@phdthesis{Carinci2017, author = {Carinci, Flavio}, title = {Quantitative Characterization of Lung Tissue Using Proton MRI}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151189}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The focus of the work concerned the development of a series of MRI techniques that were specifically designed and optimized to obtain quantitative and spatially resolved information about characteristic parameters of the lung. Three image acquisition techniques were developed. Each of them allows to quantify a different parameter of relevant diagnostic interest for the lung, as further described below: 1) The blood volume fraction, which represents the amount of lung water in the intravascular compartment expressed as a fraction of the total lung water. This parameter is related to lung perfusion. 2) The magnetization relaxation time T\(_2\) und T� *\(_2\) , which represents the component of T\(_2\) associated with the diffusion of water molecules through the internal magnetic field gradients of the lung. Because the amplitude of these internal gradients is related to the alveolar size, T\(_2\) und T� *\(_2\) can be used to obtain information about the microstructure of the lung. 3) The broadening of the NMR spectral line of the lung. This parameter depends on lung inflation and on the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli. For this reason, the spectral line broadening can be regarded as a fingerprint for lung inflation; furthermore, in combination with oxygen enhancement, it provides a measure for lung ventilation.}, subject = {Kernspintomografie}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17335, title = {Measurement of the inclusive cross-sections of single top-quark and top-antiquark \(t\)-channel production in \(pp\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {04}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP04(2017)086}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173357}, year = {2017}, abstract = {A measurement of the \(t\)-channel single-top-quark and single-top-antiquark production cross-sections in the lepton+jets channel is presented, using 3.2 fb\(^{-1}\) of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2015. Events are selected by requiring one charged lepton (electron or muon), missing transverse momentum, and two jets with high transverse momentum, exactly one of which is required to be \(b\)-tagged. Using a binned maximum-likelihood fit to the discriminant distribution of a neural network, the cross-sections are determined to be \({σ(tq)}\) = 156 ± 5 (stat.) ± 27 (syst.) ± 3 (lumi.) pb for single top-quark production and \(σ(\overline{t}q)\) = 91 ± 4 (stat.) ± 18 (syst.) ± 2 (lumi.) pb for single top-antiquark production, assuming a top-quark mass of 172.5 GeV. The cross-section ratio is measured to be \(R_{t}\) = \(σ(tq)/σ(\overline{t}q)\) = 1.72 ± 0.09 (stat.) ± 0.18 (syst.). All results are in agreement with Standard Model predictions.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17336, title = {Measurement of charged-particle distributions sensitive to the underlying event in \(\sqrt{s}\) = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {03}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2017)157}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173361}, year = {2017}, abstract = {We present charged-particle distributions sensitive to the underlying event, measured by the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, in low-luminosity Large Hadron Collider fills corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.6 nb\(^{-1}\). The distributions were constructed using charged particles with absolute pseudorapidity less than 2.5 and with transverse momentum greater than 500 MeV, in events with at least one such charged particle with transverse momentum above 1 GeV. These distributions characterise the angular distribution of energy and particle flows with respect to the charged particle with highest transverse momentum, as a function of both that momentum and of charged-particle multiplicity. The results have been corrected for detector effects and are compared to the predictions of various Monte Carlo event generators, experimentally establishing the level of underlying-event activity at LHC Run 2 energies and providing inputs for the development of event generator modelling. The current models in use for UE modelling typically describe this data to 5\% accuracy, compared with data uncertainties of less than 1\%.}, language = {en} } @article{PollingerSchmittSanderetal.2017, author = {Pollinger, Florian and Schmitt, Stefan and Sander, Dirk and Tian, Zhen and Kirschner, J{\"u}rgen and Vrdoljak, Pavo and Stadler, Christoph and Maier, Florian and Marchetto, Helder and Schmidt, Thomas and Sch{\"o}ll, Achim and Umbach, Eberhard}, title = {Nanoscale patterning, macroscopic reconstruction, and enhanced surface stress by organic adsorption on vicinal surfaces}, series = {New Journal of Physics}, volume = {19}, journal = {New Journal of Physics}, doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/aa55b8}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171947}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Self-organization is a promising method within the framework of bottom-up architectures to generate nanostructures in an efficient way. The present work demonstrates that self- organization on the length scale of a few to several tens of nanometers can be achieved by a proper combination of a large (organic) molecule and a vicinal metal surface if the local bonding of the molecule on steps is significantly stronger than that on low-index surfaces. In this case thermal annealing may lead to large mass transport of the subjacent substrate atoms such that nanometer-wide and micrometer-long molecular stripes or other patterns are being formed on high-index planes. The formation of these patterns can be controlled by the initial surface orientation and adsorbate coverage. The patterns arrange self-organized in regular arrays by repulsive mechanical interactions over long distances accompanied by a significant enhancement of surface stress. We demonstrate this effect using the planar organic molecule PTCDA as adsorbate and Ag(10 8 7) and Ag(775)surfaces as substrate. The patterns are directly observed by STM, the formation of vicinal surfaces is monitored by highresolution electron diffraction, the microscopic surface morphology changes are followed by spectromicroscopy, and the macroscopic changes of surface stress are measured by a cantilever bending method. The in situ combination of these complementary techniques provides compelling evidence for elastic interaction and a significant stress contribution to long-range order and nanopattern formation.}, language = {en} } @article{ElsaesserSchieblMukhinetal.2017, author = {Els{\"a}sser, S. and Schiebl, M. and Mukhin, A. A. and Balbashov, A. M. and Pimenov, A. and Geurts, J.}, title = {Impact of temperature-dependent local and global spin order in \(R\)MnO\(_3\) compounds for spin-phonon coupling and electromagnon activity}, series = {New Journal of Physics}, volume = {19}, journal = {New Journal of Physics}, doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/aa55ed}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171978}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The orthorhombic rare-earth manganite compounds \(R\)MnO\(_3\) show a global magnetic order for \(T\) < \(T\)\(_N\), and several representatives are multiferroic with a cycloidal spin ground state order for \(T\) < \(T\)\(_c\)\(_y\)\(_c\)\(_l\) < \(T\)\(_N\) \(\approx\) 40 K. We deduce from the temperature dependence of spin-phonon coupling in Raman spectroscopy for a series of \(R\)MnO\(_3\) compounds that their spin order locally persists up to about twice \(T\)\(_N\). Along the same line, our observation of the persistence of the electromagnon in GdMnO\(_3\) up to \(T\) \(\approx\) 100 K is attributed to a local cycloidal spin order for \(T\) > \(T\)\(_c\)\(_y\)\(_c\)\(_l\), in contrast to the hitherto assumed incommensurate sinusoidal phase in the intermediate temperature range. The development of the magnetization pattern can be described in terms of an order-disorder transition at \(T\)\(_c\)\(_y\)\(_c\)\(_l\) within a pseudospin model of localized spin cycloids with opposite chirality.}, language = {en} } @article{SanchezThierschmannMolenkamp2017, author = {S{\´a}nchez, Rafael and Thierschmann, Holger and Molenkamp, Laurens W.}, title = {Single-electron thermal devices coupled to a mesoscopic gate}, series = {New Journal of Physics}, volume = {19}, journal = {New Journal of Physics}, doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/aa8b94}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172982}, year = {2017}, abstract = {We theoretically investigate the propagation of heat currents in a three-terminal quantum dot engine. Electron-electron interactions introduce state-dependent processes which can be resolved by energy-dependent tunneling rates. We identify the relevant transitions which define the operation of the system as a thermal transistor or a thermal diode. In the former case, thermal-induced charge fluctuations in the gate dot modify the thermal currents in the conductor with suppressed heat injection, resulting in huge amplification factors and the possible gating with arbitrarily low energy cost. In the latter case, enhanced correlations of the state-selective tunneling transitions redistribute heat flows giving high rectification coefficients and the unexpected cooling of one conductor terminal by heating the other one. We propose quantum dot arrays as a possible way to achieve the extreme tunneling asymmetries required for the different operations.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Then2017, author = {Then, Patrick}, title = {Waveguide-based single molecule detection in flow}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140548}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {In this work fluorescence-based single molecule detection at low concetration is investigated, with an emphasis on the usage of active transport and waveguides. Active transport allows to overcome the limits of diffusion-based systems in terms of the lowest detectable threshold of concentration. The effect of flow in single molecule experiments is investigated and a theoretical model is derived for laminar flow. Waveguides on the other hand promise compact detection schemes and show great potential for their possible integration into lab-on-a-chip applications. Their properties in single molecule experiments are analyzed with help of a method based on the reciprocity theorem of electromagnetic theory.}, subject = {Optik}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Feichtner2017, author = {Feichtner, Thorsten}, title = {Optimal Design of Focusing Nanoantennas for Light : Novel Approaches: From Evolution to Mode-Matching}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140604}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Optische Antennen arbeiten {\"a}hnlich wie Antennen f{\"u}r Radiowellen und wandeln elektromagnetische Strahlung in elektrische Wechselstr{\"o}me um. Ladungsdichteansammlungen an der Antennen-Oberfl{\"a}che f{\"u}hren zu starken und lokalisierten Nahfeldern. Da die meisten optischen Antennen eine Ausdehnung von wenigen hundert Nanometern besitzen, erm{\"o}glichen es ihre Nahfelder, Licht auf ein Volumen weit unterhalb des Beugungslimits zu fokussieren, mit Intensit{\"a}ten, die mehrere Gr{\"o}ßenordnungen {\"u}ber dem liegen, was man mit klassischer beugender und reflektierender Optik erreichen kann. Die Aufgabe, die Abstrahlung eines Quantenemitters zu maximieren, eines punktf{\"o}rmigen Objektes, welches einzelne Photonen absorbieren und emittieren kann, ist identisch mit der Aufgabe, die Feldintensit{\"a}t am Ort des Quantenemitters zu maximieren. Darum ist es erstrebenswert, den Fokus optischer Antennen zu optimieren Optimierte Radiofrequenz-Antennen, welche auf Gr{\"o}ßenordnungen von wenigen 100 Nanometern herunterskaliert werden, zeigen bereits eine gute Funktionalit{\"a}t. Jedoch liegen optische Frequenzen in der N{\"a}he der Plasmafrequenz von den Metallen, die f{\"u}r optische Antennen genutzt werden und die Masse der Elektronen kann nicht mehr vernachl{\"a}ssigt werden. Dadurch treten neue physikalische Ph{\"a}nomene auf. Es entstehen gekoppelte Zust{\"a}nde aus Licht und Ladungsdichte-Schwingungen, die sogenannten Plasmonen. Daraus folgen Effekte wie Volumenstr{\"o}me und k{\"u}rzere effektive Wellenl{\"a}ngen. Zus{\"a}tzlich f{\"u}hrt die endliche Leitf{\"a}higkeit zu thermischen Verluste. Das macht eine Antwort auf die Frage nach der optimalen Geometrie f{\"u}r fokussierende optische Antennen schwer. Jedoch stand vor dieser Arbeit der Beweis noch aus, dass es f{\"u}r optische Antennen bessere Alternativen gibt als herunterskalierte Radiofrequenz-Konzepte. In dieser Arbeit werden optische Antennen auf eine bestm{\"o}gliche Fokussierung optimiert. Daf{\"u}r wird ein Ansatz gew{\"a}hlt, welcher bei Radiofrequenz-Antennen f{\"u}r komplexe Anwendungsfelder (z.B. isotroper Breitbandempfang) schon oft Erfolg hatte: evolution{\"a}re Algorithmen. Die hier eingef{\"u}hrte erste Implementierung erlaubt eine große Freiheit in Bezug auf Partikelform und Anzahl, da sie quadratische Voxel auf einem planaren, quadratischen Gitter beliebig anordnet. Die Geometrien werden in einer bin{\"a}ren Matrix codiert, welche als Genom dient und somit Methoden wie Mutation und Paarung als Verbesserungsmechanismus erlaubt. So optimierte Antennen-Geometrien {\"u}bertreffen vergleichbare klassische Dipol-Geometrien um einen Faktor von Zwei. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus l{\"a}sst sich aus den optimierten Antennen ein neues Funktionsprinzip ableiten: ein magnetische Split-Ring-Resonanz kann mit Dipol-Antennen leitend zu neuartigen und effektiveren Split-Ring-Antennen verbunden werden, da sich ihre Str{\"o}me nahe des Fokus konstruktiv {\"u}berlagern. Im n{\"a}chsten Schritt wird der evolution{\"a}re Algorithmus so angepasst, so die Genome real herstellbare Geometrien beschreiben. Zus{\"a}tzlich wird er um eine Art ''Druckertreiber'' erweitert, welcher aus den Genomen direkt Anweisungen zur fokussierten Ionenstrahl-Bearbeitung von einkristallinen Goldflocken erstellt. Mit Hilfe von konfokaler Mikroskopie der Zwei-Photonen-Photolumineszenz wird gezeigt, dass Antennen unterschiedlicher Effizienz reproduzierbar aus dem evolution{\"a}ren Algorithmus heraus hergestellt werden k{\"o}nnen. Außerdem wird das Prinzip der Split-Ring-Antenne verbessert, indem zwei Ring-Resonanzen zu einer Dipol-Resonanz hinzugef{\"u}gt werden. Zu guter Letzt dient die beste Antenne des zweiten evolution{\"a}re Algorithmus als Inspiration f{\"u}r einen neuen Formalismus zur Beschreibung des Leistungs{\"u}bertrages zwischen einer optischen Antenne und einem Punkt-Dipol, welcher sich als "dreidimensionaler Moden{\"u}berlapp" beschreiben l{\"a}sst. Damit k{\"o}nnen erstmals intuitive Regeln f{\"u}r die Form einer optischen Antenne aufgestellt werden. Die G{\"u}ltigkeit der Theorie wird analytisch f{\"u}r den Fall eines Dipols nahe einer metallischen Nano-Kugel gezeigt. Das vollst{\"a}ndige Problem, Licht mittels einer optischen Antenne zu fokussieren, l{\"a}sst sich so auf die Erf{\"u}llung zweier Moden{\"u}berlapp-Bedingungen reduzieren -- mit dem Feld eines Punktdipols, sowie mit einer ebenen Welle. Damit lassen sich zwei Arten idealer Antennenmoden identifizieren, welche sich von der bekannten Dipol-Antennen-Mode grundlegend unterscheiden. Zum einen l{\"a}sst sich dadurch die Funktionalit{\"a}t der evolution{\"a}ren und Split-Ring-Antennen erkl{\"a}ren, zum lassen sich neuartige plasmonische Hohlraum-Antennen entwerfen, welche zu besserer Fokussierung von Licht f{\"u}hren. Dies wird numerisch im direkten Vergleich mit einer klassischen Dipolantennen-Geometrie gezeigt.}, subject = {Physik}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Benkert2017, author = {Benkert, Andreas}, title = {Soft x-ray spectroscopic study of methanol and glycine peptides in different physical environments}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147111}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Ionenspezifische Effekte treten in einer Vielzahl von w{\"a}ssrigen L{\"o}sungen aus Elektrolyten und gr{\"o}ßeren Molek{\"u}len wie Peptiden auf. Die Ionen bewirken dabei {\"A}nderungen in Eigenschaften wie z.B. der Viskosit{\"a}t, den Aktivit{\"a}ten von Enzymen, der Stabilit{\"a}t von Proteinen und deren Ein- bzw. Aussalzverhalten. Typischerweise wird die ionenabh{\"a}ngige Auspr{\"a}gung derartiger Effekte mithilfe der Hofmeister-Serie beschrieben, die urspr{\"u}nglich Ionen nach ihrer F{\"a}higkeit ordnete, die L{\"o}slichkeit von H{\"u}hnereiweis in Wasser zu steigern oder zu unterdr{\"u}cken. Die empirische Abfolge der Ionen in der Hofmeister-Serie kann jedoch bis heute nicht zweifelsfrei erkl{\"a}rt werden. Trotz weitreichender Bem{\"u}hungen, ein molekulares Verst{\"a}ndnis dieses Ph{\"a}nomens zu schaffen, konnte bisher keine Einigung {\"u}ber die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die genauere Bestimmung und Lokalisierung der Wechselwirkung erzielt werden. Die resonante inelastische Weichr{\"o}ntgenstreuung (RIXS) kombiniert die beiden Methoden der R{\"o}ntgenemissions- (XES) und R{\"o}ntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (XAS). So k{\"o}nnen mit RIXS Informationen sowohl {\"u}ber die besetzten als auch die unbesetzten elektronischen Zust{\"a}nde gesammelt und zu einem umfassenden Bild der elektronischen Struktur des Systems verkn{\"u}pft werden, was diese Methode zu einem vielversprechenden Werkzeug macht, etwas mehr Licht auf die Thematik zu werfen. Die in dieser Arbeit pr{\"a}sentierten Ergebnisse zielen deshalb darauf ab, ein verbessertes Verst{\"a}ndnis der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Salzen und Peptiden in w{\"a}ssriger L{\"o}sung zu schaffen. Hierf{\"u}r wird systematisch der Einfluss verschiedenster physikalischer Umgebungen auf die elektronische Struktur von kleinen Molek{\"u}len (Methanol und von Glycin abgeleitete Peptide) mittels Weichr{\"o}ntgenspektroskopie, unterst{\"u}tzt durch Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) Rechnungen, untersucht. In einem ersten Schritt werden isolierte Molek{\"u}le ohne jeglicheWechselwirkung zu ihrer unmittelbaren Umgebung anhand von Methanol in der Gasphase als Modelsystem untersucht. Hierbei wird insbesondere der lokale und elementspezifische Charakter von RIXS demonstriert und die lokale elektronische Struktur von Methanols Hydroxyl- und Methylgruppe untersucht. Mithilfe von DFT-Rechnungen werden die beobachteten Emissionslinien in den XES-Spektren der Emission bestimmter Molek{\"u}lorbitale zugeordnet und deren relative Emissionsintensit{\"a}ten erl{\"a}utert. F{\"u}r eine resonante Anregung der ersten Resonanz an der Sauerstoff-K-Absorptionskante werden starke Isotopeneffekte beobachtet, die durch dynamische Prozesse an der Hydroxylgruppe erkl{\"a}rt werden k{\"o}nnen. Dies dient als hervorragendes Beispiel f{\"u}r m{\"o}gliche Auswirkungen, die eine lokale {\"A}nderung in der Geometrie oder Symmetrie des Molek{\"u}ls auf dessen elektronische Struktur haben kann. Im weiteren Verlauf dieser Arbeit wird das untersuchte Probensystem um die Aminos{\"a}ure Glycin und deren kleinste Peptide Diglycin und Triglycin, vorerst in ihrer kristallinen Form als Festk{\"o}rper, erweitert. Mithilfe von RIXS-Karten der Stickstoff- und Sauerstoff-K-Absorptionskanten wird erneut, unterst{\"u}tzt durch DFT-Rechnungen, ein umfassendes Bild der elektronischen Struktur der Molek{\"u}le gezeichnet. {\"A}hnlich zum Fall von Methanol werden die Emissionsspektren an der Stickstoff-K-Kante stark von dynamischen Prozessen an der protonierten Aminogruppe der Molek{\"u}le beeinflusst. Zudem wird gezeigt, dass RIXS gezielt dazu verwendet werden kann, das Stickstoffatom in der Peptidbindung anzuregen und die elektronische Struktur in dessen lokaler Umgebung zu untersuchen. Desweiteren wird ein einfaches Baukastenprinzip f{\"u}r XES-Spektren dazu genutzt, die spektralen Anteile der Emission aus {\"U}berg{\"a}ngen an den beiden Stickstoffatomen in Diglycin zu isolieren. In w{\"a}ssriger L{\"o}sung kann eine leichte Ver{\"a}nderung der elektronischen Struktur der Molek{\"u}le durch die Wechselwirkung mit benachbarten Wassermolek{\"u}len, vermutlich an den geladenen funktionellen Gruppen, beobachtet werden. Die Auswirkungen auf die XES-Spektren sind jedoch eher gering. Deutlich gr{\"o}ßere Ver{\"a}nderungen werden beobachtet, wenn man den Protonierungszustand der Molek{\"u}le {\"u}ber den pH-Wert der L{\"o}sung manipuliert. Sowohl die Protonierung der Carboxylgruppe f{\"u}r kleine pH-Werte als auch die Deprotonierung der Aminogruppe in basischer L{\"o}sung f{\"u}hren zu starken Ver{\"a}nderungen in den RIXS-Karten. In einer umfangreichen Untersuchung der XES-Spektren von Glycin als Funktion des pH-Wertes wird gezeigt, dass sich die {\"A}nderungen jedoch nicht nur {\"o}rtlich begrenzt auf die Umgebung der manipulierten funktionellen Gruppe, sondern auch auf die elektronische Struktur in weiter entfernten Bereichen des Molek{\"u}ls auswirken. Als Beispiel f{\"u}r Systeme in denen Hofmeister-Effekte beobachtet werden, werden zu guter Letzt gemischte w{\"a}ssrige L{\"o}sungen aus Diglycin und verschiedenen Salzen untersucht. Um den Einfluss verschiedener Kationen auf die elektronische Struktur der Diglycin Molek{\"u}le zu erfassen wird eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Chloride verwendet, wohingegen eine Reihe von Kaliumsalzen f{\"u}r die Untersuchung verschiedener Anionen herangezogen wird. In beiden F{\"a}llen werden ionenspezifische Auswirkungen auf die XES-Spektren von Diglycin beobachtet, die qualitativ der Sortierung innerhalb der Hofmeister-Serie folgen. Die beobachteten {\"A}nderungen deuten dabei darauf hin, dass Kationen unterschiedlich stark mit dem Sauerstoff in der Peptidbindung und dessen unmittelbarer Umgebung wechselwirken, wohingegen Anionen eine gesteigerte Affinit{\"a}t zur Aminogruppe von Diglycin aufweisen.}, subject = {Methanol}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Maass2017, author = {Maaß, Henriette}, title = {Spin-dependence of angle-resolved photoemission from spin-orbit split surface states}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151025}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is the prime method to investigate spin polarized electronic states at solid state surfaces. In how far the spin polarization of an emitted photoelectron reflects the intrinsic spin character of an electronic state is the main question in the work at hand. It turns out that the measured spin polarization is strongly influenced by experimental conditions, namely by the polarization of the incoming radiation and the excitation energy. The photoemission process thus plays a non-negligible role in a spin-sensitive measurement. This work is dedicated to unravel the relation between the result of a spin-resolved measurement and the spin character in the ground state and, therefore, to gain a deep understanding of the spin-dependent photoemission process. Materials that exhibit significant spin-splittings in their electronic structure, owing to a strong spin-orbit coupling, serve as model systems for the investigations in this work. Therefore, systems with large Rashba-type spin-splittings as BiTeI(0001) and the surface alloys BiAg2/Ag(111) and PbAg2/Ag(111) are investigated. Likewise, the surface electronic structure of the topological insulators Bi2Te2Se(0001) and Bi2Te3(0001) are analyzed. Light polarization dependent photoemission experiments serve as a probe of the orbital composition of electronic states. The knowledge of the orbital structure helps to disentangle the spin-orbital texture inherent to the different surface states, when in addition the spin-polarization is probed. It turns out that the topological surface state of Bi2Te2Se(0001) as well as the Rashba-type surface state of BiTeI(0001) exhibit chiral spin-textures associated with the p-like in-plane orbitals. In particular, opposite chiralities are coupled to either tangentially or radially aligned p-like orbitals, respectively. The results presented here are thus evidence that a coupling between spin- and orbital part of the wave function occurs under the influence of spin-orbit coupling, independent of the materials topology. Systematic photon energy dependent measurements of the out-of-plane spin polarization of the topological surface state of Bi2Te3(0001) reveal a strong dependence and even a reversal of the sign of the photoelectron spin polarization with photon energy. Similarly, the measured spin component perpendicular to the wave vector of the surface state of BiAg2/Ag(111) shows strong modulations and sign reversals when the photon energy is changed. In BiAg2/Ag(111) the variations in the photoelectron spin polarization are accompanied by significant changes and even a complete suppression of the photoemission intensity from the surface state, indicating that the variations of the spin polarization are strongly related to the photoemission cross section. This relation is finally analyzed in detail by employing a simple model, which is based on an evaluation of the transition matrix elements that describe the presented experiments. The model shows that the underlying cause for the observed photoelectron spin reversals can be found in the coupling of the spin structure to the spatial part of the initial state wave function, revealing the crucial role of spin-orbit interaction in the initial state wave function. The model is supported by ab initio photoemission calculations, which show strong agreement with the experimental results.}, subject = {Photoelektronenspektroskopie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Quast2017, author = {Quast, Jan-Henrik}, title = {Influence of Hot Carriers on Spin Diffusion in Gallium Arsenide}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147611}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Since the late 20th century, spintroncis has become a very active field of research [ŽFS04]. The prospect of spin based information technology, featuring strongly decreased energy consumption and possibly quantum-computation capabilities, has fueled this interest. Standard materials, like bulk gallium arsenide (GaAs), have experienced new attention in this context by exhibiting extraordinarily long lifetimes for nonequilibrium spin information, which is an important requirement for efficient spin based information storage and transfer. Another important factor is the lengthscale over which spin information can be transported in a given material and the role of external influences. Both aspects have been studied experimentally with innovative optical methods since the late 1990s by the groups of D. D. AWSHALOM and S. A. CROOKER et al. [KA99, CS05, CFL+05]. Although the pioneering experimental approaches presented by these authors led to a variety of insights into spin propagation, some questions were raised as well. Most prominently, the classical Einstein relation, which connects the mobility and diffusivity of a given particle species, seemed to be violated for electron spins in a bulk semiconductor. In essence, nonequilibrium spins appeared to move (diffuse) faster than the electrons that actually carry the spin. However, this contradiction was masked by the fact, that the material of interest was n-type GaAs with a doping concentration directly at the transition between metallic and insulating behavior (MIT). In this regime, the electron mobility is difficult to determine experimentally. Consequently, it was not a priori obvious that the spin diffusion rates determined by the newly introduced optical methods were in contradiction with established electrical transport data. However, in an attempt to extend the available data of optical spin microscopy, another issue surfaced, concerning the mathematical drift-diffusion model that has been commonly used to evaluate lateral spin density measurements. Upon close investigation, this model appears to have a limited range of applicability, due to systematic discrepancies with the experimental data (chapter 4). These deviations are noticeable in original publications as well, and it is shown in the present work that they originate from the local heating of electrons in the process of optical spin pumping. Based on insights gained during the second half of the 20th century, it is recapitulated why conduction electrons are easily overheated at cryogenic temperatures. The main reason is the poor thermal coupling between electrons and the crystal lattice (chapter 3). Experiments in the present work showed that a significant thermal gradient exists in the conduction band under local optical excitation of electron-hole pairs. This information was used to develop a better mathematical model of spin diffusion, which allowed to derive the diffusivity of the undisturbed system, due to an effective consideration of electron overheating. In this way, spin diffusivities of n-GaAs were obtained as a function of temperature and doping density in the most interesting regime of the metal-insulator-transition. The experiments presented in this work were performed on a series of n-type bulk GaAs samples, which comprised the transition between metallic conductivity and electrical insulation at low temperatures. Local electron temperature gradients were measured by a hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging technique with subsequent evaluation of the electron-acceptor (e,A\$^0\$) line shape. The local density of nonequilibrium conduction electron spins was deduced from scanning magneto-optic Kerr effect microscopy. Numerical evaluations were performed using the finite elements method in combination with a least-squares fitting procedure. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to historical and recent research in the field of spintronics, as far as it is relevant for the understanding of the present work. Chapter 2 summarizes related physical concepts and experimental methods. Here, the main topics are semiconductor optics, relaxation of hot conduction electrons, and the dynamics of nonequilibrium electron spins in semiconductors. Chapter 3 discusses optical heating effects due to local laser excitation of electron-hole pairs. Experimental evaluations of the acceptor-bound-exciton triplet lines led to the conclusion that the crystal lattice is usually not overheated even at high excitation densities. Here, the heat is efficiently dissipated to the bath, due to the good thermal conductivity of the lattice. Furthermore, the heating of the lattice is inherently limited by the weak heat transfer from the electron system, which on the other hand is also the reason why conduction electrons are easily overheated at temperatures below ≈ 30 K. Spatio-spectral imaging of the electron-acceptor-luminescence line shape allowed to trace the thermal gradient within the conduction band under focused laser excitation. A heat-diffusion model was formulated, which reproduces the experimental electron-temperature trend nicely for low-doped GaAs samples of n- and p-type. For high-doped n-type GaAs samples, it could be shown that the lateral electron-temperature profile is well approximated by a Gaussian. This facilitated easy integration of hot electron influence into the mathematical model of spin diffusion. Chapter 4 deals with magneto-optical imaging of optically induced nonequilibrium conduction-electron spins in n-GaAs close to the MIT. First, the spectral dependence of the magneto-optic Kerr effect was examined in the vicinity of the fundamental band gap. Despite the marked differences among the investigated samples, the spectral shape of the Kerr rotation could be described in terms of a simple Lorentz-oscillator model in all cases. Based on this model, the linearity of the Kerr effect with respect to a nonequilibrium spin polarization is demonstrated, which is decisively important for further quantitative evaluations. Furthermore, chapter 4 presents an experimental survey of spin relaxation in n-GaAs at the MIT. Here, the dependence of the spin relaxation time on bath temperature and doping density was deduced from Hanle-MOKE measurements. While all observed trends agree with established literature, the presented results extend the current portfolio by adding a coherent set of data. Finally, diffusion of optically generated nonequilibrium conduction-electron spins was investigated by scanning MOKE microscopy. First, it is demonstrated that the standard diffusion model is inapplicable for data evaluation in certain situations. A systematic survey of the residual deviations between this model and the experimental data revealed that this situation unfortunately persisted in published works. Moreover, the temperature trend of the residual deviations suggests a close connection to the local overheating of conduction electrons. Consequently, a modified diffusion model was developed and evaluated, in order to compensate for the optical heating effect. From this model, much more reliable results were obtained, as compared to the standard diffusion model. Therefore, it was shown conclusively that the commonly reported anomalously large spin diffusivities were at least in parts caused by overheated conduction electrons. In addition to these new insights some experimental and technological enhancements were realized in the course of this work. First, the optical resolution of scanning MOKE microscopy was improved by implementing a novel scanning mechanism, which allows the application of a larger aperture objective than in the usual scheme. Secondly, imaging photoluminescence spectroscopy was employed for spatially resolved electron-temperature measurements. Here, two different implementations were developed: One for lattice-temperature measurements by acceptor-bound exciton luminescence and a second for conduction-electron temperature measurements via the analysis of the electron-acceptor luminescence line shape. It is shown in the present work that the originally stated anomalously high spin diffusivities were caused to a large extent by unwanted optical heating of the electron system. Although an efficient method was found to compensate for the influence of electron heating, it became also evident that the classical Einstein relation was nonetheless violated under the given experimental conditions. In this case however, it could be shown that this discrepancy did not originate from an experimental artifact, but was instead a manifestation of the fermionic nature of conduction electrons.}, subject = {Galliumarsenid}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Huewe2017, author = {H{\"u}we, Florian}, title = {Electrothermal Investigation on Charge and Heat Transport in the Low-Dimensional Organic Conductor (DCNQI)\(_2\)Cu}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-153492}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {This thesis aimed at the coherent investigation of the electrical and thermal transport properties of the low-dimensional organic conductor (DCNQI)2M (DCNQI: dicyanoquinonediimine; M: metallic counterion). These radical anion salts present a promising, new material class for thermoelectric applications and hence, a consistent characterization of the key parameters is required to evaluate and to optimize their performance. For this purpose, a novel experimental measurement setup enabling the determination of the electrical conductivity, the Seebeck coefficient and the thermal conductivity on a single crystalline specimen has been designed and implemented in this work. The novel measurement setup brought to operation within this thesis enabled a thorough investigation of the thermal transport properties in the (DCNQI)2M system. The thermal conductivity of (DCNQI-h8)2Cu at RT was determined to κ=1.73 W m^(-1) K^(-1). By reducing of the copper content in isostructural, crystalline (DMe-DCNQI)2CuxLi1-x alloys, the electrical conductivity has been lowered by one order of magnitude and the correlated changes in the thermal conductivity allowed for a verification of the Wiedemann-Franz (WF) law at RT. A room temperature Lorenz number of L=(2.48±0.45)⋅〖10〗^(-8) WΩK^(-2) was obtained in agreement with the standard Lorenz number L_0=2,44⋅〖10〗^(-8) WΩK^(-2) for 3D bulk metals. This value appears to be significantly reduced upon cooling below RT, even far above the Debye temperature of θ_D≈82 K, below which a breakdown of the WF law is caused by different relaxation times in response to thermal and to electric field perturbations. The experimental data enabled the first consistent evaluation of the thermoelectric performance of (DCNQI)\$_2\$Cu. The RT power factor of 110 μWm^(-1) K^(-2) is comparable to values obtained on PEDOT-based thermoelectric polymers. The RT figure of merit amounts to zT=0.02 which falls short by a factor of ten compared to the best values of zT=0.42 claimed for conducting polymers. It originates from the larger thermal conductivity in the organic crystals of about 1.73 W m^(-1) K^(-1) in (DCNQI)2Cu. Yet, more elaborate studies on the anisotropy of the thermal conductivity in PEDOT polymers assume their figure of merit to be zT=0.15 at most, recently. Therefore, (DCNQI)2Cu can be regarded as thermoelectric material of similar performance to polymer-based ones. Moreover, it represents one of the best organic n-type thermoelectric materials to date and as such, may also become important in hybrid thermoelectrics in combination with conducting polymers. Upon cooling below room temperature, (DCNQI)2Cu reveals its full potential attaining power factors of 50 mW K^(-2) m^(-1) and exceeding values of zT>0.15 below 40 K. These values represent the best thermoelectric performance in this low-temperature regime for organic as well as inorganic compounds and thus, low-dimensional organic conductors might pave the way toward new applications in cryogenic thermoelectrics. Further improvements may be expected from optimizing the charge carrier concentration by taking control over the CT process via the counterion stack of the crystal lattice. The concept has also been demonstrated in this work. Moreover, the thermoelectric performance in the vicinity of the CDW transition in (MeBr-DCNQI)2Cu was found to be increased by a factor of 5. Accordingly, the diversity of electronic ground states accessible in organic conductors provides scope for further improvements. Finally, the prototype of an all-organic thermoelectric generator has been built in combination with the p-type organic metal TTT2I3. While it only converts about 0.02\% of the provided heat into electrical energy, the specific power output per active area attains values of up to 5 mW cm^(-2). This power output, defining the cost-limiting factor in the recovery of waste heat, is three orders of magnitude larger than in conducting polymer devices and as such, unrivaled in organic thermoelectrics. While the thermoelectric key parameters of (DCNQI)2Cu still lack behind conventional thermoelectrics made of e.g. Bi2Te3, the promising performance together with its potential for improvements make this novel material class an interesting candidate for further exploration. Particularly, the low-cost and energy-efficient synthesis routes of organic materials highlight their relevance for technological applications.}, subject = {Radikalanionensalz}, language = {en} } @article{SyperekAndrzejewskiRudnoRudzińskietal.2017, author = {Syperek, M. and Andrzejewski, J. and Rudno-Rudziński, W. and Maryński, A. and Sȩk, G. and Misiewicz, J. and Reithmaier, J. P. and Somers, A. and H{\"o}fling, S.}, title = {The issue of 0D-like ground state isolation in GaAs- and InP-based coupled quantum dots-quantum well systems}, series = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series}, volume = {906}, journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series}, number = {1}, issn = {1742-6588}, doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/906/1/012019}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262876}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The issue of quantum mechanical coupling between a semiconductor quantum dot and a quantum well is studied in two families of GaAs- and InP- based structures at cryogenic temperatures. It is shown that by tuning the quantum well parameters one can strongly disturb the 0D-character of the coupled system ground state, initially located in a dot. The out-coupling of either an electron or a hole state from the quantum dot confining potential is viewed by a significant elongation of the photoluminescence decay time constant. Band structure calculations show that in the GaAs-based coupled system at its ground state a hole remains isolated in the dot, whereas an electron gets delocalized towards the quantum well. The opposite picture is built for the ground state of a coupled system based on InP.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Leubner2017, author = {Leubner, Philipp}, title = {Strain-engineering of the Topological Insulator HgTe}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-152446}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The subject of this thesis is the control of strain in HgTe thin-film crystals. Such systems are members of the new class of topological insulator materials and therefore of special research interest. A major task was the experimental control of the strain in the HgTe films. This was achieved by a new epitaxial approach and confirmed by cristallographic analysis and magneto-transport measurements. In this work, strain was induced in thin films by means of coherent epitaxy on substrate crystals. This means that the film adopts the lattice constant of the substrate in the plane of the substrate-epilayer interface. The level of strain is determined by the difference between the strain-free lattice constants of the substrate and epilayer material (the so-called lattice mismatch). The film responds to an in-plane strain with a change of its lattice constant perpendicular to the interface. This relationship is crucial for both the correct interpretation of high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurements, and the precise determination of the band dispersion. The lattice constant of HgTe is smaller than the lattice constant of CdTe. Therefore, strain in HgTe is tensile if it is grown on a CdTe substrate. In principle, compressive strain can be achieved by using an appropriate \(\text{Cd}_{1-x}\text{Zn}_{x}\text{Te}\) substrate. This concept was modified and applied in this work. Epilayers have been fabricated by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). The growth of thick buffer layers of CdTe on GaAs:Si was established as an alternative to commercial CdTe and \(text{Cd}_{0.96}\text{Zn}_{0.04}\text{Te}\) substrates. The growth conditions have been optimized by an analysis of atomic force microscopy and HRXRD studies. HRXRD measurements reveal a power-law increase of the crystal quality with increasing thickness. Residual strain was found in the buffer layers, and was attributed to a combination of finite layer thickness and mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients of CdTe and GaAs. In order to control the strain in HgTe epilayers, we have developed a new type of substrate with freely adjustable lattice constant. CdTe-\(\text{Cd}_{0.5}\text{Zn}_{0.5}\text{Te}\) strained-layer-superlattices have been grown by a combination of MBE and atomic-layer epitaxy (ALE), and have been analyzed by HRXRD. ALE of the \(\text{Cd}_{0.5}\text{Zn}_{0.5}\text{Te}\) layer is self-limiting to one monolayer, and the effective lattice constant can be controlled reproducibly and straightforward by adjusting the CdTe layer thickness. The crystal quality has been found to degrade with increasing Zn-fraction. However, the effect is less drastic compared to single layer \(\text{Cd}_{1-x}\text{Zn}_{x}\text{Te}\) solid solutions. HgTe quantum wells (QWs) sandwiched in between CdHgTe barriers have been fabricated in a similar fashion on superlattices and conventional CdTe and \(\text{Cd}_{0.96}\text{Zn}_{0.04}\text{Te}\) substrates. The lower critical thickness of the CdHgTe barrier material grown on superlattice substrates had to be considered regarding the sample design. The electronic properties of the QWs depend on the strain and thickness of the QW. We have determined the QW thickness with an accuracy of \(\pm\)0.5 nm by an analysis of the beating patterns in the thickness fringes of HRXRD measurements and X-ray reflectometry measurements. We have, for the first time, induced compressive strain in HgTe QWs by an epitaxial technique (i.e. the effective lattice constant of the superlattice is lower compared to the lattice constant of HgTe). The problem of the lattice mismatch between superlattice and barriers has been circumvented by using CdHgTe-ZnHgTe superlattices instead of CdHgTe as a barrier material. Furthermore, the growth of compressively strained HgTe bulk layers (with a thickness of at least 50 nm) was demonstrated as well. The control of the state of strain adds a new degree of freedom to the design of HgTe epilayers, which has a major influence on the band structure of QWs and bulk layers. Strain in bulk layers lifts the degeneracy of the \(\Gamma_8\) bands at \(\mathbf{k}=0\). Tensile strain opens an energy gap, compressive strain shifts the touching points of the valence- and conduction band to positions in the Brillouin zone with finite \(\mathbf{k}\). Such a situation has been realized for the first time in the course of this work. For QWs in the inverted regime, it is demonstrated that compressive strain can be used to significantly enhance the thermal energy gap of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). In addition, semi-metallic and semiconducting behavior is expected in wide QWs, depending on the state of strain. An examination of the temperature dependence of the subband ordering in QWs revealed that the band gap is only temperature-stable for appropriate sample parameters and temperature regimes. The band inversion is always lifted for sufficiently high temperatures. A large number of models investigate the influence of the band gap on the stability of the quantum-spin-Hall (QSH) effect. An enhancement of the stability of QSH edge state conductance is expected for enlarged band gaps. Furthermore, experimental studies on the temperature dependence of the QSH conductance are in contradiction to theoretical predictions. Systematic studies of these aspects have become feasible based on the new flexibility of the sample design. Detailed low-temperature magnetotransport studies have been carried out on QWs and bulk layers. For this purpose, devices have been fabricated lithographically, which consist of two Hall-bar geometries with different dimensions. This allows to discriminate between conductance at the plane of the 2DEG and the edge of the sample. The Fermi energy in the 2DEG has been adjusted by means of a top gate electrode. The strain-induced transition from semi-metallic to semiconducting characteristics in wide QWs was shown. The magnitude of the semi-metallic overlap of valence- and conduction band was determined by an analysis of the two-carrier conductance and is in agreement with band structure calculations. The band gap of the semiconducting sample was determined by measurements of the temperature dependence of the conductance at the charge-neutrality point. Agreement with the value expected from theory has been achieved for the first time in this work. The influence of the band gap on the stability of QSH edge state conductance has been investigated on a set of six samples. The band gap of the set spans a range of 10 to 55 meV. The latter value has been achieved in a highly compressively strained QW, has been confirmed by temperature-dependent conductance measurements, and is the highest ever reported in the inverted regime. Studies of the carrier mobility reveal a degradation of the sample quality with increasing Zn-fraction in the superlattice, in agreement with HRXRD observations. The enhanced band gap does not suppress scattering mechanisms in QSH edge channels, but lowers the conductance in the plane of the 2DEG. Hence, edge state conductance is the dominant conducting process even at elevated temperatures. An increase in conductance with increasing temperature has been found, in agreement with reports from other groups. The increase follows a power-law dependency, the underlying physical mechanism remains open. A cause for the lack of an increase of the QSH edge state conductance with increasing energy gap has been discussed. Possibly, the sample remains insulating even at finite carrier densities, due to localization effects. The measurement does not probe the QSH edge state conductance at the situation where the Fermi energy is located in the center of the energy gap, but in the regime of maximized puddle-driven scattering. In a first set of measurements, it has been shown that the QSH edge state conductance can be influenced by hysteretic charging effects of trapped states in the insulating dielectric. A maximized conductance of \(1.6\ \text{e}^2/\text{h}\) was obtained in a \(58\ \mu\text{m}\) edge channel. Finally, measurements on three dimensional samples have been discussed. Recent theoretical works assign compressively strained HgTe bulk layers to the Weyl semi-metal class of materials. Such layers have been synthesized and studied in magnetotransport experiments for the first time. Pronounced quantum-Hall- and Shubnikov-de-Haas features in the Hall- and longitudinal resistance indicate two-dimensional conductance on the sample surface. However, this conductance cannot be assigned definitely to Weyl surface states, due to the inversion of \(\Gamma_6\) and \(\Gamma_8\) bands. If a magnetic field is aligned parallel to the current in the device, a decrease in the longitudinal resistance is observed with increasing magnetic field. This is a signature of the chiral anomaly, which is expected in Weyl semi-metals.}, subject = {Quecksilbertellurid}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17238, title = {Measurements of top-quark pair differential cross-sections in the lepton+jets channel in pp collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=13 \) TeV using the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {191}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP11(2017)191}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172386}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Measurements of differential cross-sections of top-quark pair production in fiducial phase-spaces are presented as a function of top-quark and \(t\overline{t}\) system kinematic observables in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of \(\sqrt{s}\) = 13 TeV. The data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb\(^{-1}\), recorded in 2015 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Events with exactly one electron or muon and at least two jets in the final state are used for the measurement. Two separate selections are applied that each focus on different top-quark momentum regions, referred to as resolved and boosted topologies of the \(t\overline{t}\) final state. The measured spectra are corrected for detector effects and are compared to several Monte Carlo simulations by means of calculated \(χ^2\) and \(p\)-values.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pakkayil2017, author = {Pakkayil, Shijin Babu}, title = {Towards ferromagnet/superconductor junctions on graphene}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-153863}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {This thesis reports a successful fabrication and characterisation of ferromagnetic/superconductor junction (F/S) on graphene. The thesis preposes a fabrication method to produce F/S junctions on graphene which make use of ALD grown Al2O3 as the tunnel barrier for the ferromagnetic contacts. Measurements done on F/G/S/G/F suggests that by injecting spin polarised current into the superconductor, a spin imbalance is created in the quasiparticle density of states of the superconductor which then diffuses through the graphene channel. The observed characteristic curves are similar to the ones which are already reported on metallic ferromagnet/superconductor junctions where the spin imbalance is created using Zeeman splitting. Further measurements also show that the curves loose their characteristic shapes when the temperature is increased above the critical temperature (Tc) or when the external magnetic field is higher then the critical field (Hc) of the superconducting contact. But to prove conclusively and doubtlessly the existence of spin imbalance in ferromagnet/superconductor junctions on graphene, more devices have to be made and characterised preferably in a dilution refrigerator.}, subject = {Graphen}, language = {en} } @article{StrasserSchrauthDembskietal.2017, author = {Straßer, Marion and Schrauth, Joachim H. X. and Dembski, Sofia and Haddad, Daniel and Ahrens, Bernd and Schweizer, Stefan and Christ, Bastian and Cubukova, Alevtina and Metzger, Marco and Walles, Heike and Jakob, Peter M. and Sextl, Gerhard}, title = {Calcium fluoride based multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging}, series = {Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology}, doi = {10.3762/bjnano.8.148}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170657}, pages = {1484-1493}, year = {2017}, abstract = {New multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) that can be used as contrast agents (CA) in different imaging techniques, such as photoluminescence (PL) microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), open new possibilities for medical imaging, e.g., in the fields of diagnostics or tissue characterization in regenerative medicine. The focus of this study is on the synthesis and characterization of CaF\(_{2}\):(Tb\(^{3+}\),Gd\(^{3+}\)) NPs. Fabricated in a wet-chemical procedure, the spherical NPs with a diameter of 5-10 nm show a crystalline structure. Simultaneous doping of the NPs with different lanthanide ions, leading to paramagnetism and fluorescence, makes them suitable for MR and PL imaging. Owing to the Gd\(^{3+}\) ions on the surface, the NPs reduce the MR T\(_{1}\) relaxation time constant as a function of their concentration. Thus, the NPs can be used as a MRI CA with a mean relaxivity of about r = 0.471 mL·mg\(^{-1}\)·s\(^{-1}\). Repeated MRI examinations of four different batches prove the reproducibility of the NP synthesis and determine the long-term stability of the CAs. No cytotoxicity of NP concentrations between 0.5 and 1 mg·mL\(^{-1}\) was observed after exposure to human dermal fibroblasts over 24 h. Overall this study shows, that the CaF\(_{2}\):(Tb\(^{3+}\),Gd\(^{3+}\)) NPs are suitable for medical imaging.}, language = {en} } @article{HeroldHerzWinteretal.2017, author = {Herold, Volker and Herz, Stefan and Winter, Patrick and Gutjahr, Fabian Tobias and Andelovic, Kristina and Bauer, Wolfgang Rudolf and Jakob, Peter Michael}, title = {Assessment of local pulse wave velocity distribution in mice using k-t BLAST PC-CMR with semi-automatic area segmentation.}, series = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance}, volume = {19}, journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance}, number = {77}, doi = {10.1186/s12968-017-0382-2}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157696}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Background: Local aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a measure for vascular stiffness and has a predictive value for cardiovascular events. Ultra high field CMR scanners allow the quantification of local PWV in mice, however these systems are yet unable to monitor the distribution of local elasticities. Methods: In the present study we provide a new accelerated method to quantify local aortic PWV in mice with phase-contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (PC-CMR) at 17.6 T. Based on a k-t BLAST (Broad-use Linear Acquisition Speed-up Technique) undersampling scheme, total measurement time could be reduced by a factor of 6. The fast data acquisition enables to quantify the local PWV at several locations along the aortic blood vessel based on the evaluation of local temporal changes in blood flow and vessel cross sectional area. To speed up post processing and to eliminate operator bias, we introduce a new semi-automatic segmentation algorithm to quantify cross-sectional areas of the aortic vessel. The new methods were applied in 10 eight-month-old mice (4 C57BL/6J-mice and 6 ApoE\(^{(-/-)}\)-mice) at 12 adjacent locations along the abdominal aorta. Results: Accelerated data acquisition and semi-automatic post-processing delivered reliable measures for the local PWV, similiar to those obtained with full data sampling and manual segmentation. No statistically significant differences of the mean values could be detected for the different measurement approaches. Mean PWV values were elevated for the ApoE\(^{(-/-)}\)-group compared to the C57BL/6J-group (3.5 ± 0.7 m/s vs. 2.2 ± 0.4 m/s, p < 0.01). A more heterogeneous PWV-distribution in the ApoE \(^{(-/-)}\)-animals could be observed compared to the C57BL/6J-mice, representing the local character of lesion development in atherosclerosis. Conclusion: In the present work, we showed that k-t BLAST PC-MRI enables the measurement of the local PWV distribution in the mouse aorta. The semi-automatic segmentation method based on PC-CMR data allowed rapid determination of local PWV. The findings of this study demonstrate the ability of the proposed methods to non-invasively quantify the spatial variations in local PWV along the aorta of ApoE\(^{(-/-)}\)-mice as a relevant model of atherosclerosis.}, language = {en} } @article{WurdackLundtKlaasetal.2017, author = {Wurdack, Matthias and Lundt, Nils and Klaas, Martin and Baumann, Vasilij and Kavokin, Alexey V. and H{\"o}fling, Sven and Schneider, Christian}, title = {Observation of hybrid Tamm-plasmon exciton-polaritons with GaAs quantum wells and a MoSe\(_{2}\) monolayer}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {8}, journal = {Nature Communications}, number = {259}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-017-00155-w}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170480}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Strong light matter coupling between excitons and microcavity photons, as described in the framework of cavity quantum electrodynamics, leads to the hybridization of light and matter excitations. The regime of collective strong coupling arises, when various excitations from different host media are strongly coupled to the same optical resonance. This leads to a well-controllable admixture of various matter components in three hybrid polariton modes. Here, we study a cavity device with four embedded GaAs quantum wells hosting excitons that are spectrally matched to the A-valley exciton resonance of a MoSe\(_{2}\) monolayer. The formation of hybrid polariton modes is evidenced in momentum resolved photoluminescence and reflectivity studies. We describe the energy and k-vector distribution of exciton-polaritons along the hybrid modes by a thermodynamic model, which yields a very good agreement with the experiment.}, language = {en} } @article{RyczkoMisiewiczHoflingetal.2017, author = {Ryczko, K. and Misiewicz, J. and Hofling, S. and Kamp, M. and Sęk, G.}, title = {Optimizing the active region of interband cascade lasers for passive mode-locking}, series = {AIP Advances}, volume = {7}, journal = {AIP Advances}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1063/1.4973937}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-181790}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The work proposes possible designs of active regions for a mode-locked interband cascade laser emitting in the mid infrared. For that purpose we investigated the electronic structure properties of respectively modified GaSb-based type II W-shaped quantum wells, including the effect of external bias in order to simultaneously fulfil the requirements for both the absorber as well as the gain sections of a device. The results show that introducing multiple InAs layers in type II InAs/GaInSb quantum wells or introducing a tensely-strained GaAsSb layer into "W-shaped" type II QWs offers significant difference in optical transitions' oscillator strengths (characteristic lifetimes) of the two oppositely polarized parts of such a laser, being promising for utilization in mode-locked devices.}, language = {en} }