA as a general cargo protein. In chapter 6 a set of different molecules and proteins is summarized, which are either related or not related to binary toxins, PA is able to bind. In first line, the presence of positive charges is found to be responsible for binding to PA which is in accordance to the fact that PA is highly cation selective. Furthermore, we present evidence that different cationic electrolytes serve as a binding partner to the PA channel. In the last decade another toxin has aroused public attention as it was found to be responsible for a rising number of nosocomial infections: Clostridium difficile CDT toxin. The mode of action of the enzymatic subunit CDTa is similar to C2I of C2 toxin, acting as an ADP-ribosylating toxin. The channel forming and binding properties of CDT toxin are studied in artificial bilayer membranes (chapter 7). We found that two different types of channels are formed by the B component CDTb. The first channel is similar to that of iota toxin's Ib of Clostridium perfringens with comparable single channel conductance, selectivity and binding properties to the enzymatic subunit CDTa. The formation of this type of channel is cholesterol-dependent, whereas in the absence of cholesterol another kind of channel is observed. This channel has a single channel conductance which is rather high compared to all other binary toxin channels known so far, it is anion selective and does not show any binding affinity to the enzymatic component CDTa. The results reveal completely new insights in channel formation properties and the flexibility of a pore-forming component. Additionally, these findings suggest further possibilities of toxicity of the pore forming component itself which is not known for any other binary toxin yet. Therefore, the pathogenic role of this feature has to be studied in detail.},
  subject      = {Bacillus anthracis},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{AlcantarinoMenescal2012,
  author    = {Alcantarino Menescal, Luciana},
  title     = {In vivo characterization of genetic factors involved in Xmrk driven melanoma formation in Medaka (Oryzias latipes): a closer look at braf, Stat5 and c-myc},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70762},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Melanoma arises from the malignant transformation of melanocytes and is one of the most aggressive forms of human cancer. In fish of the genus Xiphophorus, melanoma development, although very rarely, happens spontaneously in nature and can be induced by interspecific crossing. The oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase, Xmrk, is responsible for melanoma formation in these fishes. Since Xiphophorus are live-bearing fishes and therefore not compatible with embryonic manipulation and transgenesis, the Xmrk melanoma model was brought to the medaka (Oryzias latipes) system. Xmrk expression under the control of the pigment cell specific mitf promoter leads to melanoma formation with 100\% penetrance in medaka. Xmrk is an orthologue of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activates several downstream signaling pathways. Examples of these pathways are the direct phosphorylation of BRAF and Stat5, as well as the enhanced transcription of C-myc. BRAF is a serine-threonine kinase which is found mutated at high frequencies in malignant melanomas. Stat5 is a transcription factor known to be constitutively activated in fish melanoma. C-myc is a transcription factor that is thought to regulate the expression of approximately 15\% of all human genes and is involved in cancer progression of a large number of different tumors. To gain new in vivo information on candidate factors known to be involved in melanoma progression, I identified and analysed BRAF, Stat5 and C-myc in the laboratory fish model system medaka. BRAF protein motifs are highly conserved among vertebrates and the results of this work indicate that its function in the MAPK signaling is maintained in medaka. Transgenic medaka lines carrying a constitutive active version of BRAF (V614E) showed more pigmented skin when compared to wild type. Also, some transiently expressing BRAF V614E fishes showed a disrupted eye phenotype. In addition, I was able to identify two Stat5 copies in medaka, named Stat5ab/a and Stat5ab/b. Sequence analysis revealed a higher similarity between both Stat5 sequences when compared to either human Stat5a or Stat5b. This suggests that the two Stat5 copies in medaka arose by an independent duplication processes. I cloned these two Stat5 present in medaka, produced constitutive active and dominant negative gene versions and successfully established transgenic lines carrying each version under the control of the MITF promoter. These lines will help to elucidate questions that are still remaining in Stat5 biology and its function in melanoma progression, like the role of Stat5 phosphorylation on tumor invasiveness. In a third project during my PhD work, I analysed medaka C-myc function and indentified two copies of this gene in medaka, named c-myc17 and c-myc20, according to the chromosome where they are located. I produced conditional transgenic medaka lines carrying the c-myc17 gene coupled to the hormone binding domain of the estrogen receptor to enable specific transgene activation at a given time point. Comparable to human C-myc, medaka C-myc17 is able to induce proliferation and apoptosis in vivo after induction. Besides that, C-myc17 long-term activation led to liver hyperplasia. In summary, the medaka models generated in this work will be important to bring new in vivo information on genes involved in cancer development. Also, the generated transgenic lines can be easily crossed to the melanoma developing Xmrk medaka lines, thereby opening up the possibility to investigate their function in melanoma progression. Besides that, the generated medaka fishes make it possible to follow the whole development of melanocytes, since the embryos are transparent and can be used for high throughput chemical screens.},
  subject      = {Japank{\"a}rpfling},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kubisch2012,
  author    = {Kubisch, Alexander},
  title     = {Range border formation in the light of dispersal evolution},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70639},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Understanding the emergence of species' ranges is one of the most fundamental challenges in ecology. Early on, geographical barriers were identified as obvious natural constraints to the spread of species. However, many range borders occur along gradually changing landscapes, where no sharp barriers are obvious. Mechanistic explanations for this seeming contradiction incorporate environmental gradients that either affect the spatio-temporal variability of conditions or the increasing fragmentation of habitat. Additionally, biological mechanisms like Allee effects (i.e. decreased growth rates at low population sizes or densities), condition-dependent dispersal, and biological interactions with other species have been shown to severely affect the location of range margins. The role of dispersal has been in the focus of many studies dealing with range border formation. Dispersal is known to be highly plastic and evolvable, even over short ecological time-scales. However, only few studies concentrated on the impact of evolving dispersal on range dynamics. This thesis aims at filling this gap. I study the influence of evolving dispersal rates on the persistence of spatially structured populations in environmental gradients and its consequences for the establishment of range borders. More specially I investigate scenarios of range formation in equilibrium, periods of range expansion, and range shifts under global climate change ...},
  subject      = {Areal},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schriefer2012,
  author    = {Schriefer, Eva-Maria},
  title     = {Molekulare und biochemische Charakterisierung der β-Laktamasen von Yersinia enterocolitica und deren Sekretionsverhalten},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69580},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit wurden zwei Aspekte der Yersinia β-Laktamasen bearbeitet: (1) Charakterisierung der β-Laktamasen hinsichtlich β-Laktam-Antibiotikaresistenz, Sekretion und Thermostabilit{\"a}t. (2) Untersuchung der Sekretionsf{\"a}higkeit von verschiedenen thermostabilen β Laktamasen {\"u}ber das Yersinia T3SS. Im ersten Teil wurden β Laktamase-Deletionsmutanten im Y. enterocolitica Serotyp O:8 Stamm WA-314 hergestellt, um den Einfluss der chromosomalen β Laktamasen auf die in vitro-Resistenz zu untersuchen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass WA-314 konstitutiv BlaA produziert und BlaA somit - unter nicht-induzierbaren Bedingungen - der dominante Faktor in der in vitro-Resistenz gegen{\"u}ber Penicillinen mit erweitertem Wirkungsspektrum (z.B. Ampicillin) und Cephalosporinen der 1. Generation (z.B. Cefazolin) ist. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass die zweite chromosomale β Laktamase AmpC (BlaB) unter Zugabe von subinhibitorischen Konzentrationen von Imipenem stark induziert wird. Keine der β Laktamasen ist in der Lage, in vitro-Resistenz gegen{\"u}ber Carbapenemen und Monobactamen zu vermitteln. Die Konstruktion und Bestimmung der in vitro Antibiotika-Empfindlichkeit der β Laktamase-Deletionsmutanten dient als Grundlage f{\"u}r nachfolgende Untersuchungen im Mausinfektionsmodell. Weiterhin wurden die Transporteigenschaften beider β Laktamasen untersucht. In Gram-negativen Bakterien sind reife β Laktamasen im Periplasma lokalisiert und m{\"u}ssen somit nach der Synthese im Cytosol {\"u}ber die Cytoplasmamembran transportiert werden. Bis auf drei Ausnahmen (β Laktamasen aus Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. tuberculosis und Stenotrophomonas maltophila) sind bisher nur Sec-abh{\"a}ngige β Laktamasen beschrieben worden. Mittels Fusionsproteinen bestehend aus β Laktamase-Signalpeptiden und GFP konnte in dieser Arbeit eindeutig gezeigt werden, dass es sich bei Yersinia BlaA um ein Tat-Substrat handelt, bei Yersinia AmpC hingegen um ein Sec-Substrat. Somit konnte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zum ersten Mal eine Tat-abh{\"a}ngige β Laktamase bei einer Bakterienart aus der Familie der Enterobacteriaceae nachgewiesen werden. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass die β Laktamase BlaA nicht diffus im Periplasma, sondern auf bestimmte Bereiche im Periplasma lokalisiert verteilt ist. Allerdings konnte die Art der Lokalisierung bisher nicht genau spezifiziert werden. Die cytosolische Faltung und die Tat-abh{\"a}ngige Translokation von BlaA lassen vermuten, dass eine besondere Thermostabilit{\"a}t von BlaA vorliegt. Deshalb wurde das BlaA-Enzym hinsichtlich seiner Thermostabilit{\"a}t und temperaturabh{\"a}ngigen enzymatischen Aktivit{\"a}t untersucht. Im Vergleich zur E. coli β Laktamase TEM-1 und der hitzestabilen TEM-1-Variante MEGA zeigte BlaA eine erh{\"o}hte Thermostabilit{\"a}t und einen starken Anstieg der Aktivit{\"a}t in einem Temperaturbereich zwischen 30 °C und 45 °C. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde gepr{\"u}ft, ob die charakterisierten Yersinia β Laktamasen als Reporterkonstrukte zur Untersuchung des Typ III Sekretionssystems (T3SS) geeignet sind. Y. enterocolitica besitzt ein pYV Virulenzplasmid, auf dem der vollst{\"a}ndige Satz der Gene f{\"u}r das Ysc-T3SS und die Effektor-Yops (Yersinia outer protein) lokalisiert sind. Injektion der Yops in eukaryotische Zielzellen erm{\"o}glicht das extrazellul{\"a}re {\"U}berleben der Yersinien im Wirtsorganismus. Bei YopE handelt es sich um ein gut charakterisiertes Effektor-Yop, dessen N Terminus fusioniert an den reifen Teil der β Laktamase TEM-1 bereits vielfach als Reporterkonstrukt eingesetzt wurde. Unter Verwendung des fluoreszierenden β Laktamase-Substrats CCF4-AM kann die Translokation von YopEi-TEM-1 in Zielzellen in Zellkultur-Experimenten und im Mausinfektionsmodell visualisiert werden. In dieser Arbeit sollte deshalb die T3SS-Sekretionsf{\"a}higkeit von YopE-β Laktamase-Fusionsproteinen in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der „Schmelztemperatur" (temperaturabh{\"a}ngige Stabilit{\"a}t, TM) untersucht werden. Yop-Substrate werden im ungefalteten Zustand (YscN wirkt dabei vermutlich als ATP-abh{\"a}ngige „Unfoldase") {\"u}ber das Ysc-„Injektisom" transloziert. YopEi-TEM-1 wird effizient sekretiert und transloziert (TM (TEM-1) = 50,8 °C). YopE-Fusionsproteine mit thermostabilen TEM-1 Varianten, YopEi-RLT bzw. YopEi-MEGA (TM (RLT) = 60,4 °C; TM (MEGA) = 69,2 °C) werden hingegen nur schwach bzw. nicht sekretiert. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Sec-abh{\"a}ngige β Laktamase AmpC als YopE-Fusionsprotein (YopEi-AmpC) effizient T3SS-abh{\"a}ngig sekretiert und transloziert werden kann; das native Tat-Substrat BlaA (YopEi-BlaA) kann jedoch weder sekretiert noch transloziert wird. Eine m{\"o}gliche Erkl{\"a}rung w{\"a}re, dass die ATPase YscN nicht in der Lage ist, BlaA und die thermostabilen TEM-1-Varianten zu entfalten und {\"u}ber das T3SS zu sekretieren und zu translozieren. RLT und MEGA k{\"o}nnen hingegen mithilfe ihrer nativen Signalsequenz {\"u}ber das Sec-System (und somit im ungefalteten Zustand) transloziert werden.},
  subject      = {Yersinia enterocolitica},
  language  = {de}
}