@article{GoetzRaulfSchartl1992,
  author    = {G{\"o}tz, Rudolf and Raulf, Friedrich and Schartl, Manfrad},
  title     = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is more highly conserved in structure and function than nerve growth factor during vertebrate evolution},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61703},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Mammalian nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are members of a protein family with perfectly conserved domains arranged around the cysteine residues thought to stabilize an invariant three-dimensional scaffold in addition to distinct sequence motifs that convey different neuronal functions. To study their structural and functional conservation during evolution, we have compared NGF and BDNF from a lower vertebrate, the teleost fi.sh Xiphophorus, with the mammalian homlogues. Genomic clones encoding fish NGF and BDNF were isolated by cross-hybridization using probes from the cloned mammalian factors. Fish NGF and BDNF were expressed by means of recombinant vaccinia viruses, purified, and their neuronal survival specificities for different classes of neurons were found to mirror those of the mammalian factors. The half-maximal survival concentration for chick sensory neurons was 60 pg/ml for both fish and mammalian purifi.ed recombinant BDNF. However, the activity ofrecombinant fish NGF on both chick sensory and sympathetic neurons was 6 ng,lml, 75-fold lower than that of mouse NGF. The different functional conservation of NGF and BDNF is also reflected in their structures. The DNA-deduced amino acid sequences of processed mature fish NGF and BDNF showed, compared to mouse, 63\% and 90\% identity, respectively, indicating that NGF bad reached an optimized structure later than BDNF. The retrograde extrapolation of these data indicates that NGF and BDNF evolved at strikingly different rates ftom a common ancestral gene about 600 million years ago. By RNA gel blot anaJysis NGF mRNA was detected during late embryonie development; BDNF was present in adult brain.},
  subject      = {Physiologische Chemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MaeuelerRaulfSchartl1988,
  author    = {M{\"a}ueler, Winfried and Raulf, Friedrich and Schartl, Manfred},
  title     = {Expression of proto-oncogenes in embryonic, adult, and transformed tissue of Xiphophorus (Teleostei: Poeciliidae)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86233},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {In Xiphophorus the causative, primary cellular oncogene for melanoma formation has been assigned by classical genetics to a sex-chromosomal locus, designated Tu. Activation of Tu was proposed to be the result of the elimination of Tu-specific regulatory genes which normally suppress the transforming function in the nontumorous state. In order to understand the role which known proto-oncogenes migbt play in this process, we have analysed the expression of src, erb A, erb B, ras, abl, sis and mil related genes from Xiphophorus during embryogenesis, in non-tumorous organs and in melanoma cells. For src, ras, erb B and sis a differential expression during embryogenesis and/or in normal organs was detected, with preferential expression of src in neural tissues, a high abundance of sis transcripts in an embryonal epitheloid cellline and of erbB transcripts in the head nephros. In melanoma cells ras, src and a v-erb B related gene were found to be expressed. The src gene most likely is more involved in secondary processes during tumor progression, while the expression of the v-erb B related gene might be transformation-specific because recently such a sequence was found to map to the close vicinity of the Tu-locus.},
  subject      = {Schwertk{\"a}rpfling},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RaulfMaeuelerRobertsonetal.1989,
  author    = {Raulf, Friedrich and M{\"a}ueler, Winfried and Robertson, Scott M. and Schartl, Manfred},
  title     = {Localization of cellular src mRNA during development and in the differentiated bipolar neurons of the adult neural retina in Xiphophorus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86703},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {The expression of the c-src gene in embryonie and adult tissue of the teleost fish Xiphophorus helleri was analyzed by in-situ hybridization. The highly conserved fish c-src gene was found to be expressed at high levels in midterm embryos, where c-src mRNA was localized in developing neurons of the sensory layer of the differentiating retina and in the developing brain. In adult tissues the expression of c-src was found to persist in certain cell types of the brain and the neural retina, especially in the bipolar cells of the inner nuclear layer, which are postmitotic, fully differentiated mature neurons. Thus c-src in Xiphophorus appears to be a developmentally regulated proto-oncogene which is important for neuronal differentiation during organogenesis, but whose persistence of expression in certain terminally differentiated neurons strongly suggests a particular maintenance function for c-src in these cells as well.},
  subject      = {Schwertk{\"a}rpfling},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{SchartlMaeuelerRaulfetal.1988,
  author    = {Schartl, Manfred and M{\"a}ueler, Winfried and Raulf, Friedrich and Robertson, Scott M.},
  title     = {Molecular aspects of melanoma formation in Xiphophorus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72689},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {No abstract available.},
  subject      = {Schwertk{\"a}rpfling},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoetzKoesterWinkleretal.1994,
  author    = {G{\"o}tz, Rudolf and K{\"o}ster, Reinhard and Winkler, Christoph and Raulf, Friedrich and Lottspeich, Friedrich and Schartl, Manfred and Thoenen, Hans},
  title     = {Neurotrophin-6 is a new member of the nerve growth factor family},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61544},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {DURING vertebrale development, many neurons depend for survival and differentiation on their target cells\(^{1-3}\). The best documented mediator of such a retrograde trophic action is the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF)\(^1\). NGF and the other known members of tbe neurotrophin family, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT -3) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT -4/5) are conserved as distinct genes over large evolutionary distances\(^{4 -6}\). Here we report the cloning of neurotrophin-6 (NT -6), a new member of this family from the teleost fish Xiphophorus. NT -6 distinguishes itself from the other known neurotrophins in that it is not found as a soluble protein in the medium of producing cells. The addition of heparin (but not chondroitin) effects the release of NT -6 from cell surface and extracellular matrix molecules. Recombinant purified NT -6 has a spectrum of actions similar to NGF on chick sympathetic and sensory neurons, albeit with a lower potency. NT -6 is expressed in tbe embryonie valvulla cerebelli; expression persists in some adult tissues. The interaction of NT-6 with heparin-binding molecuJes may modulate its action in the nervous system .},
  subject      = {Physiologische Chemie},
  language  = {en}
}