@phdthesis{Scholz2017,
  author    = {Scholz, Nicole},
  title     = {Genetic analyses of sensory and motoneuron physiology in Drosophila melanogaster},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123249},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {During my PhD I studied two principal biological aspects employing Drosophila melanogaster. Therefore, this study is divided into Part I and II. Part I: Bruchpilot and Complexin interact to regulate synaptic vesicle tethering to the active zone cytomatrix At the presynaptic active zone (AZ) synaptic vesicles (SVs) are often physically linked to an electron-dense cytomatrix - a process referred to as "SV tethering". This process serves to concentrate SVs in close proximity to their release sites before contacting the SNARE complex for subsequent fusion (Hallermann and Silver, 2013). In Drosophila, the AZ protein Bruchpilot (BRP) is part of the proteinous cytomatrix at which SVs accumulate (Kittel et al., 2006b; Wagh et al., 2006; Fouquet et al., 2009). Intriguingly, truncation of only 1\% of the C-terminal region of BRP results in a severe defect in SV tethering to this AZ scaffold (hence named brpnude; Hallermann et al., 2010b). Consistent with these findings, cell-specific overexpression of a C-terminal BRP fragment, named mBRPC-tip (corresponds to 1\% absent in brpnude; m = mobile) phenocopied the brpnude mutant in behavioral and functional experiments. These data indicate that mBRPC-tip suffices to saturate putative SV binding sites, which induced a functional tethering deficit at motoneuronal AZs. However, the molecular identity of the BRP complement to tether SVs to the presynaptic AZ scaffold remains unknown. Moreover, within larval motoneurons membrane-attached C-terminal portions of BRP were sufficient to tether SVs to sites outside of the AZ. Based on this finding a genetic screen was designed to identify BRP interactors in vivo. This screen identified Complexin (CPX), which is known to inhibit spontaneous SV fusion and to enhance stimulus evoked SV release (Huntwork and Littleton, 2007; Cho et al., 2010; Martin et al., 2011). However, so far CPX has not been associated with a function upstream of priming/docking and release of SVs. This work provides morphological and functional evidence, which suggests that CPX promotes recruitment of SVs to the AZ and thereby curtails synaptic short-term depression. Together, the presented findings indicate a functional interaction between BRP and CPX at Drosophila AZs. Part II: The Adhesion-GPCR Latrophilin/CIRL shapes mechanosensation The calcium independent receptor of α-latrotoxin (CIRL), also named Latrophilin, represents a prototypic Adhesion class G-protein coupled-receptor (aGPCR). Initially, Latrophilin was identified based on its capacity to bind the α-component of latrotoxin (α-LTX; Davletov et al., 1996; Krasnoperov et al., 1996), which triggers massive exocytotic activity from neurons of the peripheral nervous system (Scheer et al., 1984; Umbach et al., 1998; Orlova et al., 2000). As a result Latrophilin is considered to play a role in synaptic transmission. Later on, Latrophilins have been associated with other biological processes including tissue polarity (Langenhan et al., 2009), fertility (Pr{\"o}mel et al., 2012) and synaptogenesis (Silva et al., 2011). However, thus far its subcellular localization and the identity of endogenous ligands, two aspects crucial for the comprehension of Latrophilin's in vivo function, remain enigmatic. Drosophila contains only one latrophilin homolog, named dCirl, whose function has not been investigated thus far. This study demonstrates abundant dCirl expression throughout the nervous system of Drosophila larvae. dCirlKO animals are viable and display no defects in development and neuronal differentiation. However, dCirl appears to influence the dimension of the postsynaptic sub-synaptic reticulum (SSR), which was accompanied by an increase in the postsynaptic Discs-large abundance (DLG). In contrast, morphological and functional properties of presynaptic motoneurons were not compromised by the removal of dCirl. Instead, dCirl is required for the perception of mechanical challenges (acoustic-, tactile- and proprioceptive stimuli) through specialized mechanosensory devices, chordotonal organs (Eberl, 1999). The data indicate that dCirl modulates the sensitivity of chordotonal neurons towards mechanical stimulation and thereby adjusts their input-output relation. Genetic interaction analyses suggest that adaption of the molecular mechanotransduction machinery by dCirl may underlie this process. Together, these results uncover an unexpected function of Latrophilin/dCIRL in mechanosensation and imply general modulatory roles of aGPCR in mechanoception.},
  subject      = {Drosophila},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Guan2016,
  author    = {Guan, Chonglin},
  title     = {Functional and genetic dissection of mechanosensory organs of \(Drosophila\) \(melanogaster\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146220},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In Drosophila larvae and adults, chordotonal organs (chos) are highly versatile mechanosensors that are essential for proprioception, touch sensation and hearing. Chos share molecular, anatomical and functional properties with the inner ear hair cells of mammals. These multiple similarities make chos powerful models for the molecular study of mechanosensation. In the present study, I have developed a preparation to directly record from the sensory neurons of larval chos (from the lateral chos or lch5) and managed to correlate defined mechanical inputs with the corresponding electrical outputs. The findings of this setup are described in several case studies. (1) The basal functional lch5 parameters, including the time course of response during continuous mechanical stimulation and the recovery time between successive bouts of stimulation, was characterized. (2) The calcium-independent receptor of α-latrotoxin (dCIRL/Latrophilin), an Adhesion class G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR), is identified as a modulator of the mechanical signals perceived by lch5 neurons. The results indicate that dCIRL/Latrophilin is required for the perception of external and internal mechanical stimuli and shapes the sensitivity of neuronal mechanosensation. (3) By combining this setup with optogenetics, I have confirmed that dCIRL modulates lch5 neuronal activity at the level of their receptor current (sensory encoding) rather than their ability to generate action potentials. (4) dCIRL´s structural properties (e.g. ectodomain length) are essential for the mechanosensitive properties of chordotonal neurons. (5) The versatility of chos also provides an opportunity to study multimodalities at multiple levels. In this context, I performed an experiment to directly record neuronal activities at different temperatures. The results show that both spontaneous and mechanically evoked activity increase in proportion to temperature, suggesting that dCIRL is not required for thermosensation in chos. These findings, from the development of an assay of sound/vibration sensation, to neuronal signal processing, to molecular aspects of mechanosensory transduction, have provided the first insights into the mechanosensitivity of dCIRL. In addition to the functional screening of peripheral sensory neurons, another electrophysiological approach was applied in the central nervous system: dCIRL may impact the excitability of the motor neurons in the ventral nerve cord (VNC). In the second part of my work, whole-cell patch clamp recordings of motor neuron somata demonstrated that action potential firing in the dCirl\(^K\)\(^O\) did not differ from control samples, indicating comparable membrane excitability.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}