@phdthesis{Sauer2014,
  author    = {Sauer, Christoph},
  title     = {Accessing molecule-metal and hetero-molecular interfaces with direct and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-107928},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {This thesis consists of two parts of original experimental work, its evaluation, and in- terpretation. Its final goal is to investigate dynamical charge transfer (CT) at a hetero- molecular interface with resonant photoelectron spectroscopy (RPES). In order to achieve this goal preliminary studies have been necessary. First two hetero-molecular inter- faces that exhibit adequate structural properties as well as an appropriate photoelec- tron spectroscopy (PES) spectrum of the valence regime have been identified. The de- sired CT analysis with RPES of these hetero-molecular systems is then conducted on the basis of the knowledge gained by previous RPES studies of homo-molecular sys- tems. The characterization of hetero-molecular films on single crystal Ag surfaces in the first part of this thesis is performed with high resolution core level PES and valence PES. The reproduction of the core level PES data with reference spectra of homo-molecular films allows me to determine which molecule is in direct contact to the Ag surface and which one is situated in higher layers (not the first one). Due to the direct correspon- dence of core level and valence PES the assignment of features in the spectra of the latter technique can be achieved with the identification of the contributions extracted from the evaluation of the data of the former technique. It is found that the systems PTCDA on one monolayer (ML) of SnPc on Ag(111) and CuPc/1 ML PTCDA/Ag(111) are stable at 300 K which means that no significant layer exchange occurs for these systems. In contrast a vertical exchange of CuPc and PTCDA molecules is observed for PTCDA de- posited on top of 1 ML CuPc/Ag(111). Up to a coverage of approximately 0.5 ML of PTCDA molecules these diffuse into the first layer, replace CuPc molecules, and con- sequently force them into higher layers. Above a coverage of approximately 0.5 ML of PTCDA molecules these are also found in higher layers. The search for a promising system for the intended RPES study then leads to an investigation of hetero-molecular films with a combination of F4TCNQ and PTCDA molecules on Ag(110) within the same approach. Depositing F4TCNQ molecules onto a 1 ML PTCDA/Ag(110) film in the herringbone phase at 300 K results in an instable hetero-organic system which un- dergoes a layer exchange. Hereby PTCDA molecules in the first layer are replaced by F4TCNQ molecules similar to the behavior of the system PTCDA/1 ML CuPc/Ag(111). Switching the order of the preparation steps leads to a stable film of PTCDA/1.0 ML F4TCNQ/Ag(110) at 300 K. Among the stable hetero-molecular films only the system CuPc/1 ML PTCDA/Ag(111) exhibits the required wetting growth of the first two layers at 300 K and a valence PES spectrum with energetically separable molecular orbital signals in the same intensity range. Thus this system is identified to be appropriate for a detailed analysis with RPES. The unexpected findings of vertical exchanges in the hetero-molecular films at 300 K motivate a study of the behavior at elevated temperatures for all systems investigated before. Therein it is revealed that annealing 1.5 ML SnPc/1 ML PTCDA/Ag(111) and 1.0 ML PTCDA/1 ML SnPc/Ag(111) to a temperature above the desorption temperature of molecules not in direct contact to the Ag(111) surface results in a 1 ML SnPc/Ag(111) film in both cases. Hence at elevated temperatures (approximately above 420 K) SnPc molecules replace PTCDA molecules in the first layer on Ag(111). At higher temper- atures (approximately above 470 K) PTCDA molecules and SnPc molecules situated above the first layer then desorb from the 1 ML SnPc/Ag(111) sample. Annealing all hetero-molecular films with CuPc and PTCDA molecules on Ag(111) to 570 K leads to a sample with CuPc and PTCDA molecules in the first and only layer. Depending on the initial CuPc coverage different ratios of both molecules are obtained. With a CuPc coverage of exactly 1 ML, or above, films with PTCDA coverages of approxi- mately 0.1-0.2 ML are produced. So at elevated temperatures CuPc molecules replace PTCDA molecules in the first layer of the system CuPc/1 ML PTCDA/Ag(111). Anal- ogously the layer exchange at 300 K for the system PTCDA/1 ML CuPc/Ag(111) is reversed at elevated temperatures. In the case of SnPc and CuPc coverages below 1 ML annealing vertical hetero-molecular systems with PTCDA on Ag(111) up to 570 K re- sults in a single layer of mixed hetero-molecular films with lateral long range order. In this way the system CuPc + PTCDA/Ag(111) is prepared and then characterized as a proper system for a detailed analysis with RPES. Additional annealing experiments of hetero-organic films consisting of F4TCNQ and PTCDA molecules on Ag(110) with an F4TCNQ coverage of 1.0 ML (and above) end in a submonolayer (sub-ML) film of F4TCNQ/Ag(110) that exhibits a contribution of amorphous carbon. Consequently, it can be concluded that at elevated temperatures part of the F4TCNQ molecules decom- pose. In the second part of this thesis homo-molecular multilayer samples and (sub-)ML films on single crystalline metal surfaces are investigated with RPES in order to enable the final RPES study of vertical and lateral hetero-molecular interface systems. First a pho- ton energy (hν) dependent intensity variation of (groups of) molecular orbital signals of exemplary multilayer films (NTCDA and coronene) is studied and explained on the basis of the local character of the electronic transitions in near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy in combination with the real space probability den- sity of the contributing molecular orbitals. This simple approach is found to be able to correctly describe relative intensity variations by orders of magnitude while it fails for hν dependent relative intensity changes in the same order of magnitude. After that the hν dependent line-shape evolution of an energetically separated molecular orbital signal of a CuPc multilayer is discussed in relation to small molecules in the gas phase and explained with an effect of electron vibration coupling. Through a comparison of the hν dependent line-shape evolution of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of a CuPc with a SnPc multilayer the molecule specific character of this effect is identified. Then the same effect with either two (or more) electronic transitions or multiple coupling vibrational modes is observed for a coronene multilayer. Thereafter the influence of the adsorption on metal surfaces on this effect is studied and discussed with special emphasis on a possible contribution by features which are related to dynamical interface CT. For a sub-ML of SnPc/Au(111) no variation with respect to a SnPc multilayer film is detected while for a sub-ML of CuPc/Au(111) less intensity is distributed into the high binding energy (EB) part of the HOMO signal with respect to the corresponding multilayer film. In the RPES data of a sub-ML of coronene/Ag(111) a resonance specific variation of the hν dependent line-shape evolution of the HOMO signal is found by the revelation of a change of this effect with respect to the coronene multilayer data in only one of the two NEXAFS resonances. All these findings are consistently explained within one effect and a common set of parameters, namely all quantities that characterize the potential energy surfaces involved in the RPES process. Through that an alternative explanation that re- lies on dynamical CT can be excluded which influences the following CT analysis with RPES. Three criteria for such an analysis of dynamical interface CT with RPES are identified. In the system coronene on Ag(111) a low EB feature is related to metal-molecule inter- face CT through the assignment of a particular final state and hence named CT state. In the EB region of the frontier molecular orbital signals of the molecule-metal inter- face systems with a signal from the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) in direct valence PES a broad line-shape is measured in RPES. This finding is related to interface CT by a possible explanation that emerges through the comparison to the line- shape of the CT state. The constant kinetic energy (EK ) features detected for several molecule-metal interfaces constitute the third criterion for a CT analysis with RPES. For the molecule-metal interface systems without a LUMO signal in direct valence PES the energy of these features can be calculated with the assignment of the responsible decay channel in combination with explicitly given simplifying assumptions. Through that the involvement of metal-molecule interface CT in the generation of these constant EK fea- tures is demonstrated. The RPES data of the lateral and the vertical hetero-molecular interface, identified in the first part, is then scanned for these three CT criteria. Thereby neither for the lateral hetero-molecular system CuPc + PTCDA/Ag(111) nor for the verti- cal hetero-molecular system CuPc/1 ML PTCDA/Ag(111) dynamical hetero-molecular interface CT can be confirmed. In the former system the molecule-metal interface in- teraction is found to dominate the physics of the system in RPES while in the latter system no hints for a significant hybridization at the CuPc-PTCDA interface can be revealed},
  subject      = {Organisches Molek{\"u}l},
  language  = {en}
}