@article{DuschlJahnBertlingetal.1992,
  author    = {Duschl, Albert and Jahn, Ute and Bertling, Claudia and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {A comparison of assays for the response of primary human T-cells upon stimulation with interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interleukin-7},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86750},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {The most commonly used assay to quantitate the response of peripheral T~cells upon stimulation with growth factors is determination of incorporated (JH]TdR. We compared thls test to three other methods: 1. direct countlog of cells with a Coulter type counter as reference assay, 2. a colorimetric assay using the tetrazolium dye 3-[ 4,S-dimethylthiazol-l-yl]-2,5diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT), which is a cheap and increasingly popular non-radioactive method and 3. incorporation of the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine detection with a monoclonal antibody on cytospins. Primary human PHA-blasts from >30 healthy individuals were stimulated with IL-2, IL-4 aod IL-7 and assayed with up to four different methods. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the assays used and tbe effects of differences between cell preparations. We observed no significant variations between individuals for the dose dependence, but the relative emctency of IL4 compared to IL-2 and IL-7 was variable. This was probably due to the slower response observed upon stimulation with this factor.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fichtner2020,
  author    = {Fichtner, Alina Suzann},
  title     = {Alpaca, armadillo and cotton rat as new animal models for nonconventional T cells: Identification of cell populations and analysis of antigen receptors and ligands},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-16910},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169108},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In this thesis, three species were investigated for the conservation of two non-conventional T cell systems, the CD1d/ iNKT cell system and the BTN3/ Vγ9Vδ2 T cell system. Non-conventional T cells are αβ or γδ T cells that do not fit into the classical mode of antigen recognition and adaptive responses. These T cells recognize antigens different from classical peptide antigens and are not restricted to the polymorphic MHC molecules but rather to non-polymorphic antigen-presenting molecules. The iNKT cell subset is restricted by the lipid antigen-presenting molecule CD1d and carries out immunomodulatory functions by rapid cytokine secretion. The molecular basis of this system, the semi-invariant iNKT TCR chains and CD1d were proven to be expressed and compared to homologs in human and rodents. Cotton rats possess multiple members of the AV14 and BV8 family and only one isoform of CD1d which is comparable to findings in the rat. Moreover, the reactivity of primary cells to glycolipid antigens could be shown, and an iNKT cell-like population was detected in primary cells using newly developed cotton rat CD1d oligomers. These were also applied to test the capacity of CD1d to present typical glycolipid antigens to iNKT TCR transductants. In addition, expression of cotton rat iNKT TCR α and β chains in TCR-negative cell lines was used to show successful pairing and detection of glycolipids in the context of CD1d. In summary, the conservation of a functional CD1d/iNKT cell system in the cotton rat could be shown, and tools were developed to study this cell subset in the course of infectious diseases. The Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset is the major γδ T cell subset in human peripheral blood and has the unique ability to contribute to immune surveillance by detecting pyrophosphorylated metabolites of isoprenoid synthesis that indicate cell stress, transformation or infection. Up to this date, phosphoantigen-reactive γδ T cells have only been shown in primate species. However, evidence for the existence and functional conservation of the genes implied in the BTN3/Vγ9Vδ2 T cell system was found in several placental mammal species, and two candidate species were chosen for further investigation. The nine-banded armadillo, a valuable model for leprosy research, was shown to possess homologous genes to TRGV9, TRDV2 and BTN3. In this study, the expression of productive rearrangements of TRDV2 gene segments could be shown in peripheral blood samples, but no evidence was found for the expression of a functional TRGV9 rearrangement or BTN3 molecules. Moreover, determinants of phosphoantigen-reactive Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and functional BTN3 molecules were found to still be prevalent in armadillo genes. This makes the armadillo an interesting model to study the structural determinants that allow phosphoantigen recognition by a functional Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset although this species is merely a witness for a functional system in a placental mammal ancestor. In contrast, alpacas were shown to express functional Vγ9Vδ2 T cells which conserved many features of the human counterpart. Expression of Vγ9Vδ2 pairings could be shown by single-cell PCR and functional phosphoantigenreactive pairings were observed. This phosphoantigen reactivity was also shown in PBMC cultures with a newly developed antibody specific for alpaca Vδ2Jδ4 chains. Moreover, a more detailed study of the alpaca TCR repertoire showed similarities to "γδ high" species like camelids and cattle which possess an extended family of TRDV genes. The γ and δ loci of alpaca TCR genes were drafted based on genomic information and cDNA studies and provide an overview for more detailed studies. Conservation of phosphoantigen recognition by the single BTN3 molecule of alpacas was shown in 293T knock out cell lines, and BTN3 detection on PBMCs was investigated with a newly developed alpaca BTN3-specific antibody. These findings prove the existence of a functional BTN3-dependent phosphoantigen-reactive Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset and provide a basis for the future study of this cell system in a non-primate species. Moreover, as the first non-primate candidate species with the BTN3/Vγ9Vδ2 T cell system the alpaca is an important outgroup for research in this field. The use of a single BTN3 variant in contrast to three human isoforms that work together renders the alpaca a unique and to this date indispensable model for Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. In conclusion, this study provides an overview of the applicability of new animal models in the study of the non-conventional T cell subsets iNKT cells and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and leads the way for a better understanding of structural and functional relationships.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hauff2009,
  author    = {Hauff, Cornelia},
  title     = {Aspects of the mode of action of bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) antibodies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48369},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) display a novel design among the class of bispecific antibodies and hold great promise to fight diverse cancers. BiTE molecules consist of two different binding entities derived from two human IgG antibodies connected by a short peptide linker. Their binding arms are directed against the CD3e chain of the T cell receptor on T cells and against an antigen that is specific for (e.g., CD19 for lymphoma in MT103) or over-expressed on (e.g., EpCAM for epithelial cancer in MT110) tumor cells. Without requirement for pre- or co-stimulation, BiTE molecules efficiently redirect CD3+ T cells towards tumor cells expressing the relevant target antigen. Only a BiTE molecule simultaneously bound to both tumor cell and T cell activates the T cell to exert its cytolytic function resulting in tumor cell death. In T cells stimulated with both BiTE and target cells, elevated levels of caspase activation and increased expression of cytotoxic and signaling proteins are observed. These include cytolytic proteins granzyme B and perforin, activation markers CD69 and CD25 and adhesion molecules CD2 and LFA-1. Activated T cells secrete the usual mix of cytokines, among them pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-g and TNF-a. The membrane of tumor cells expressing the relevant target antigen is perforated during the attack of BiTE-stimulated effector cells as can be concluded from adenylate kinase release from the cytosol of tumor cells. Ca2+-chelator EGTA completely blocked BiTE-mediated activation of caspases and tumor cell lysis. As perforin is strictly Ca2+-dependent, a major role for this pore-forming protein is assumed for the elimination of tumor cells via BiTE-stimulated T cells. Granzyme B and caspases are main players in BiTE-mediated elimination of tumor cells. Inhibitors of granzyme B or caspases reduce or block, respectively the activation of caspases. However, other signals of apoptosis (cleavage of PARP and fragmentation of DNA) were only reduced by granzyme B inhibitor or caspase inhibitor. Most interestingly, the lytic capacity of BiTE molecules was not impaired by granzyme B inhibitor or caspase inhibitor. It seems that there is no requirement for granzyme B and caspases to be present simultaneously. Instead the data presented provide evidence that they can be replaced one at a time by related proteins. Pre-incubation of effector cells with the glucocorticoids dexamethasone or methylprednisolone resulted in markedly decreased secretion of cytokines by T cells yet only a small reduction in the expression of activation markers and adhesion molecules on T cells and specific lysis of tumor cells upon BiTE stimulation. Soluble factors secreted in an undirected manner by BiTE-stimulated T cells do not mediate tumor cell death by themselves. Bystander cells negative for the antigen that is recognized by the BiTE molecule will not be compromised by BiTE activity. The cytokine TGF-b reduced proliferation as well as granzyme B and perforin expression of BiTE-stimulated T cells. Redirected lysis by BiTE-activated T cells was also decreased under the influence of TGF-b, however lysis was still performed at a reasonable rate (72 \% of target cells). TGF-b does not exert a deleterious effect on lytic potential of BiTE-stimulated T cells. The minimal anticipated biological effect level for the BiTE MT110 was determined for the entry of MT110 into phase I clinical studies. Experiments analyzing redirected lysis of tumor cells, expression of activation marker CD25 and cytokine release by T cells revealed a MABEL value of 50 pg/ml for MT110.},
  subject      = {Antik{\"o}rper},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Riano2016,
  author    = {Ria{\~n}o, Rub{\´e}n Felipe},
  title     = {BTN3A1 in the immune response of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142084},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are the main γδ T cell subset in the circulation, accounting for up to 5\% of the total peripheral blood lymphocyte population. They have been suggested to be important in response to tumors and infections. Their immune mechanisms encompass cell killing via cytotoxicity and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The main stimulators of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), denominated phosphoantigens (PAg). A major advance in the understanding of PAg detection and Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation has been the identification of the butyrophlin 3A (BTN3A) proteins as key mediators in these processes. In humans, three isoforms constitute the BTN3A family: BTN3A1, BTN3A2, and BTN3A3; and their genes are localized on the short arm of chromosome 6. The role of BTN3A1 has been highlighted by BTN3A-specific monoclonal antibody 20.1 (mAb 20.1), which has an agonist effect and causes proliferation, expansion, and activation of primary human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. On the other hand, BTN3A-specific monoclonal antibody 103.2 (mAb 103.2) is antagonistic, inhibiting the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell response. The actual mechanism underlying both PAg- and mAb 20.1-mediated activation is not completely elucidated, but the importance of BTN3A1 is clear. The main objective of this dissertation was to characterize the role of BTN3A1 in the PAg-dependent and PAg-independent Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation and to evaluate its contribution in the response to influeza A virus infected cells. This research work demonstrated, by using Vγ9Vδ2 TCR MOP-transduced murine cells (reporter cells), that human chromosome 6 (Chr6) is mandatory for PAg-induced stimulation, but not for stimulation with mAb 20.1. The reporter cells responded to mAb 20.1 in cultures with BTN3A1-transduced Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO BTN3A1) as antigen presenting cells. Nevertheless, for PAg-dependent activation the presence of Chr6 in CHO BTN3A1 was mandatory. Although reporter cells expressing clonotypically different Vγ9Vδ2 TCRs showed similar PAg response, they clearly differed in the mAb 20.1 response. The reporter cell line transduced with Vγ9Vδ2 TCR D1C55 demonstrated essentially no response to mAb 20.1 compared to Vγ9Vδ2 TCR MOP cells. These findings were further supported by experiments performed with human PBMCs-derived Vγ9Vδ2 T cell clones. The results indicate heterogeneity in the PAg- and 20.1-dependent responses, in terms of CD25 and CD69 expression, among three different Vγ9Vδ2 T cells clones. Co-cultures of reporter cells with Raji RT1BI and PAg plus mAb 20.1 or single chain antibody 20.1 (sc 20.1) revealed no additive or synergistic activating effects. In contrast, mAb 20.1 or sc 20.1 inhibited the PAg-mediated activation of the reporter cells. The comparison of the relative contribution of the isoforms BTN3A2 and BTN3A3, in the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, was undertaken by overexpression of these isoforms in CHO cells. The results showed that BTN3A2 contributes to both PAg- and mAb-induced Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation. On the contrary, BTN3A3 does not support PAg-mediated γδ T cell response. Additionally, mutations in the proposed PAg- and mAb 20.1-binding sites of the extracellular BTN3A1 domain were generated by means of site-directed mutagenesis. These mutations revoked the mAb 20.1-induced Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation, but not that induced by PAg. Finally, co-cultures of Vγ9Vδ2 TCR MOP-transduced murine reporter cells with influenza A/PR/8/34-infected cells, or infection of PBMCs with this virus strain indicated that BTN3A1 might be dispensable for the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell response against influenza A. The data of this research work points out that: i) in addition to BTN3A1, other Chr6-encoded genes are necessary for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation with PAg; ii) clonotypical (CDR3) differences influence the PAg- and mAb 20.1-mediated Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation; iii) the PAg- and mAb 20.1-induced responses are not synergistic and interfere with each other; iv) BTN3A2 and BTN3A3 isoforms differ in the ability to support PAg- or mAb 20.1-dependent Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation; v) the importance of the intracellular B30.2 domain of BTN3A1, in the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation, might be higher than that of the extracellular domain; and vi) in spite of the importance of BTN3A1 in the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, it is possible that many molecules with redundant functions are involved in the elimination of influenza virus infection by these cells. In summary, it is possible to hypothesize a model in which BTN3A1 detects prenyl pyrophosphates in the cytoplasm via its B30.2 domain and in association with another protein(s). The binding of PAg to this domain induces a multimerization of BTN3A1 or a conformational change of its extracellular domain (mimicked by mAb 20.1). These modifications might be recognized by the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR or by an associated T cell protein. In the case that the TCR directly recognizes BTN3A1, the intensity of the response will depend on the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR clonotype. Future research will allow to gain a better understanding of BTN3A1, its interaction with other proteins, its actual role in the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, and its importance in specific models of cancer or infection. This knowledge will be necessary to transform these cells into effective tools in the clinic.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Matuschek2010,
  author    = {Matuschek, Anja},
  title     = {Characterization of tolerogenic rat bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and regulatory T cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51708},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Tolerogene Dendritische Zellen (DZ) und regulatorische T-Lymphozyten (Treg) verf{\"u}gen {\"u}ber die F{\"a}higkeit, destruktive Immunantworten zu verhindern. Die Hoffnung besteht, solche Zellen in naher Zukunft f{\"u}r therapeutische Zwecke einzusetzen, um z. B. Immunantworten nach Transplantation, aber auch bei Autoimmunit{\"a}t und Allergie antigenspezifisch zu supprimieren. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt ist die Generierung solcher Zellen aufwendig und noch nicht f{\"u}r die klinische Routine geeignet. Zudem sind die Mechanismen noch wenig verstanden, wie diese Zellen eine gew{\"u}nschte Immunhemmung in vivo auszul{\"o}sen und wie der m{\"o}glichen Gefahr einer zu starken Immunhemmung zu begegnen ist. Das Kleinnagermodell Ratte ist f{\"u}r die biomedizinische Forschung noch immer von großer Bedeutung, umso {\"u}berraschender ist es, dass insbesondere tolerogene DZ und Treg in diesem Modell bisher nur unzureichend untersucht wurden. Das Ziel der Arbeit war deshalb, diese Immunzellen umfassend zu charakterisieren und ihre Funktion auf das Immunsystem zu untersuchen. Tolerogene DZ wurden mit GM-CSF und IL-4 aus Knochenmarkvorl{\"a}uferzellen generiert (= IL-4 DC). Der Anteil an nat{\"u}rlich vorkommenden Treg mit einem Ph{\"a}notyp CD4posCD25posFoxp3pos umfasst ca. 5-8\% der peripheren naiven CD4pos TLymphozyten. Die Charakterisierung der IL-4 DC zeigte im Vergleich zu reifen DZ der Milz eine bis zu 26-fach geringere Expression von Oberfl{\"a}chenmolek{\"u}len wie MHC-Klasse II Molek{\"u}l, CD80, CD86, ICAM-1 und CD25. Diese geringe Expression {\"a}nderte sich auch nicht, wenn die Zellen verschiedensten Reifungssignalen wie das Replattieren,LPS, TNF-α und CD40L ausgesetzt wurden. IL-4 DC verf{\"u}gen somit {\"u}ber einen robusten und gegen{\"u}ber Reifungssignalen {\"u}beraus resistenten Ph{\"a}notyp. IL-4 DC nehmen Antigene durch Endozytose auf und sind unf{\"a}hig, sowohl naive TLymphozyten zu aktivieren, als auch antigenspezifische T-Lymphozyten zu restimulieren. Zudem sind sie in der Lage, die Aktivierung naiver T-Lymphozyten und die Restimulierung antigenspezifischer T-Lymphozyten durch reife Milz-DZ zu bzw. zu verz{\"o}gern. Dabei verringerte sich die Proliferation der TLymphozyten um bis zu 95\%. Diese Beeinflussung der Proliferation ist nach Zugabe der IL-4 DC bereits innerhalb von 24 Stunden zu messen. Die verringerte Aktivierung geht zu dem mit einer verringerten Zytokinaussch{\"u}ttung (IL-2 um 49\% und IFN-γ um 92\%) einher. Die inhibitorischen Eigenschaften der IL-4 DC scheinen aber nicht ausschließlich auf der verringerten Expression kostimulatorischer Molek{\"u}le zu beruhen. Der Nachweis der beiden inhibitorischen Oberfl{\"a}chenmolek{\"u}le PD-L1 und PD-L2 auf IL-4 DC l{\"a}sst ebenfalls eine Bedeutung dieser Molek{\"u}le bei der Vermittlung inhibierender Signale vermuten. Auch die suppressive Wirkung l{\"o}slicher Faktoren wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt. {\"U}berst{\"a}nde einer 24-st{\"u}ndigen Kultur mit einer Million IL-4 DC hemmten die Aktivierung naiver T-Lymphozyten durch reife Milz-DZ um etwa 90\%. F{\"u}r diese Immunhemmung scheint das in diesen {\"U}berst{\"a}nden nachgewiesene Zytokin TGF-β (bis 300 pg/ml) verantwortlich zu sein. Im Vergleich dazu wiesen {\"U}berst{\"a}nde reifer Milz-DZ, die nicht die Aktivierung von T-Lymphozyten hemmten, eine TGF-β Konzentrationen von bis 100 pg/ml auf. Im Gegensatz dazu scheint zelltoxisches Stickstoffmonoxid nur eine geringe Rolle bei der Inhibierung der T-Zellproliferation zu spielen. Die Zugabe des NO Synthase-Inhibitors NMMA verringerte zwar den Anteil an NO um ca. 50\%, doch f{\"u}hrte dies nicht zu einer Steigerung der Proliferation von T-Lymphozyten. IL-4 DC sind zwar nicht in der Lage, T-Lymphozyten zur Proliferation zu bringen, doch bedeutet dies nicht, dass keinerlei Ver{\"a}nderungen auf molekularer Ebene festzustellen w{\"a}ren. So sind T-Lymphozyten nach ihrer Inkubation mit IL-4 DC nicht in der Lage, in Gegenwart von reifen Milz-DZ zu proliferieren. Dieser anergische Zustand wurde nach Zugabe von IL-2 aufgehoben. Zudem k{\"o}nnen diese TLymphozyten nach ihrer Inkubation mit IL-4 DC die Aktivierung na{\"i}ver TLymphozyten hemmen. Na{\"i}ve und aktivierte T-Lymphozyten k{\"o}nnen dies nicht. Diese Beobachtung, die auf eine Induktion von Treg schließen l{\"a}sst, wurde genauer untersucht. In der Tat zeigten durchflusszytometrische Analysen eine 1,6-fach verst{\"a}rkte Expansion von CD4posCD25posFoxp3pos T-Lymphozyten aus nat{\"u}rlich vorkommenden Treg in Gegenwart von IL-4 DC. Dabei erfolgte die Expansion von CD4posCD25posFoxp3pos T-Lymphozyten unabh{\"a}ngig vom Reifegrad der DZ. So waren auch reife Milz-DZ dazu in der Lage, die Zahl der nat{\"u}rlich vorkommenden Treg zu erh{\"o}hen. Doch wiesen diese mit Milz-DZ inkubierten Treg einen verminderten inhibitorischen Effekt auf. Im Gegensatz dazu waren die mit IL-4 DC inkubierten Treg in der Lage die Aktivierung naiver T-Lymphozyten zu hemmen. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass sich das regulatorische Potential von DZ nicht ausschließlich vom Ph{\"a}notyp bzw. ihrem Reifegrad ableiten l{\"a}sst, sondern dass hierzu auch ihre funktionellen Eigenschaften zu untersuchen sind. Die Induktion von Treg mit suppressiven Eigenschaften durch in vitro generierte tolerogene IL-4 DC k{\"o}nnte ein wichtiger Mechanismus zur Aufrechterhaltung der peripheren Toleranz darstellen. Vor einer klinischen Umsetzung sind aber noch weitergehende Untersuchungen notwendig, um das Zusammenspiel zwischen tolerogenen DZ und Treg zu verstehen, aber auch um die Auswirkungen eines Transfers großer Mengen regulatorischer Zellen auf das Immunsystem des Empf{\"a}ngers zu untersuchen.},
  subject      = {Dendritische Zelle},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Lee1999,
  author    = {Lee, Kyeong-Hee},
  title     = {Cofilin},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1681},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1999},
  abstract  = {This study has identified cofilin, an actin binding protein, as a control element in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton which is highly relevant for T lymphocyte activation. Cofilin is regulated in its activity by reversible phosphorylation which is inducible by stimulation through accessory receptors such as CD2 and CD28. First it could be demonstrated that accessory receptor triggering induces the transient association of cofilin with the actin cytoskeleton and that only the dephosphorylated form of cofilin possesses the capacity to bind cytoskeletal actin in vivo. PI3-kinase inhibitors block both the dephosphorylation of cofilin and its association with the actin cytoskeleton. Importantly, cofilin, actin, PI3-kinase and one of its substrates, namely phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) which can bind to cofilin, co-localize within CD2-receptor caps. The cofilin/F-actin interaction has been identified as a crucial regulatory element for receptor cap formation and the strength of signal transduction. To this end, appropriately designed cell permeable non-toxic peptides that are homologous to actin binding motifs of the human cofilin sequence were introduced into untransformed human peripheral blood T lymphocytes. These peptides competitively and dose dependently inhibit the activation induced interaction of cofilin with the actin cytoskeleton in vivo. By this approach it was possible to study, for the first time, the functional consequences of this interaction in immunocompetent T cells. The present data demonstrate that inhibition of the actin/cofilin interaction in human T lymphocytes by means of these cofilin derived peptides abolishes receptor cap formation and strongly modulates functional T cell responses such as T cell proliferation, interleukin-2 production, cell surface expression of CD69, gIFN production, and CD95L expression. Importantly, receptor independent activation by PMA and calcium ionophore circumvents these peptide produced inhibitory effects on lymphocyte stimulation and places the cofilin/actin interaction to a proximal step in the cascade of signaling events following T cell activation via surface signals. The present results are novel since as yet no information existed regarding the molecular elements which link cell surface receptor stimulation directly to the resulting reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Foeger2000,
  author    = {F{\"o}ger, Niko},
  title     = {Costimulatory function of CD44},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1186},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {T cell activation is supposed to require two signals via engagement of the TCR and a costimulatory molecule. However, the signaling cascade of costimulatory molecules has remained elusive. Here, I provide evidence that CD44 supports proliferation as well as apoptosis mainly, if not exclusively, by enhancing signal transduction via the TCR/CD3 complex. Blockade of CD44 interferes with mounting of an immune response. This has been demonstrated by the significantly decreased IL-2 production of a T helper line, when stimulated in the presence of a competing CD44 receptor globulin. To evaluate the underlying mechanism, CD44 was cross-linked by an immobilized antibody (IM7). Cross-linking of CD44 induces proliferation of peripheral T cells and apoptosis of thymocytes and a T helper line in the presence of subthreshold levels of anti-CD3. CD44-induced proliferation was accompanied by an upregulation of the activation markers CD25 and CD69 and an increased cytokine production. TCR-mediated apoptosis was accompanied by an upregulation of CD95 ligand and CD95 receptor, which could be greatly enhanced by costimulation via CD44. On the level of signal transduction, coligation of CD44 with CD3 resulted in a strong and sustained increase of early tyrosine phosphorylation events and upregulated downstream signal transduction pathways, such as the ras/ERK and the JNK signaling cascades. These pleiotropic effects of CD44 are due to its involvement in the most proximal events in TCR signaling, as demonstrated by a strong increase in the phosphorylation of the TCR z-chain and ZAP-70. Notably, cross-linking of CD44 was binding-site dependent and was only effective when supporting colocalization of the TCR/CD3 complex and CD44. Cross-linking of CD44 via immobilized IM7 also induced profound changes in cell morphology, characterized by strong adhesion, spreading and development of surface extensions, which were dependent on a functional tubulin and actin cytoskeleton. These cytoskeletal rearrangements were mediated by rac1, a small GTPase of the rho subfamily, and src-family kinases, two of which, fyn and lck, were found to be associated with CD44. By cross-linkage of CD44 these kinases were redistributed into so called lipid rafts. It is supposed that for T cell activation a relocation of the TCR/CD3 complex into the same membrane microdomains is required. The data are interpreted in the sense that the costimulatory function of CD44 relies on its cooperativity with the TCR. Most likely by recruitment of phosphokinases CD44 significantly lowers the threshold for the initiation of signaling via the TCR. The requirement for immobilized anti-CD44, the necessity for neighbouring anti-CD3 and the dependence on the binding site of CD44 strongly suggest that the costimulatory mechanism involves cytoskeletal rearrangements, which facilitate recruitment and redirection of src-family protein kinases in glycolipid enriched membrane microdomains.},
  subject      = {Antigen CD44},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Pletinckx2011,
  author    = {Pletinckx, Katrien},
  title     = {Dendritic cell maturation and instruction of CD4+ T cell tolerance in vitro},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67375},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Effective T cell immunity was believed to occur by mature DC, whereas tolerogenicity was attributed strictly to immature DC phenotypes. However, intermediate DC maturation stages were identified conditioned by inflammatory mediators like TNF. Furthermore, the T cell tolerance mechanisms are dependent on distinct modes and intensities of co-stimulation. Therefore, in this study it was addressed how distinct DC maturation signatures instruct CD4+ T cell tolerance mechanisms. DC acquire antigens from apoptotic cells for self-peptide-MHC presentation and functionally adapt presumed tolerogenic DC phenotypes. Here, immature murine bone-marrow derived DC representing both inflammatory and conventional DC subsets adapted a maturationresistant DC signature upon apoptotic cell recognition but no additional tolerogenic features. Immature DC instruct CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in a TGF-β prone micro-environment or generate anergic CD4+ T cells hampered in the TCR-induced proliferation and IL-2 secretion. Secondary stimulation of such anergic CD4+ T cells by immature DC increased primarily IL-10 production and conferred regulatory function. These IL-10+ regulatory T cells expressed high levels of CTLA-4, which is potently induced by immature DC in particular. Data in this work showed that anergic T cells can be re-programmed to become IL-10+ regulatory T cells upon ligation of CTLA-4 and CD28 signalling cascades by B7 costimulatory ligands on immature DC. In contrast, semi-mature DC phenotypes conditioned by the inflammatory mediator TNF prevented autoimmune disorders by induction of IL-10+ Th2 responses as demonstrated previously. Here, it was shown that TNF as an endogenous maturation stimulus and pathogenic Trypanosoma brucei variant-specific surface glycoproteins (VSG) induced highly similar DC gene expression signatures which instructed default effector Th2 responses. Repetitive administration of the differentially conditioned semi-mature DC effectively skewed T cell immunity to IL-10+ Th2 cells, mediating immune deviation and suppression. Collectively, the data presented in this work provide novel insights how immature and partially mature DC phenotypes generate T cell tolerance mechanisms in vitro, which has important implications for the design of effective DC-targeted vaccines. Unravelling the DC maturation signatures is central to the long-standing quest to break tolerance mimicked by malignant tumours or re-establish immune homeostasis in allergic or autoimmune disorders.},
  subject      = {Dendritische Zelle},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Storim2011,
  author    = {Storim, Julian},
  title     = {Dynamic mapping of the immunological synapse in T cell homeostasis and activation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70114},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Polarity and migration are essential for T cell activation, homeostasis, recirculation and effector function. To address how T cells coordinate polarization and migration when interacting with dendritic cells (DC) during homeostatic and activating conditions, a low density collagen model was used for confocal live-cell imaging and high-resolution 3D reconstruction of fixed samples. During short-lived (5 to 15 min) and migratory homeostatic interactions, recently activated T cells simultaneously maintained their amoeboid polarization and polarized towards the DC. The resulting fully dynamic and asymmetrical interaction plane comprised all compartments of the migrating T cell: the actin-rich leading edge drove migration but displayed only moderate signaling activity; the mid-zone mediated TCR/MHC induced signals associated with homeostatic proliferation; and the rear uropod mediated predominantly MHC independent signals possibly connected to contact-dependent T cell survival. This "dynamic immunological synapse" with distinct signaling sectors enables moving T cells to serially sample antigen-presenting cells and resident tissue cells and thus to collect information along the way. In contrast to homeostatic contacts, recognition of the cognate antigen led to long-lasting T cell/DC interaction with T cell rounding, disintegration of the uropod, T cell polarization towards the DC, and the formation of a symmetrical contact plane. However, the polarity of the continuously migrating DC remained intact and T cells aggregated within the DC uropod, an interesting cellular compartment potentially involved in T cell activation and regulation of the immune response. Taken together, 3D collagen facilitates high resolution morphological studies of T cell function under realistic, in vivo-like conditions.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Monjezi2018,
  author    = {Monjezi, Razieh},
  title     = {Engineering of chimeric antigen receptor T cells with enhanced therapeutic index in cancer immunotherapy using non-viral gene transfer and genome editing},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-152521},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The advances in genetic engineering have enabled us to confer T cells new desired functions or delete their specific undesired endogenous properties for improving their antitumor function. Due to their efficient gene delivery, viral vectors have been successfully used in T-cell engineering to provide gene transfer medicinal products for the treatment of human disease. One example is adoptive cell therapy with T cells that were genetically modified with gamma-retroviral and lentiviral (LV) delivery vectors to express a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) for cancer treatment. This therapeutic approach has shown remarkable results against B-cell malignancies in pilot clinical trials. Consequently, there is a strong desire to make CAR T cell therapy scalable and globally available to patients. However, there are persistent concerns and limitations with the use of viral vectors for CAR T cell generation with regard to safety, cost and scale of vector production. In order to address these concerns, we aimed to improve non-viral gene transfer and genome editing tools as an effective, safe and broadly applicable alternative to viral delivery methods for T-cell engineering. In the first part of the study, we engineered CAR T cells through non-viral Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposition of CAR genes from minimalistic DNA vectors called minicircles rather than conventional SB plasmids. This novel approach dramatically increased stable gene transfer rate and cell viability and resulted in higher yield of CAR+ T cells without the need of long ex vivo expansion to generate therapeutic doses of CAR+ T cells. Importantly, CD19-CAR T cells modified by MC-based SB transposition were equally effective as LV transduced CD19-CAR T cells in vitro and in a murine xenograft model (NSG/Raji-ffLuc), where a single administration of CD8+ and CD4+ CAR T cells led to complete eradication of lymphoma and memory formation of CAR T cells after lymphoma clearance. To characterize the biosafety profile of the CAR T cell products, we did the most comprehensive genomic insertion site analysis performed so far in T cells modified with SB. The data showed a close-to-random integration profile of the SB transposon with a higher number of insertions in genomic safe harbors compared to LV integrants. We developed a droplet digital PCR assay that enables rapid determination of CAR copy numbers for clinical applications. In the second part of the study, we ablated expression of PD-1, a checkpoint and negative regulator of T cell function to improve the therapeutic index of CAR T cells. This was accomplished using non-viral CRISPR/Cas9 via pre-assemble Cas9 protein and in vitro-transcribed sgRNA (Cas9 RNP). Finally, we combined our developed Cas9 RNP tool with CAR transposition from MC vectors into a single-step protocol and successfully generated PD-1 knockout CAR+ T cells. Based on the promising results achieved from antibody-mediated PD-1 blockade in the treatment of hematological and solid tumors, we are confident that PD-1 knockout CAR T cells enhance the potency of CAR T cell therapies for treatment of cancers without the side effects of antibody-based therapies. In conclusion, we provide a novel platform for virus-free genetic engineering of CAR T cells that can be broadly applied in T-cell cancer therapy. The high level of gene transfer rate and efficient genome editing, superior safety profile as well as ease-of-handling and production of non-viral MC vectors and Cas9 RNP position our developed non-viral strategies to become preferred approaches in advanced cellular and gene-therapy.},
  subject      = {Krebs <Medizin>},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Akimzhanov2005,
  author    = {Akimzhanov, Askar M.},
  title     = {Epigenetic repression of the NFATc1 transcription factor in human lymphomas},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-12921},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {We examined the regulation of NFATc1 in different lymphomas and observed an inversed correlation between the methylation status and expression of NFATc1. Our data demonstrate that aberrant DNA methylation associated with chromatin remodeling within nfatc1 locus is a major mechanism for the repression of NFATc1 expression, suggesting that the DNA methylation-mediated transcriptional silencing of NFATc1 may be a critical event in the tumorogenesis of ALCLs and cHLs. Furthermore, the DNA methylation of human nfatc1 promoter region could be used as a novel biomarker of tumor progression. Our results indicate a close link between the loss of immunoreceptor signaling and NFATc1 expression in human lymphomas. For both ALCLs and cHLs, defects in immunoreceptor signaling have been described which result in a loss of receptor-mediated gene expression programs (Schwering et al., 2003; Bonzheim et al., 2004; Marafioti et al., 2004). In T cells, one indicator gene of these programs appears to be the nfatc1 gene whose expression is controlled by TCR signals (Chuvpilo et al., 2002a). In contrast, in T cells NFATc1 expression is unaffected by TCR signals, and NFATc2 was found to be expressed at normal levels in ALCLs and cHLs (L.K., unpubl. data). Moreover, the activity of NF-kappaB factors which can bind to certain NFAT binding sites and share a distantly-related DNA binding domain with NFATs is strongly elevated in cHL cells (Bargou et al., 1997; Hinz et al., 2001; Hinz et al., 2002) suggesting that NFATs and NF-kappaBs exert very different effects on generation and maintenance of Hodgkin's lymhomas. However, it should be mentioned that in Burkitt's and further B cell lymphomas in which NFATc1 proteins are strongly expressed and controlled by receptor signals (Kondo et al., 2003), they could exert a promoting function in tumor development. The genes of p53 family members p63 and p73 are prominent examples for mammalian genes whose products can act both as oncoproteins and tumor suppressor genes (Hibi et al., 2000; Stiewe and Putzer, 2002), and it is likely that more genes exist which encode both tumor suppressors and oncoproteins. It remains to be shown whether the nfatc1 gene is one of them.},
  subject      = {Lymphom},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Karunakaran2014,
  author    = {Karunakaran, Mohindar Murugesh},
  title     = {Evolution of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-99871},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are the major subset of blood γδ T cells and account for 1-5\% of blood T cells. Pyrophosphorylated metabolites of isoprenoid biosynthesis are recognized by human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and are called as phosphoantigens (PAg). Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) are among the few well studied PAg. IPP is found in all organisms while HMBPP is a precursor of IPP found only in eubacteria, plants and apicomplexaen parasite. Interestingly, the PAg reactive Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are so far identified only in human and higher primates but not in rodents. Hence, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are believed to be restricted to primates. With regard to PAg recognition, a Vγ9JP recombined TCRγ chain and certain CDR3 motifs of the TCR chain are mandatory. The BTN3A1 molecule is essential for a response to PAg. BTN3 is a trans-membrane protein belonging to butyrophilin family of proteins. Though BTN3A1 was found to be essential for PAg presentation, the exact molecular basis of PAg presentation still remains unclear. This thesis presents new data on the evolution of Vγ9Vδ2 TCR and its ligands (BTN3) as well as the genetic basis of PAg presentation to Vγ9Vδ2 TCR. The comprehensive analysis of genomic database sequences at NCBI and other public domain databases revealed for the first time that Vγ9, Vδ2 and BTN3 genes emerged and co-evolved along with the placental mammals. Vγ9, Vδ2 and BTN3 genes are scattered across mammalian species and not restricted to primates. But interestingly, all three genes are highly conserved between phylogenetically distinct species. Moreover, the distribution pattern of Vγ9, Vδ2 TCR genes and BTN3 genes suggests a functional association between these genes representing the TCR - ligand relationship. Alpaca (Vicugna pacos), a member of the camelid family, is one among the 6 candidate non-primate species which were found to possess functional Vγ9, Vδ2 and BTN3 genes. From peripheral lymphocytes of alpaca, Vγ9 chain transcripts with a characteristic JP rearrangement and transcripts of Vδ2 chains with a CDR3 typical for PAg-reactive TCR were identified. The transduction of αβ TCR negative mouse thymoma BW cells with alpaca Vγ9 and Vδ2 TCR chains resulted in surface expression of the TCR complex as it was deduced from detection of cell surface expression of mouse CD3. Cross-linking of alpaca Vγ9Vδ2 TCR transductants with anti-CD3ε led to IL-2 production which confirmed that alpaca Vγ9 and Vδ2 TCR chains pair to form a functional TCR. Besides the conservation of human like Vγ9 and Vδ2 TCR chains, alpaca has conserved an orthologue for human BTN33A1 as well. Interestingly, the predicted PAg binding sites of human BTN3A1 was 100\% conserved in deduced amino acid sequence of alpaca BTN3A1. All together alpaca is a promising candidate for further studies as it might have preserved Vγ9Vδ2 T cells to function in surveillance of stress and infections. This thesis also provides the sequence of Vγ9Vδ2 TCR of African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops), which was previously unknown. Moreover, our data indicates the lack of any species specific barrier which could hinder the PAg presentation by African monkey derived COS cells to human Vγ9Vδ2 TCR and vice versa of human cells to African green monkey Vγ9Vδ2 TCR which was in contradiction to previously reported findings. Apart from the above, the thesis also presents new data on the genetic basis of PAg presentation to Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, which revealed that human chromosome 6 is sufficient for the presentation of exogenous and endogenous PAg. By employing human/mouse somatic hybrids, we identified the role of human chromosome 6 in PAg presentation and in addition, we observed the lack of capacity of human chromosome 6 positive hybrids to activate Vγ9Vδ2 TCR transductants in the presence of the alkylamine sec-butylamine (SBA). Investigation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells containing the human chromosome 6 also yielded similar results. This suggests that aminobisphosphonates (zoledronate) and alkylamines employ different mechanisms for activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells although both have been described to act by inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase activity which is known to increase intracellular levels of the IPP. In conclusion, this thesis suggests that Vγ9, Vδ2 and BTN3 genes controlling Vγ9Vδ2 TCR- ligand relationship emerged and co-evolved along with placental mammals; and also identified candidate non-primate species which could possess Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Furthermore, it suggests alpaca as a promising non-primate species to investigate the physiological function of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. With respect to PAg antigen presentation it was shown that chromosome 6 is essential and sufficient for exogenous and endogenous PAg presentation. Moreover, the alkylamine SBA and aminobisphosphonate zoledronate may engage different cellular mechanism to exert inhibition over IPP consumption. The thesis raises interesting questions which need to be addressed in future: 1) What are the environmental and evolutionary factors involved in preservation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells only by few species? 2) What could be the functional nature and antigen recognition properties of such a conserved T cell subset? 3) What is the genetic and molecular basis of the differential capacity of human chromosome 6 bearing rodent-human hybridoma cells in activating Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in presence of SBA and aminobisphosphonates?},
  subject      = {Evolution},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Lin2004,
  author    = {Lin, Chia-Huey},
  title     = {Functional characterization of rat CTLA-4 and CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-8521},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Summary: In the present work, two important negative regulators of T cell responses in rats were examined. At the molecular level, rat CTLA-4, a receptor important for deactivating T cell responses, was examined for the expression pattern and in vitro functions. For this purpose, anti-rat CTLA-4 mAbs were generated. Consistent with the studies in mice and humans, rat CTLA-4 was detectable only in CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells in unstimulated rats, and was upregulated in all activated T cells. Cross-linking rat CTLA-4 led to the deactivation of anti-TCR- and anti-CD28 stimulated (costimulation) T cell responses such as reduction in activation marker expression, proliferation, and cytokine IL-2 production. Although T cells stimulated with the superagonistic anti-CD28 antibody alone without TCR engagement also increased their CTLA-4 expression, a delayed kinetics of CTLA-4 upregulation was found in cells stimulated in this way. The physiological relevance of this finding needs further investigation. At the cellular level, rat CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells were examined here in detail. Using rat anti-CTLA-4 mAbs, the phenotype of CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells was investigated. Identical to the mouse and human Treg phenotype, rat CD25+CD4+ T cells constitutively expressed CTLA-4, were predominantly CD45RC low, and expressed high level of CD62L (L-selectin). CD25+CD4+ cells proliferated poorly and were unable to produce IL-2 upon engagement of the TCR and CD28. Furthermore, rat CD25+CD4+ cells produced high amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 upon stimulation. Importantly, freshly isolated CD25+CD4+ T cells from na{\"i}ve rats exhibited suppressor activities in the in vitro suppressor assays. In vitro, CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells proliferated vigorously upon superagonistic anti-CD28 stimulation and became very potent suppressor cells. In vivo, a single injection of CD28 superagonist into rats induced transient accumulation and activation of CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells. These findings suggest firstly that efficient expansion of CD25+CD4+ cells without losing their suppressive effects (even enhance their suppressive activities) can be achieved with the superagonistic anti- CD28 antibody in vitro. Secondly, the induction of disproportional expansion of CD25+CD4+ cells by a single injection of superagonistic anti-CD28 antibody in vivo implies that superagonistic anti-CD28 antibody may be a promising candidate in treating autoimmune diseases by causing a transient increase of activated CD25+CD4+ T cells and thus tipping ongoing autoimmune responses toward selftolerance.},
  subject      = {Ratte},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{PenaMosca2024,
  author    = {Pe{\~n}a Mosca, Mar{\´i}a Josefina},
  title     = {Local regulation of T-cell immunity in the intestinal mucosa},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-35266},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-352665},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {After priming in Peyer's patches (PPs) and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) T- cells infiltrate the intestine through lymphatic draining and homing through the bloodstream. However, we found that in mouse models of acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), a subset of alloreactive T-cells directly migrates from PPs to the adjacent intestinal lamina propria (LP), bypassing the normal lymphatic drainage and vascular trafficking routes. Notably, this direct migration occurred in irradiated and unirradiated GvHD models, indicating that irradiation is not a prerequisite for this observed behavior. Next, we established a method termed serial intravascular staining (SIVS) in mouse models to systematically investigate the trafficking and migration of donor T- cells in the early stages of acute GvHD initiation. We found that the direct migration of T-cells from PPs to LP resulted in faster recruitment of cells after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). These directly migrating T-cells were found to be in an activated and proliferative state, exhibiting a TH1/TH17-like phenotype and producing cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. Furthermore, we observed that the directly migrating alloreactive T-cells expressed specific integrins (α4+, αE+) and chemokine receptors (CxCR3+, CCR5+, and CCR9+). Surprisingly, blocking these integrins and chemokine-coupled receptors did not hinder the direct migration of T- cells from PPs to LP, suggesting the involvement of alternative mechanisms. Previous experiments ruled out the involvement of S1PR1 and topographical features of macrophages, leading us to hypothesize that mediators of cytoskeleton reorganization, such as Coro1a, Dock2, or Cdc42, may play a role in this unique migration process. Additionally, we observed that directly migrating T-cells created a local inflammatory microenvironment, which attracts circulating T-cells. Histological analysis confirmed that alloreactive PPs-derived T-cells and bloodborne T-cells colocalized. We employed two experimental approaches, including either photoconversion of T-cells in PPs or direct transfer of activated T-cells into the vasculature, to demonstrate this colocalization. We hypothesize that cytokines released by migrating T-cells, such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, may play a role in recruiting T-cells from the vasculature, as inhibiting chemokine-coupled receptors did not impair recruitment.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{JarickneeOttmueller2020,
  author    = {Jarick [n{\´e}e Ottm{\"u}ller], Katja Julika},
  title     = {Migration of allogenic T cells in intestinal lymphoid structures during acute Graft-versus-Host Disease},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17875},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178758},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {T cell infiltration into the intestine occurs after priming and activation in the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches and subsequent trafficking via the blood circulation. We hypothesized that additionally to the vascular trafficking route, a fraction of T cells in the Peyer's patches directly migrate into the adjacent lamina propria of the small intestine. To test this hypothesis, we employed a mouse model of acute Graft-versus-Host Disease to study the direct T cell migration from the Peyer's patches to the adjacent lamina propria. First, we analyzed the border of Peyer's patches on histological sections and found that the Peyer's patch is not enclosed by a capsule or basement membrane. Thus, the tissue architecture allows for direct access to the surrounding tissue. With whole-mount light sheet fluorescence microscopy we quantified a three-dimensional gradient of T cells around Peyer's patches on day 2.5 and day 3 after transplantation. This gradient evened out at day 4 and day 6 when high numbers of T cells started to evenly infiltrate the intestine from the blood circulation. We confirmed that gradient-forming T cells around Peyer's patches resided within the tissue parenchyma of the lamina propria and not inside lymphatic vessels. To positively prove that the recently activated donor T cells around Peyer's patches have egressed directly from that patch, we established a protocol for intravital photoconversion of T cells inside Peyer's patches. 12 h after photoconversion inside a single Peyer's patch, photoconverted T cells resided only around this particular Peyer's patch and not elsewhere in the small intestine. This indicated that the T cells did not infiltrate via the blood but migrated to the adjacent lamina propria of the small intestine. Dynamic intravital two-photon microscopy revealed that these T cells next to the Peyer's patch migrated in a random pattern. This suggested that these cells did not follow a positive chemoattractive gradient once they had reached the lamina propria. Laser-capture microdissection combined with RNA sequencing of the mucosa near the Peyer's patch identified a wide range of migration-promoting factors. These included chemokines, co-stimulatory receptors and migration-associated intracellular molecules, which are candidates to promote this direct migration from Peyer's patches. Altogether, we demonstrate for the first time that additionally to the vascular trafficking route, a fraction of T cells migrates directly from the Peyer's patch to the surrounding mucosa. This mechanism implies so far unrecognized regional specification of Peyer's-patch-primed T cells. Our findings may impact treatment strategies to avoid intestinal inflammation or foster immunity after oral vaccination.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Li2010,
  author    = {Li, Jian-Qiang},
  title     = {Modulating the expression of enzymes of isoprenoid synthesis: effects on Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell activation and tumor cell growth},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46388},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {This study focuses on phosphoantigen specific Vg9Vd2 T cells which only exist in human and non-human primates. This population accounts for 1\%-5\% of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes but their frequency can rise to 50\% of total blood T cells upon infection. Vg9Vd2 T cells can be activated by nonpeptide compounds with critical phosphate moieties which are termed as phosphoantigens. These include isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), a key compound of isoprenoid synthesis in all organisms, and (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), a direct precursor of IPP in DOXP pathway which only exist in eubacteria, plants, apicomplexaen parasites. Its activity as phosphoantigen is at least 1000 fold higher than that of IPP. However, direct structural evidence of phosphoantigen binding to the TCR is missing so far. Moreover, Vg9Vd2 T cells have potent anti-tumor activity e.g. against the B-cell lymphoma Daudi, whose Vg9Vd2 T cell activating properties have been suggested to result from sensing of abnormal intracellular IPP levels by the Vg9Vd2 TCR or Vg9Vd2 TCR binding to other postulated ligands such as an ectopically expressed F1-ATPase or UL-16 binding protein 4 (ULBP4). Aminobisphosphonates and alkymines were hypothesized to activate Vg9Vd2 T cells indirectly by inhibiting the IPP consuming enzyme farnysyl pyrophosphates synthesis (FPPS) although off target effects of these drugs or a direct interaction with the Vg9Vd2 TCR could not be excluded. This thesis presents new approaches for the mechanistic analysis of Vg9Vd2 T cell activation. By employing retroviral transduction of FPPS specific shRNA, it shows that specific shRNA reduces expression of FPPS and is sufficient to convert hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic tumor cell lines into Vg9Vd2 T cell activators. FPPS knockdown cells activated Vg9Vd2 T cells as measured by increased levels of CD69 and CD107a, kill of FPPS knockdown cells and induction of IFN-\&\#947; secretion. The IPP-synthesis-inhibiting drug mevastatin reduced Vg9Vd2 T cell activation by FPPS knockdown cells or aminobisphosphonate treated cells but not activation by the phosphoantigen bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP). A reduced growth of the FPPS knockdown cells has not been observed which is different to what has been reported for aminobisphosphonate treated cells. Finally, the human B-cell lymphoma RAJI has been transduced with Tetracyclin-inducible FPPS specific shRNA and proven to gain and loose the capacity to activate Vg9Vd2 TCR transductants upon doxycylin provision or removal. Another approach for the analysis of Vg9Vd2 T cell activation is Vg9Vd2 TCR transduced mouse cell lines with specificity for phosphoantigens. In contrast to the previously used Vg9Vd2 TCR transduced Jurkat cells, these cells do not present phosphoantigens, and are therefore specially suited for analysis of phosphoantigen presentation. The response of the new TCR transductants to presumed Vg9Vd2 TCR ligands/activators such as phosphoantigens, aminobisphosphonates or FPPS knockdown cells, depended strongly on the expression of a rat/mouse CD28 molecule by the transductants and its ligation by the (CD80) counter receptor on the ligand-presenting cell. The response is likely to reflect recognition of cognate Vg9Vd2 TCR antigens since mutations in the TCR-\&\#948; chain CDR2 and 3 abolished this response but activation by TCR or CD3 specific antibodies. A major difference between TCR transductants and primary gd T cells, was the lacking response of TCR transductants to Daudi or IPP. In addition their sensitivity to other soluble phosphoantigens was about 100 fold weaker than that of primary cells, stimulation of both cell type to CD80 expressing FPPS knock down or aminobisphosphonates was similar. Finally, the transductants have also been used to analyze effects of over-expression or knockdown of enzymes of isoprenoid synthesis such as 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase or HMGR), mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate decarboxylase (MVD), isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (IDI), geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS) but no clear effects have been found. In conclusion, this thesis supports the concept of Vg9Vd2 T cells being sensors of a dysregulated isoprenoid metabolism and established new tools to study ligand recognition and TCR mediated activation of this T cell population. These tools will be most useful to address following questions: 1) How does the dysregulation of isoprenoid metabolism affect tumor growth? 2) What is the correlation between the modulation of IPP levels and the Vg9Vd2 TCR binding or expression of other postulated ligands? 3) Are there any mevalonate pathway enzymes other than FPPS and HMGR, which play an important role in Vg9Vd2 T cells activation? 4) What is/are the putative phosphoantigen-presenting molecule(s)?},
  subject      = {Primaten},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Patra2005,
  author    = {Patra, Amiya Kumar},
  title     = {Modulation of the NFAT signaling pathway by protein kinase B (PKB) ; a perspective study in the context of thymocyte development and T cell function},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13315},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {To analyze the role of protein kinase B(PKB)on developmental and functional aspects of T cells, we have generated transgenic mouse lines expressing a constitutively active form of PKB (myrPKB) in early stages of T cell development.Peripheral CD4+ T cells from PKB tg mice are hyperreactive, more efficient in producing th1 and th2 cytokines and show faster and CD28 co-stimulation independent cell cycle progression.Interestingly PKB tg T cells are resistant to CsA treatment in proliferation and cytokine production.Further analysis show PKB tg CD4+ T cells have a drastically reduced nuclear translocation of NFAT proteins and this is due to a direct interaction between PKB and NFAT. To study whether the negative regulatiopn of NFATs by PKB affects T cell development, we analyzed double tg mice expressing both, a constitutively active version of calcineurin (dCam) and myrPKB. dCam tg mice have a severe block in thymocyte development at the DN3 stage.But in the dCam/PKB double tg mice this developmental block is significantly rescued.This rescue of thymocyte development by PKB is due to the expression of RAG1 and subsequent TCRb chain expression. CsA treatment of neonatal thymic lobes from dCam mice restores normal thymocyte development, indicating involvement of NFATs in the severe block in dCam thymocyte development.Confocal studies clearly established that compared to dCam DN cells there is a significant reduction in the nuclear levels of NFATc1 and NFATc3 in dCam/PKB cells.Downregulation of nuclear NFAT levels by myrPKB thus seems to be an essential parameter in dCam cells to proceed with normal differentiation. In summary, the data from PKB tg peripheral CD4+ T cells and dCam/PKB double tg thymocytes clearly establish PKB as an important modulator of T cell development and function and PKB as a novel negative regulator of NFAT activation.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Visan2003,
  author    = {Visan, Ion Lucian},
  title     = {P0 specific T-cell repertoire in wild-type and P0 deficient mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-5734},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {Zusammenfassung Das Myelinprotein P0 stellt eine zentrale Komponente f{\"u}r die Stabilit{\"a}t und Funktionalit{\"a}t der Myelinscheiden des peripheren Nervensystems dar. Mutationen des P0-Proteins f{\"u}hren zu verschiedenen, schwer behindernden peripheren Neuropathien wie der Charcot-Marie-Tooth- oder der Dejerine-Sotas-Erkrankung. Wir haben das Tiermodell der P0-Knock-Out-M{\"a}use verwendet, um im Vergleich zu den C57BL/6-Wildtyp-Tieren Selektionsmechanismen des P0-spezifischen T-Zell-Repertoires zu untersuchen. Dazu wurde eine Reihe von {\"u}berlappenden 20-mer-Peptiden benutzt, die die gesamte Aminos{\"a}uresequenz von P0 abdeckten. Mit Hilfe dieser Peptide wurde ein sog. „Epitop-Mapping" der H2-Ab-restringierten T-Zell-Antwort durchgef{\"u}hrt. Auf diese Weise konnte das P0-Peptid 5 (Aminos{\"a}ure 41-60) in der extrazellul{\"a}ren P0-Dom{\"a}ne als immunogene Determinante identifiziert werden. Dieses immunogene Peptid wurde dann f{\"u}r Untersuchungen der Toleranzmechanismen verwendet und zeigte, dass in P0-Knock-Out-M{\"a}usen ein hochreaktives P0-spezifisches T-Zell-Repertoire vorliegt, w{\"a}hrend es in Wildtyp-Tieren inaktiviert ist und so Selbsttoleranz erzeugt wird. Die Toleranzerzeugung in Wildtyp- und heterozygoten P0 +/- M{\"a}usen h{\"a}ngt nicht von der Gen-Dosis ab. P0 ist ein gewebespezifisches Antigen, dessen Expression normalerweise auf myelinisierende Schwann-Zellen beschr{\"a}nkt ist. Die klassischen Vorstellungen zu Toleranzmechanismen gegen{\"u}ber gewebsspezifischen Antigenen schrieben diese vor allem peripheren Immunmechanismen zu. Durch den erstmaligen Nachweis von intrathymischer Expression gewebsspezifischer Antigene wie P0 konnten wir best{\"a}tigen, dass f{\"u}r P0 offensichtlich die Expression deutlich weiter verbreitet ist, insbesondere auch auf Thymus-Stroma-Zellen. Unter Verwendung von Knochenmarkschim{\"a}ren haben wir weitere Untersuchungen durchgef{\"u}hrt, wie Knochenmarks-abstammende Zellen im Vergleich zu nicht-h{\"a}matopoetischen Zellen Toleranz gegen{\"u}ber P0 erzeugen k{\"o}nnen. Unsere Befunde zeigen, dass Knochenmarks-abh{\"a}ngige Zellen nicht ausreichen, um v{\"o}llige Toleranz zu erzeugen. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde eine P0-Expression auf anderen Geweben wie dem Thymus ben{\"o}tigt, um komplette Toleranz zu erhalten. Wir identifizierten ein kryptisches P0-Peptid 8 und zwei subdominante P0-Peptide 1 und 3. W{\"a}hrend das Peptid 8 sowohl in Wildtyp- als auch Knock-Out-M{\"a}usen erkannt wurde, wurden die Peptide 1 und 3 in Wildtyp-M{\"a}usen nicht als Immunogen erkannt. Die genannten Peptide wurden verwendet, um eine experimentelle autoimmune Neuritis (EAN) zu erzeugen. Mit keinem der experimentellen Ans{\"a}tze konnten wir klinische Zeichen einer EAN generieren, allerdings mit dem Peptid 3 doch Entz{\"u}ndung im peripheren Nerven beobachten. Es werden zuk{\"u}nftig weitere Untersuchungen ben{\"o}tigt, um P0-spezifische T-Zell-Linien zu etablieren und so mit h{\"o}herer Effizienz eine EAN zu erzeugen. Unsere Untersuchungen sprechen daf{\"u}r, dass bei gentherapeutischen Ans{\"a}tzen bei erblichen Neuropathien vorsichtig und schrittweise vorgegangen werden muss, da mit sekund{\"a}rer Autoimmunit{\"a}t und damit Inflammation im peripheren Nerven zu rechnen ist.},
  subject      = {Myelin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Groh2013,
  author    = {Groh, Janos Michael},
  title     = {Pathogenic impact of immune cells in mouse models of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77684},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders in which the visual system is affected in early stages of disease. A typical accompanying feature is neuroinflammation, the pathogenic impact of which is presently unknown. In this study, the role of inflammatory cells in the pathogenesis was investigated in Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1-deficient (Ppt1-/-) and Ceroidlipofuscinosis, neuronal 3-deficient (Cln3-/-) mice, models of the infantile and juvenile forms of NCL, respectively. Focusing predominantly on the visual system, an infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic Tlymphocytes and an activation of microglia/macrophage-like cells was observed early in disease. To analyze the pathogenic impact of lymphocytes, Ppt1-/- mice were crossbred with mice lacking lymphocytes (Rag1-/-) and axonal transport, perturbation and neuronal survival were scored. Lack of lymphocytes led to a significant amelioration of neuronal disease and reconstitution experiments revealed a crucial role of CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Lack of lymphocytes also caused an improved clinical phenotype and extended longevity. To investigate the impact of microglia/macrophage-like cells, Ppt1-/- and Cln3-/- mice were crossbred with mice lacking sialoadhesin (Sn-/-), a monocyte lineage-restricted cell adhesion molecule important for interactions between macrophage-like cells and lymphocytes. Similar to the lack of lymphocytes, absence of sialoadhesin significantly ameliorated the disease in Ppt1-/- and Cln3-/- mice. Taken together, both T-lymphocytes and microglia/macrophage-like cells were identified as pathogenic mediators in two distinct forms of fatal inherited neurodegenerative storage disorders. These studies expand the concept of secondary inflammation as a common pathomechanistic feature in some neurological diseases and provide novel insights that may be crucial for developing treatment strategies for different forms of NCL.},
  subject      = {Nervendegeneration},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wegner2015,
  author    = {Wegner, Julia},
  title     = {Restoring tissue-like functionality in circulating CD8 T-cells: mechanistic studies and application in immunomonitoring of cancer patients},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124177},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are the only source of human lymphoid cells routinely available for immunologic research and for immunomonitoring of T-cell responses to microbial and tumor-associated antigens. However the large majority of human T-cells resides in tissues, especially in lymphatic organs, while only 1 \% of the body's T-cells circulate in the blood stream. Previous work in mice and humans had indicated that CD4 T-cells transiently lose antigen sensitivity when cellular contacts are lost, e.g. by leaving lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes (LNs) and entering the circulation. In this study, these findings were extended to CD8 T-cells. Thus, CD8 T-cell responses of the human tonsil show a significant drop in sensitivity to viral antigens if tissue-exit was simulated by keeping cells in dispersed culture at body temperature for two hours. Conversely, tissue-like functionality in blood-derived CD8 T-cells was restored by applying the simple and robust RESTORE protocol. Indeed, application of the RESTORE protocol, i.e. pre-culturing PBMCs for two days at a high cell density before initiation of antigenic stimulation, demonstrated that CD8 T-cell responses to a broad range of viral and to tumor-associated antigens are greatly underestimated, and sometimes even remain undetected if conventional, unprocessed PBMC cultures are used. The latter finding is particularly striking with regard to the appearance of Wilms tumor 1 (WT1)-specific CD8 T-cell responses in leukemia patients after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. My studies on the mechanism of the RESTORE protocol show that HD preculture of PBMCs does not involve antigen-or cytokine-driven clonal expansion of T-cells. Moreover, the gain in antigen sensitivity cannot be explained by a decreased activity of regulatory T-cells during the preculture step. The increased antigen sensitivity of CD8 T-cells from HD precultures of PBMCs is associated with tonic T-cell receptor signaling as indicated by enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the CD3 ζ chains and the tyrosine kinase Lck, thereby preparing T-cells for full responses. The upregulation of genes involved in aerobic glycolysis in "restored" CD8 memory T-cells relative to fresh cells might be an essential requirement for increased T-cell functionality including the regulation of IFN-γ production. Taken together, the RESTORE protocol, which was initially described for the CD4 T-cell response to the antibody TGN1412 permits a more meaningful monitoring of CD8 T-cell responses to viral infections and tumors. Furthermore, when generating T-cell lines for adoptive T-cell therapy, the RESTORE protocol allows the generation of CD8 T-cell lines with an improved representation of clones responding to low antigen concentrations.},
  subject      = {Antigen CD8},
  language  = {en}
}