@phdthesis{Deutschlaender2001, author = {Deutschl{\"a}nder, Angela}, title = {{\"U}ber den Beitrag von Valpha- und Jalpha-Segmenten des T-Zellrezeptors von CD8 T-Zellen der Ratte bei RT1f-spezifischer Alloreaktion und positiver Selektion im Thymus}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2554}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2001}, abstract = {Va8.2+ CD8 T-Zellen von LEW.1F Ratten (MHC-Haplotyp f) werden w{\"a}hrend der Reifung im Thymus zehnfach {\"u}berselektioniert: 14 Prozent der reifen LEW.1F CD8 T-Zellen exprimieren Va8.2; CD8 T-Zellen von MHC kongenen RT1f- St{\"a}mme sind nur zu 1-2 Prozent Va8.2+. Gleichzeitig f{\"u}hrt die RT1f-spezifische allogene Stimulation reifer LEW (MHC Haplotyp l) CD8 T-Zellen zu einer bevorzugten Expansion von Va8.2+ T-Zellen. Dies {\"u}berrascht, da die positive Selektion unreifer Thymozyten eine niedrigere Avidit{\"a}t zwischen T-Zelle und Antigen-pr{\"a}sentierender Zelle erfordern soll als Alloreaktivit{\"a}t. Ein bevorzugter Vb-Gebrauch wurde weder bei RT1f-spezifischer positiver Selektion noch Alloreaktion gefunden. Das Ja-Repertoire von RT1f-alloreaktiven Va8.2 TCR ist restringiert, ihre CDR3a Schleifen sind kurz, homogen und besitzen wenig N-Nukleotidinsertionen; ein hydrophob/amphiphatisches Motiv erh{\"o}ht wahrscheinlich die Peptidpromiskuit{\"a}t. Va8.2+ LEW.1F T-Zellen besitzen ein weniger restringiertes Ja-Repertoire; ein hydrophobes Motiv der CDR3a-Schleife wurde seltener gefunden; weitere Restriktionen der CDR3a-Schleife fanden wir nicht. Nicht-alloreaktive LEW CD8 T-Zellen zeigten keine Restriktionen im Bereich Ja/CDR3a. Va8.2 vermittelt MHC-spezifische positive Selektion und Alloreaktivit{\"a}t. Alloreaktionen erfordern einen zus{\"a}tzlichen Beitrag der CDR3a-Schleife, deren Gestaltung wahrscheinlich Kontakte mit einem hochdiversen Peptidsatz und zus{\"a}tzliche MHC-Molek{\"u}l-Kontakte erm{\"o}glicht. Unsere Ergebnisse sind vereinbar mit R{\"o}ntgenstrukturanalysen des T-Zellrezeptor (TCR)/pMHC-Komplexes und dem "differential-avidity model" der TCR-vermittelten Antigenerkennung bei thymischer Selektion und Aktivierung reifer T-Zellen. Sie dokumentieren die Bedeutung der Erkennung polymorpher MHC-Strukturen durch keimbahnkodierte TCR-Segmente und sprechen gegen eine ausschließliche Peptidspezifit{\"a}t von positiver Selektion und Alloreaktivit{\"a}t.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{RomerRoche2012, author = {Romer Roche, Paula Sofia}, title = {Separation from self explains failure of circulating T-cells to respond to the CD28 superagonist TGN1412}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74933}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Stimulatory or superagonistic (SA) CD28-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are potent polyclonal activators of regulatory T cells and have proven highly effective as treatment in a wide range of rodent models for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In these models, a preferential activation of regulatory T cells was observed by in vivo administration of CD28SA. In stark contrast, human volunteers receiving TGN1412, a humanized CD28-specific mAb, experienced a life-threatening cytokine release syndrome during the first-in-man trial. Preclinical tests employing human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) failed to announce the rapid cytokine release measured in the human volunteers in response to TGN1412. The aim of this thesis project was to find an explanation of why standard PBMC assays failed to predict the unexpected TGN1412-induced "cytokine storm" observed in human volunteers. CD28 superagonists can activate T cells without T cell receptor (TCR) ligation. They do depend, however, on "tonic" TCR signals received by MHC scanning, signals that they amplify. PBMC do not receive these signals in the circulation. Short-term in vitro preculture of human PBMC at a high cell density (HDC) resulted in massive cytokine release during subsequent TGN1412 stimulation. Restoration of reactivity was cell-contact dependent, associated with TCR polarization and tyrosine-phosphorylation, and blocked by HLA-specific mAb. In HDC, both CD4 T cells and monocytes functionally mature in a mutually dependent fashion. However, only CD4 memory T-cells proliferate upon TGN1412 stimulation, and were identified as the main source of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, responses to other T-cell activating agents were also enhanced if PBMC were first allowed to interact under tissue-like conditions. A new in vitro protocol is provided that returns circulating T-cells to a tissue-like status where they respond to TGN1412 stimulation, and it might represent a more reliable preclinical in vitro test for both activating and inhibitory immunomodulatory drugs. Finally, the surprising observation was made that the IgG1 "sibling" of TGN1412, which is of the poorly Fc receptor-binding IgG4 isotype, has a much lower stimulatory activity. We could exclude steric hindrance as an explanation and provide evidence for removal of TGN1112 from the T-cell surface by trans-endocytosis.}, subject = {T-Lymphozyten-Rezeptor}, language = {en} } @article{BoertleinSchumacherKleuseretal.2019, author = {B{\"o}rtlein, Charlene and Schumacher, Fabian and Kleuser, Burkhard and D{\"o}lken, Lars and Avota, Elita}, title = {Role of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (NSM 2) in the control of T cell plasma membrane lipid composition and cholesterol homeostasis}, series = {Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology}, volume = {7}, journal = {Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology}, number = {226}, issn = {2296-634X}, doi = {10.3389/fcell.2019.00226}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190596}, year = {2019}, abstract = {The activity of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (NSM2) to catalyze the conversion of sphingomyelin (SM) to ceramide and phosphocholine at the cytosolic leaflet of plasma membrane (PM) is important in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. We recently identified PKCζ as a major NSM2 downstream effector which regulates microtubular polarization. It remained, however, unclear to what extent NSM2 activity affected overall composition of PM lipids and downstream effector lipids in antigen stimulated T cells. Here, we provide a detailed lipidomics analyses on PM fractions isolated from TCR stimulated wild type and NSM2 deficient (ΔNSM) Jurkat T cells. This revealed that in addition to that of sphingolipids, NSM2 depletion also affected concentrations of many other lipids. In particular, NSM2 ablation resulted in increase of lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) which both govern PM biophysical properties. Crucially, TCR dependent upregulation of the important T cell signaling lipid diacylglycerol (DAG), which is fundamental for activation of conventional and novel PKCs, was abolished in ΔNSM cells. Moreover, NSM2 activity was found to play an important role in PM cholesterol transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and production of cholesteryl esters (CE) there. Most importantly, CE accumulation was essential to sustain human T cell proliferation. Accordingly, inhibition of CE generating enzymes, the cholesterol acetyltransferases ACAT1/SOAT1 and ACAT2/SOAT2, impaired TCR driven expansion of both CD4\(^+\) and CD8\(^+\) T cells. In summary, our study reveals an important role of NSM2 in regulating T cell functions by its multiple effects on PM lipids and cholesterol homeostasis.}, language = {en} } @article{DeLiraRamanSchulzeetal.2020, author = {De Lira, Maria Nathalia and Raman, Sudha Janaki and Schulze, Almut and Schneider-Schaulies, Sibylle and Avota, Elita}, title = {Neutral Sphingomyelinase-2 (NSM 2) Controls T Cell Metabolic Homeostasis and Reprogramming During Activation}, series = {Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences}, volume = {7}, journal = {Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences}, issn = {2296-889X}, doi = {10.3389/fmolb.2020.00217}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211311}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (NSM2) is a member of a superfamily of enzymes responsible for conversion of sphingomyelin into phosphocholine and ceramide at the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Upon specific ablation of NSM2, T cells proved to be hyper-responsive to CD3/CD28 co-stimulation, indicating that the enzyme acts to dampen early overshooting activation of these cells. It remained unclear whether hyper-reactivity of NSM2-deficient T cells is supported by a deregulated metabolic activity in these cells. Here, we demonstrate that ablation of NSM2 activity affects metabolism of the quiescent CD4\(^+\) T cells which accumulate ATP in mitochondria and increase basal glycolytic activity. This supports enhanced production of total ATP and metabolic switch early after TCR/CD28 stimulation. Most interestingly, increased metabolic activity in resting NSM2-deficient T cells does not support sustained response upon stimulation. While elevated under steady-state conditions in NSM2-deficient CD4\(^+\) T cells, the mTORC1 pathway regulating mitochondria size, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP production is impaired after 24 h of stimulation. Taken together, the absence of NSM2 promotes a hyperactive metabolic state in unstimulated CD4\(^+\) T cells yet fails to support sustained T cell responses upon antigenic stimulation.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Seitz2007, author = {Seitz, Sabine}, title = {Identifikation und Charakterisierung von autoreaktiven humanen T-Zell-Rezeptor Molek{\"u}len}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-22511}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Die Multiple Sklerose und die entz{\"u}ndlichen Muskelerkrankungen Polymyositis und Einschlussk{\"o}rperchenmyositis sind Autoimmunerkrankungen, in denen T-Lymphozyten in das Gehirn bzw. den Muskel eindringen und dort k{\"o}rpereigenes Gewebe zerst{\"o}ren. Die Pathogenese dieser Krankheiten ist bis jetzt noch nicht bekannt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die ins Zielgewebe eingedrungenen autoaggressiven T-Lymphozyten aus gefrorenem Biopsiegewebe zu isolieren, ihren ab-T-Zell-Rezeptor zu analysieren und diesen rekombinant zu exprimieren. Folgeversuche mit den TZR-Transfektanten sollten erste Hinweise auf ein m{\"o}gliches Antigen liefern. Um autoaggressive T-Zellen von irrelevanten zu unterscheiden, konzentrierten wir uns auf Zellen, die zum einen im Zielgewebe klonal expandiert vorlagen, zum anderen einen direkten morphologischen Kontakt mit der Zielzelle aufwiesen. Wir untersuchten das T-Zell-Repertoire verschiedener Patienten auf klonal expandierte Populationen durch CDR3-Spektratyping und isolierten positiv gef{\"a}rbte Kandidatenzellen durch Lasermikrodissektion aus dem Gewebe. Anschließend wurden die T-Zell-Rezeptoren mit einer speziellen, im Rahmen der Arbeit entwickelten Einzelzell-Muliplex-RT-PCR analysiert. Bisher war es nicht m{\"o}glich, die a- und b-Kette desselben T-Zell-Rezeptors aus Biopsiematerial zu identifizieren. Dies lag an der geringen Anzahl verf{\"u}gbarer anti-a-Ketten-Antik{\"o}rper sowie an der wesentlich h{\"o}heren Variabilit{\"a}t der a-Ketten-Gene. Aus dem Biopsiegewebe eines Patienten isolierten wir 23 ab-TZR-P{\"a}rchen, welche alle die identische expandierte TZR-b-Kette zeigten. 20 der 23 Zellen wiesen eine identische a-Kette auf. Die Dominanz des TZR ist ein Hinweis auf die pathogene Relevanz dieses T-Zell-Klons. Die anderen drei Zellen zeigten drei unterschiedliche funktionelle a-Ketten. Aus der Biopsie eines zweiten Patienten isolierten wir zwei weitere ab-TZR-P{\"a}rchen. Die vier Rezeptoren des ersten Patienten wurden in einer T-Zell Hybridom Zellinie exprimiert. Vorl{\"a}ufige Versuche, ein m{\"o}gliches Antigen zu detektieren, zeigten, dass es sich wahrscheinlich weder um ein muskelspezifisches Antigen noch um ein ubiquit{\"a}r exprimiertes Selbst-Antigen handelt. Die hier beschriebene Methode der Isolierung und Analyse von autoaggressiven T-Lymphozyten kann man nicht nur zur Untersuchung des TZR-ab-Repertoires von Myositis- oder MS-Patienten einsetzen. Sie ist ebenfalls geeignet, andere Autoimmunerkrankungen sowie Tumor- oder Infektionserkrankungen zu untersuchen.}, subject = {Autoaggressionskrankheit}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Foeger2000, author = {F{\"o}ger, Niko}, title = {Costimulatory function of CD44}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1186}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2000}, abstract = {T cell activation is supposed to require two signals via engagement of the TCR and a costimulatory molecule. However, the signaling cascade of costimulatory molecules has remained elusive. Here, I provide evidence that CD44 supports proliferation as well as apoptosis mainly, if not exclusively, by enhancing signal transduction via the TCR/CD3 complex. Blockade of CD44 interferes with mounting of an immune response. This has been demonstrated by the significantly decreased IL-2 production of a T helper line, when stimulated in the presence of a competing CD44 receptor globulin. To evaluate the underlying mechanism, CD44 was cross-linked by an immobilized antibody (IM7). Cross-linking of CD44 induces proliferation of peripheral T cells and apoptosis of thymocytes and a T helper line in the presence of subthreshold levels of anti-CD3. CD44-induced proliferation was accompanied by an upregulation of the activation markers CD25 and CD69 and an increased cytokine production. TCR-mediated apoptosis was accompanied by an upregulation of CD95 ligand and CD95 receptor, which could be greatly enhanced by costimulation via CD44. On the level of signal transduction, coligation of CD44 with CD3 resulted in a strong and sustained increase of early tyrosine phosphorylation events and upregulated downstream signal transduction pathways, such as the ras/ERK and the JNK signaling cascades. These pleiotropic effects of CD44 are due to its involvement in the most proximal events in TCR signaling, as demonstrated by a strong increase in the phosphorylation of the TCR z-chain and ZAP-70. Notably, cross-linking of CD44 was binding-site dependent and was only effective when supporting colocalization of the TCR/CD3 complex and CD44. Cross-linking of CD44 via immobilized IM7 also induced profound changes in cell morphology, characterized by strong adhesion, spreading and development of surface extensions, which were dependent on a functional tubulin and actin cytoskeleton. These cytoskeletal rearrangements were mediated by rac1, a small GTPase of the rho subfamily, and src-family kinases, two of which, fyn and lck, were found to be associated with CD44. By cross-linkage of CD44 these kinases were redistributed into so called lipid rafts. It is supposed that for T cell activation a relocation of the TCR/CD3 complex into the same membrane microdomains is required. The data are interpreted in the sense that the costimulatory function of CD44 relies on its cooperativity with the TCR. Most likely by recruitment of phosphokinases CD44 significantly lowers the threshold for the initiation of signaling via the TCR. The requirement for immobilized anti-CD44, the necessity for neighbouring anti-CD3 and the dependence on the binding site of CD44 strongly suggest that the costimulatory mechanism involves cytoskeletal rearrangements, which facilitate recruitment and redirection of src-family protein kinases in glycolipid enriched membrane microdomains.}, subject = {Antigen CD44}, language = {en} } @article{HerrmannKarunakaran2022, author = {Herrmann, Thomas and Karunakaran, Mohindar M.}, title = {Butyrophilins: γδ T cell receptor ligands, immunomodulators and more}, series = {Frontiers in Immunology}, volume = {13}, journal = {Frontiers in Immunology}, issn = {1664-3224}, doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2022.876493}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265944}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Butyrophilins (BTN) are relatives of the B7 family (e.g., CD80, PD-L1). They fulfill a wide range of functions including immunomodulation and bind to various receptors such as the γδ T cell receptor (γδTCR) and small molecules. One intensively studied molecule is BTN3A1, which binds via its cytoplasmic B30.2 domain, metabolites of isoprenoid synthesis, designated as phosphoantigen (PAg), The enrichment of PAgs in tumors or infected cells is sensed by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, leading to the proliferation and execution of effector functions to remove these cells. This article discusses the contribution of BTNs, the related BTNL molecules and SKINT1 to the development, activation, and homeostasis of γδ T cells and their immunomodulatory potential, which makes them interesting targets for therapeutic intervention.}, language = {en} }