@phdthesis{Solvie2023,
  author    = {Solvie, Daniel Alexander},
  title     = {Molecular Mechanisms of MYC as Stress Resilience Factor},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-30539},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-305398},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The underlying tumorigenesis is driven by the accumulation of alterations in the genome, eventually disabling tumor suppressors and activating proto-oncogenes. The MYC family of proto-oncogenes shows a strong deregulation in the majority of tumor entities. However, the exact mechanisms that contribute to MYC-driven oncogenesis remain largely unknown. Over the past decades, the influence of the MYC protein on transcription became increasingly apparent and was thoroughly investigated. Additionally, in recent years several publications provided evidence for so far unreported functions of MYC that are independent of a mere regulation of target genes. These findings suggest an additional role of MYC in the maintenance of genomic stability and this role is strengthened by key findings presented in this thesis. In the first part, I present data revealing a pathway that allows MYC to couple transcription elongation and DNA double-strand break repair, preventing genomic instability of MYC-driven tumor cells. This pathway is driven by a rapid transfer of the PAF1 complex from MYC onto RNAPII, a process that is mediated by HUWE1. The transfer controls MYC-dependent transcription elongation and, simultaneously, the remodeling of chromatin structure by ubiquitylation of histone H2B. These regions of open chromatin favor not only elongation but also DNA double-strand break repair. In the second part, I analyze the ability of MYC proteins to form multimeric structures in response to perturbation of transcription and replication. The process of multimerization is also referred to as phase transition. The observed multimeric structures are located proximal to stalled replication forks and recruit factors of the DNA-damage response and transcription termination machinery. Further, I identified the HUWE1-dependent ubiquitylation of MYC as an essential step in this phase transition. Cells lacking the ability to form multimers display genomic instability and ultimately undergo apoptosis in response to replication stress. Both mechanisms present MYC as a stress resilience factor under conditions that are characterized by a high level of transcriptional and replicational stress. This increased resilience ensures oncogenic proliferation. Therefore, targeting MYC's ability to limit genomic instability by uncoupling transcription elongation and DNA repair or disrupting its ability to multimerize presents a therapeutic window in MYC-dependent tumors.},
  subject      = {MYC},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Niewidok2013,
  author    = {Niewidok, Natalia},
  title     = {Modulation of radiosensitivity of human tumor and normal cells by inhibition of heat shock proteins Hsp90 and Hsp70},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78728},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Cancer is the leading cause of death in economically developed countries (Jemal et al. 2011). Heat shock protein 90 can be a promising target in cancer treatment as it is responsible for sustaining protein homeostasis in every human cell by folding and activating of more than 200 client proteins (Picard et al. 2002). Apart from strong anti-tumor activities in vitro (Smith et al. 2005) and in vivo (Supko et al. 1995), Hsp90 inhibitors can sensitize tumor cells to radiation (Bisht et al. 2003, Stingl et al.2010, Schilling et al. 2011). Recently, our group showed the radiosensitizing potential of novel Hsp90 inhibitors: NVP-AUY922 and NVP-BEP800 (Stingl et al. 2010). The drugs were administered to cancer cell lines of different origin 24 hours before irradiation (drug-first treatment). In the present work, we explored the effects of a schedule other than drug-first treatment on A549 and SNB19 tumor cell lines. Cell samples were treated with either NVP-AUY922 or NVP-BEP800 one hour before IR and kept in the drug-containing medium for up to 48 hours (simultaneous drug-IR treatment). Our findings showed that depending on the tumor cell line, the combination of Hsp90 inhibition and irradiation may result in radiosensitization or apoptosis of cancer cell lines. It is advised to adjust the sequence of treatment, involving Hsp90 inhibition and irradiation, on the basis of the genetic background of tumor cells. Before entering the clinic, novel therapeutics should be tested on non-malignant tissue to exclude their possible toxic activities. Thus, we applied the simultaneous drug-IR treatment on human skin fibroblast strains. This work showed that Hsp90 inhibitors NVP-AUY922 and NVP-BEP800 preferentially sensitize tumor cells to radiation, whereas the effect(s) on normal fibroblasts was much weaker. The exact mechanisms underlying the Hsp90 inhibitors' selectivity towards malignant cells remain to be elucidated. It was shown previously that the administration of Hsp90 inhibitors, including NVP-AUY922 and NVP-BEP800, induces heat shock response (Niewidok et al. 2012). Heat shock response triggers the up-regulation of Hsp70, which, due to its strong anti-apoptotic properties, might be responsible for reducing the effects of Hsp90 inhibition. The transfection with Hsp70 siRNA suppressed the NVP-AUY922-induced over-expression of the target protein. However, on the long-term scale, it did not influence the radiosensitivity of A549 and SNB19 cells. To summarize, the use of siRNA proved that Hsp70 inhibition could be used to support Hsp90 inhibition on the short-term scale. Therefore, for future works, more potent and stable methods of Hsp70 inhibition are needed. This thesis presented the effects induced by two novel Hsp90 inhibitors NVP-AUY922 and NVP-BEP800, in combination with irradiation in tumor cell lines as well as in normal skin fibroblasts. Hsp70 pre-silencing was tested as a method for improving radiosensitizing potential of NVP-AUY922. These results support the use of NVP-AUY922 and NVP-BEP800 in combination with irradiation in future clinical trials.},
  subject      = {Tumorzelle},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jessen2021,
  author    = {Jessen, Christina},
  title     = {NRF2 links antioxidant and immune-relevant features in melanoma},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-23349},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-233495},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The transcription factor NRF2 is considered as the master regulator of cytoprotective and ROS-detoxifying gene expression. Due to their vulnerability to accumulating reactive oxygen species, melanomas are dependent on an efficient oxidative stress response, but to what extent melanomas rely on NRF2 is only scarcely investigated so far. In tumor entities harboring activating mutations of NRF2, such as lung adenocarcinoma, NRF2 activation is closely connected to therapy resistance. In melanoma, activating mutations are rare and triggers and effectors of NRF2 are less well characterized. This work revealed that NRF2 is activated by oncogenic signaling, cytokines and pro-oxidant triggers, released cell-autonomously or by the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, silencing of NRF2 significantly reduced melanoma cell proliferation and repressed well-known NRF2 target genes, indicating basal transcriptional activity of NRF2 in melanoma. Transcriptomic analysis showed a large set of deregulated gene sets, besides the well-known antioxidant effectors. NRF2 suppressed the activity of MITF, a marker for the melanocyte lineage, and induced expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), thereby stabilizing the dedifferentiated melanoma phenotype and limiting pigmentation markers and melanoma-associated antigens. In general, the dedifferentiated melanoma phenotype is associated with a reduced tumor immunogenicity. Furthermore, stress-inducible cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) expression, a crucial immune-modulating gene, was regulated by NRF2 in an ATF4-dependent manner. Only in presence of both transcription factors was COX2 robustly induced by H2O2 or TNFα. COX2 catalyzes the first step of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis, which was described to be associated with tumor immune evasion and reduction of the innate immune response. In accordance with these potentially immune-suppressive features, immunocompetent mice injected with NRF2 knockout melanoma cells had a strikingly longer tumor-free survival compared to NRF2-proficient cells. In line with the in vitro data, NRF2-deficient tumors showed suppression of COX2 and induction of MITF. Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses of available tumors revealed a strong induction of genes belonging to the innate immune response, such as RSAD2 and IFIH1. The expression of these genes strongly correlated with immune evasion parameters in human melanoma datasets and NRF2 activation or PGE2 supplementation limited the innate immune response in vitro. In summary, the stress dependent NRF2 activation stabilizes the dedifferentiated melanoma phenotype and facilitates the synthesis of PGE2. As a result, NRF2 reduces gene expression of the innate immune response and promotes the generation of an immune-cold tumor microenvironment. Therefore, NRF2 not only elevated the ROS resilience, but also strongly contributed to tumor growth, maintenance, and immune control in cutaneous melanoma.},
  subject      = {Melanom},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hofmann2008,
  author    = {Hofmann, Lars},
  title     = {Role and regulation of the p53-homolog p73 in the transformation of normal human fibroblasts},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-26877},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The prototyical tumor suppressor p53 is able to arrest cells after DNA damage or as a response to oncogene expression. The transactivation-competent (TA) isoforms of the more recently discovered p53 family member p73 also prevent tumors, but the underlying mechanisms are less well understood. The work presented here addressed this issue by using a cell culture model of tumorigenesis in which normal human diploid fibroblasts are stepwise transduced with oncogenes. Cells in pretransformed stages were shown to harbour high levels of TAp73 mRNA and protein. This positive regulation was probably a result of pRB inactivation and derepression of E2F1, a key activator of TAp73. Consequences for such cells included an increased sensitivity to the cytostatic drug adriamycin, slower proliferation and reduced survival at high cell density, as demonstrated by rescue experiments using siRNA-mediated knockdown of TAp73. In order to identify potential effector pathways, the gene expression profile of siRNA treated, matched fibroblast cell lines with high and low TAp73 levels were compared in DNA microarrays. These findings support the notion of TAp73 up-regulation as an anti-proliferative defense mechanism, blocking the progress towards full transformation. This barrier could be overcome by the introduction of a constitutively active form of Ras which caused a switch from TAp73 to oncogenic DeltaNp73 expression, presumably through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. In summary, the results presented emphasize the tumor-suppressive function of TAp73 and indicate that its downregulation is a decisive event during the transformation of human cells by oncogenic Ras mutants.},
  subject      = {Maligne Transformation},
  language  = {en}
}