@phdthesis{Taheri2009,
  author    = {Taheri, Jafar},
  title     = {Stratigraphy, ichnology, and sedimentary environments of the Late Bajocian-Late Bathonian Kashafrud Formation, Northeastern Iran},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-39966},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {The Upper Bajocian-Bathonian Kashafrud Formation is a thick package of siliciclastic sediments that crops out in NE Iran from the southeast, near the Afghanistan border, to north- northwestern areas around the city of Mashhad. The thickness ranges from less than 300 m in a deltaic succession (Kuh-e-Radar) to more than 2500 m in the Maiamay area, but the normal thickness in Ghal-e-Sangi, Kol-e-Malekabad, and Fraizi areas is about 1200-1300 m. It is the fill of an elongated basin, which extended for more than 200 km in NW-SE direction and a width of at least 50 km along the southern margin of the Koppeh Dagh. Prior to this study, little information existed about the sedimentary environments and other characters, especially the geometry of the basin. Exact biostratigraphic data from the top of the Kashafrud Formation were rare. Based on the macrofauna from the lower part of the overlying Chamanbid Formation the upper boundary of the Kashafrud Formation had been attributed to the Late Bathonian and/or Early Callovian, but now the upper limit of the Kashafrud Formation is defined as Late Bathonian in age, based on ammonite biostratigraphy. Except for chapter one, which deals with the introduction and related sub-titles, in the following chapters, step by step, field observations and data were surveyed according to the questions to solve. In order to reconstruct the facies architecture and the geometry of the basin, a number of sections have been logged in detail (see chapter 3, "The sections"). The exact biostratigraphic setting is discussed in chapter 4 ("Biostratigraphy"). Sedimentary environments range from non-marine alluvial fans and braided rivers in the basal part of the succession to deltas, storm-dominated shelf, slope and deep-marine basin. The latter comprises the largest part of the basin fill, consisting of monotonous mudstones, siltstones and proximal to distal turbidities. The only continuous carbonate unit (~30 m) locally formed at Tappenader. Other localities in which thin fossil-bearing carbonate strata occur are Torbat-e-Jam (benthic fauna) and, to a lesser extent, Ghal-e-Sangi. These rare shallow-water carbonates, which also contain corals, represent only short intervals (see chapter 5," Facies association and sedimentary environments"). Relative changes in sea level were reconstructed on the basis of deepening- and shallowing-upward trends. Sequence boundaries and parasequences have been distinguished and analyzed in chapter 6 ("Sequence stratigraphy"). In most areas, the basin rapidly evolved from a shallow marine, transgressive succession to a deep-marine, basinal succession. The only area where shallow conditions persisted from the Late Bajocian to the Late Bathonian, and even into the Early Callovian is the Kuh-e-Radar area which corresponds to a fan-delta setting. A trace fossil analysis has been carried out to obtain additional evidence on the bathymetry of the basin (see chapter 7, "Ichnology"). Altogether 29 ichnospecies belonging to 15 ichnogenera have been identified, as well as 10 ichnogenera, which were determined only at genus level. They can be grouped in the well-known "Seilacherian ichnofacies". Very high subsidence rates and strong lateral thickness variations suggest that the Kashafrud Formation is a rift related basin that formed as the eastern extension of the South Caspian Basin. The basin evolution is reviewed, the eastern and western continuations of the basin were checked in the field and also in the literature (see chapter 8, "Basin evolution"). In all, the present study provided new insights into the development of the Kashafrud Formation, e.g. more biostratigraphic data from the base and the top of the succession, a relatively complete picture of the trace fossil associations, a better recognition and reconstruction of the sedimentary environments in different parts of the basin. Finally this research project will be a good basis for further investigations, especially towards the west, as parts of the Kashafrud Formation are source rocks of a hydrocarbon reservoir in NE Iran.},
  subject      = {Chorasan},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShahabfarEitzinger2013,
  author    = {Shahabfar, Alireza and Eitzinger, Josef},
  title     = {Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Droughts in Semi-Arid Regions by Using Meteorological Drought Indices},
  series = {Atmosphere},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {Atmosphere},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.3390/atmos4020094},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128644},
  pages     = {94-112},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Six meteorological drought indices including percent of normal (PN), standardized precipitation index (SPI), China-Z index (CZI), modified CZI (MCZI), Z-Score (Z), the aridity index of E. de Martonne (I) are compared and evaluated for assessing spatio-temporal dynamics of droughts in six climatic regions in Iran. Results indicated that by consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the mentioned drought predictors in Iran, the Z-Score, CZI and MCZI could be used as a good meteorological drought predictor. Depending on the month, the length of drought and climatic conditions of the region, they are an alternative to the SPI that has limitations both because of only a few available long term data series in Iran and its complex structure.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{ZamaniPedram2011,
  author    = {Zamani Pedram, Masoud},
  title     = {Source, facies, and sedimentary environments of the Middle to Upper Jurassic strata in the Kerman and Tabas areas, east-central Iran},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56758},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The present study concerned mainly on the source, facies, and sedimentary environments of the Middle to Upper Jurassic strata in the Kerman and Tabas areas, east-central Iran. The composition of sandstones, and heavy mineral analysis point to pre-existing sedimentary, low, middle to upper rank metamorphic, and plutonic rocks of the Kalmard, Posht-e-Badam, Bayazeh, and Zarand-Kerman areas as the source rocks. According to the diagram of WELTJE et al. (1998), most samples from the Middle-Upper Jurassic rocks suggest a moderate to high elevation of the source area, and indicate a semi-arid and mediterranean to sub-humid climate. In the Qt-F-L ternary diagrams of DICKINSON et al. (1983), most point counting data from the Lower Siliciclastic Member and the top of the Hojedk Formation plot in the recycled orogen (Quartzose recycled) area of the diagram. The sandstones in this area can be interpreted as being derived from the Mid-Cimmerian Movements. Sixteen different types of siliciclastic-carbonate, and evaporatic sedimentary environments have been recognized. Thirty-nine macroinvertebrate taxa have been identified. Ten ichnotaxa have been taxonomically described from the Middle to Upper Jurassic rocks. Quite likely, before rotation of CEIM which were associated with counterclockwise block-rotation, equivalent rocks of the Bidou Formation occurred along the tectonic zone between the Yazd and the Tabas blocks (probably during the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous). However, from the Cretaceous onwards, most of the Bidou Formation has been removed by a combination of strike-slip and reverse movements of the Kashmar-Kerman tectonic zone. Roughly, these block-rotation movements occurred after the Cretaceous. During the Middle to Upper Jurassic, the tectonic activities were vertical movements producing the sedimentary pattern in the CEIM.},
  subject      = {Kerman <Region>},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{UllmannBuedelBaumhaueretal.2016,
  author    = {Ullmann, Tobias and B{\"u}del, Christian and Baumhauer, Roland and Padashi, Majid},
  title     = {Sentinel-1 SAR Data Revealing Fluvial Morphodynamics in Damghan (Iran): Amplitude and Coherence Change Detection},
  series = {International Journal of Earth Science and Geophysics},
  volume    = {2},
  journal   = {International Journal of Earth Science and Geophysics},
  number    = {1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147863},
  pages     = {007},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The Sentinel-1 Satellite (S-1) of ESA's Copernicus Mission delivers freely available C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data that are suited for interferometric applications (InSAR). The high geometric resolution of less than fifteen meter and the large coverage offered by the Interferometric Wide Swath mode (IW) point to new perspectives on the comprehension and understanding of surface changes, the quantification and monitoring of dynamic processes, especially in arid regions. The contribution shows the application of S-1 intensities and InSAR coherences in time series analysis for the delineation of changes related to fluvial morphodynamics in Damghan, Iran. The investigations were carried out for the period from April to October 2015 and exhibit the potential of the S-1 data for the identification of surface disturbances, mass movements and fluvial channel activity in the surroundings of the Damghan Playa. The Amplitude Change Detection highlighted extensive material movement and accumulation - up to sizes of more than 4,000 m in width - in the east of the Playa via changes in intensity. Further, the Coherence Change Detection technique was capable to indicate small-scale channel activity of the drainage system that was neither recognizable in the S-1 intensity nor the multispectral Landsat-8 data. The run off caused a decorrelation of the SAR signals and a drop in coherence. Seen from a morphodynamic point of view, the results indicated a highly dynamic system and complex tempo-spatial patterns were observed that will be subject of future analysis. Additionally, the study revealed the necessity to collect independent reference data on fluvial activity in order to train and adjust the change detector.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Fekete2004,
  type      = {Master Thesis},
  author    = {Fekete, Alexander},
  title     = {Massenbewegungen im Elbursgebirge, Iran - im Spannungsfeld zwischen nat{\"u}rlicher Stabilit{\"a}t und anthropogener Beeinflussung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13576},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Massenbewegungen (in englischer Literatur landslides, in franz{\"o}sischer Literatur glissements de terre) sind das Symptom von Hanginstabilit{\"a}ten in einem Naturraum. Die Wahl des {\"U}berbegriffs Massenbewegungen und die Untergliederung der einzelnen Stadien des Prozessablaufs wurden im Rahmen eines pragmatischen Ansatzes dieser Arbeit neu festgelegt. Im Untersuchungsgebiet im Elbursgebirge im Norden des Iran stellen Massenbewegungen ein Ph{\"a}nomen dar, welches die Kulturlandschaft bedroht, aber auch durch sie selbst bedingt ist. In dieser Arbeit wurden Abh{\"a}ngigkeitsbeziehungen zwischen menschlichem Eingriff und nat{\"u}rlichem Stabilit{\"a}tspotential untersucht. In einem heuristischen Ansatz wurden Faktoren analysiert, welche Massenbewegungen bedingen oder ausl{\"o}sen. Faktoren wie geologischer Untergrund, Bodenauflage, Hangneigung, Exposition, Hydrologie, Vegetationsbedeckung oder Straßenbau wirken in unterschiedlicher Weise auf die Verursachung von Massenbewegungen ein. Die Analyse der Tragweite und Relevanz dieser Faktoren erfolgte mittels einer Faktoren{\"u}berlagerung in einem Geographischen Informationssystem (GIS). Das GIS bildete die Schnittstelle f{\"u}r Fernerkundungsdaten, Kartenmaterial, Gel{\"a}ndeaufnahme und das digitale Gel{\"a}ndemodell (DEM, bzw. DTM). Neben Photos, Beschreibungen, GPS-Punkten und Bodenproben aus der Gel{\"a}ndeaufnahme im Iran wurden CORONA- und LANDSAT-ETM+ - Satellitendaten sowie Klimaaufzeichnungen, Topographische und Geologische Karten auf ihre Aussagekraft hin analysiert. Durch Verschneidung der Datenebenen konnten Gef{\"a}hrdungszonen hinsichtlich Massenbewegungen ausgewiesen werden. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit den vorhandenen Befunden {\"u}ber aufgetretene Massenbewegungen {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Die {\"U}bereinstimmung der Gef{\"a}hrdungszonen mit der Verteilung vorgefundener Massenbewegungsformen best{\"a}tigte die Richtigkeit des methodischen Vorgehens. Bei der Auswahl und Bearbeitung von Daten und Methodik lagen die Schwerpunkte im Anwendungsbezug und in der Qualit{\"a}tssicherung. Zur Erstellung des digitalen H{\"o}henmodells wurde ein eigener Ansatz zur Extraktion von H{\"o}henlinien aus Topographischen Karten verfolgt. Das Ergebnis der Arbeit ist ein kosteng{\"u}nstiger, pragmatischer und {\"u}bertragbarer Ansatz zur Bewertung des Gef{\"a}hrdungspotentials von Massenbewegungen.},
  subject      = {Elbursgebirge},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Wilhelm1978,
  author    = {Wilhelm, Gernot},
  title     = {Ist das Elamische eine Ergativsprache?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-82762},
  year      = {1978},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Iran},
  language  = {de}
}
@unpublished{Schmidt2014,
  author    = {Schmidt, Karin Stella},
  title     = {Historische Aufnahmen aus dem Vorderen Orient. Teil 2: Iraq und Iran (1971)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-95471},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Mit diesem Beitrag ("Iraq und Iran") liegt Teil 2 der dreiteiligen Online-Publikation "Historische Aufnahmen aus dem Vorderen Orient" vor, die als Zeitdokumente Bilder und begleitende Texte von Reisen aus den Jahren 1968 bis 1979 in einige L{\"a}nder des Nahen Ostens vorstellt. Die Bildauswahl zeigt v. a. Kunstobjekte und Landschafts- bzw. Architekturaufnahmen mit Bezug zur Arch{\"a}ologie und Kunstgeschichte.},
  subject      = {Arch{\"a}ologie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Carls1999,
  author    = {Carls, Hans-Georg},
  title     = {Das hochmittelalterliche Seefernhandelszentrum von Hormoz},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-1179807},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1999},
  abstract  = {Das Hauptziel dieser Studie war, den Standort des 1 300 A.D. vom iranischen Festland auf die vorgelagerte Insel Jarun (sp{\"a}ter Hormoz) verlegten Seefernhandelszentrums von Alt-Hormoz zu belegen. Dieses Ziel sollte {\"u}ber einen interdisziplin{\"a}ren Ansatz mit Hilfe von kulturgeographischen, siedlungsarch{\"a}ologischen, historischen und geowissenschaftlichen Methoden erreicht werden. Bisherige arch{\"a}ologische und geographische Studien kamen zu sehr unterschiedlichen Standortangaben. Aus diesen Gr{\"u}nden wurde das Untersuchungsgebiet an der hochariden Schlickwattk{\"u}ste der heutigen Straße von Hormoz auf eine ca. 10 Quadratkilometer große Fl{\"a}che ausgedehnt. Der Name Seefernhandelszentrum von Alt-Hormoz steht f{\"u}r das 1300 AD verlassene, festl{\"a}ndische Fernhandelszentrum. Der Name Neu-Hormoz steht f{\"u}r das ab 1300 AD auf der Insel Jarun gelegene Seefernhandelszentrum. Auf der Insel Jarun gibt es kaum Vegetation und so gut wie keine Trinkwasserquellen. Man kann hier von einer f{\"u}r Mensch und Tier {\"a}ußerst lebensfeindlichen Umwelt sprechen. Die zeitliche und funktionale Zuordnung der im Rahmen der Feldarbeiten im Gebiet des ehemaligen Seefernhandelszentruns von Alt-Hormoz lokalisierten Fundorte basiert auf voneinander unabh{\"a}ngigen Auswertungen verschiedener Oberfl{\"a}chen- oder Kleinlesefund-gruppen (qualitativer Ansatz). Eine zentrale Stellung nahmen dabei fern{\"o}stliche Keramiktypen ein. Es wurde aber auch islamische Keramik mit in die Auswertung ein bezogen. Um die {\"u}ber die fern{\"o}stliche und die islamische Keramik gewonnenen Erkenntnisse abzusichern wurden auch chinesische M{\"u}nzen datiert.. Da Alt-Hormoz im 13. Jahrhundert eine M{\"u}nzst{\"a}tte war ließen sich zahllose islamische M{\"u}nzen nachweisen, wovon ein Teil datierbar war und in erster Linie der M{\"u}nzst{\"a}tte Alt-Hormoz zugeordnet werden konnte. Diese materiellen {\"U}berreste aus der 1300 AD verlassenen Hafenstadt Alt-Hormoz unterscheiden sich signifikant von denen, wie sie am Standort des Seefernhandelszentrums von Neu-Hormoz (Insel Jarun) aus dem 14. und 15. Jahrhundert bekannt sind. Die Qualit{\"a}t und die Quantit{\"a}t der am Fundort Kalatun (Alt-Hormoz) an der Oberfl{\"a}che nachgewiesenen Baumaterialien lassen {\"u}berhaupt keinen Zweifel daran, dass es sich hier um die architektonischen {\"U}berreste einer historischen Hafenstadt handelt, deren Bewohner am eintr{\"a}glichen, internationalen Seefernhandelsgesch{\"a}ft partizipierten.},
  subject      = {Hormos},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Majidifard2003,
  author    = {Majidifard, Mahmoud Reza},
  title     = {Biostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, ammonite taxonomy and microfacies analysis of the Middle and Upper Jurassic of northeastern Iran},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-8045},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {The Middle and Upper Jurassic sedimentary successions of Alborz in northern Iran and Koppeh Dagh in northeastern Iran comprise four formations; Dalichai, Lar (Alborz) and Chaman Bid, Mozduran (Koppeh Dagh). In this thesis, the biostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, microfacies, depositional environments and palaeobiogeography of these rocks are discussed with special emphasis on the abundant ammonite fauna. They constitute a more or less continuous sequence, being confined by two tectonic events, one at the base, in the uppermost part of the Shemshak Formation (Bajocian), the so-called Mid-Cimmerian Event, the other one at the top (early Cretaceous), the so-called Late-Cimmerian Event. The lowermost unit constitutes the uppermost member of a siliciclastic and partly continental depositional sequence known as Shemshak Formation. It contains a fairly abundant ammonite fauna ranging in age from Aalenian to early Bajocian. The following unit (Dalichai Formation) begins everywhere with a significant marine transgression of late Bajocian age. The following four sections were measured: The Dalichai section (97 m) with three members; the Golbini-Jorbat composite section (449 m) with three members of the Dalichai Formation (414 m) and two members of the Lar Formation (414 m); the Chaman Bid section (1556 m) with seven members, and the Tooy-Takhtehbashgheh composite section (567 m) with three members of the Chaman Bid Formation (567 m) and four members of the Mozduran Formation (1092 m). Altogether, 80 species of ammonites from the Dalichai and Chaman Bid formations belonging to 30 genera and 16 families are described. Among the taxa Phylloceratidae are most abundant, followed by Ataxioceratidae, Perisphinctidae, and Cardioceratidae. Pachyceratidae are the least common family. The ammonite fauna is of low diversity and is concentrated in several levels. Some of the ammonite genera and species are recorded from Iran for the first time. These include Pachyceras lalandei, Cardioceras praecordatum, Microbajocisphinctes sp., Geyssantia geyssanti, Larcheria schilli, Passendorferia sp., Sequeirosia sp., Phanerostephanus subsenex, Nothostephanus sp., Nannostephanus cf. subcomutus, Parawedekindia callomoni, Physodoceras sp., Extrenodites sp.. Biostratigraphically, thirty ammonite zones have been recognized for the Middle and Upper Jurassic successions at the four studied sections. Based on ammonites, the Dalichai Formation ranges from the Upper Bajocian to Callovian (Dalichai section) and from the Upper Bajocian to Lower Tithonian (Golbini-Jorbat section), the Chaman Bid Formation ranges from the ?Bathonian to Lower Tithonian (Chaman Bid section) and from the Upper Bajocian to Middle Kimmeridgian (Tooy-Takhtehbashgheh section), the Lar Formation ranges from the Middle to Upper Tithonian (Golbini-Jorbat section), and the Mozduran Formation from the Upper Kimmeridgian to ?Tithonian. Forty-four Microfacies types are briefly described. They were grouped into 16 facies associations, which then were interpreted in terms of their palaeoenvironments. They are part of a carbonate system consisting of a platform and adjacent slope to basin. Five major environments are represented: Tidal flat, shelf lagoon, and platform margin barrier as parts of the carbonate platform, and slope to basin representing open marine conditions. The sediments of the Dalichai and Chaman Bid formations are the slope and basinal sediments of the diachronous Lar and Mozduran formations, which formed an extensive carbonate platform in the Middle and Upper Jurassic.},
  subject      = {Chorasan},
  language  = {en}
}