@phdthesis{GotthardtgebSchubert2023,
  author    = {Gotthardt [geb. Schubert], Sonja},
  title     = {Einfluss von Oncostatin M auf die Pathogenese der Nicht-alkoholischen Fettlebererkrankung},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28131},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281312},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Die Nicht-alkoholische Fettlebererkrankung (NAFLD) ist eine der h{\"a}ufigsten chronischen Lebererkrankungen der westlichen Welt. Die Pathogenese der Erkrankung ist noch nicht vollst{\"a}ndig erforscht und wirksame medikament{\"o}se Therapien sind bisher nicht zugelassen. Wachsende Evidenz zeigt, dass das Interleukin-6-Typ-Zytokin Oncostatin M (OSM) eine wichtige Rolle in der Pathogenese der NAFLD spielt. Die japanische Arbeitsgruppe um Komori et al. zeigte an OSM-Rezeptor-β-defizienten (Osmr-KO-) M{\"a}usen sowie durch OSM-Behandlung von genetisch und ern{\"a}hrungsbedingt adip{\"o}sen M{\"a}usen, dass OSM vor einer hepatischen Steatose und metabolischer Komorbidit{\"a}t sch{\"u}tzen kann. Andere Publikationen suggerieren, dass OSM an NAFLD-Entwicklung und -Progression beteiligt ist, indem es die Expression von Genen der β-Oxidation und Very-Low-Density-Lipoprotein (VLDL-) Sekretion reprimiert und die Expression profibrogenetischer Gene f{\"o}rdert. Low-Density-Lipoprotein-Rezeptor-defiziente- (Ldlr-KO-) M{\"a}use sind seit Langem als Atherosklerose-Modell etabliert und wurden zuletzt auch als physiologisches Modell f{\"u}r NAFLD identifiziert. Um die Rolle von OSM in der NAFLD-Pathogenese zu beleuchten, wurden Osmr-KO-M{\"a}use auf Wildtyp- (WT-) und Ldlr-KO-Hintergrund untersucht, die {\"u}ber 12 Wochen eine fett- und cholesterinreiche Western Diet erhielten und anschließend f{\"u}r die Organentnahme geopfert wurden. Im Vorfeld dieser Arbeit wurden K{\"o}rpergewicht, Blutglukose, Serum-Cholesterin und Lebergewicht der Tiere gemessen. Hierbei zeigte sich ein erh{\"o}htes K{\"o}rpergewicht, unver{\"a}nderte Blutglukose, erh{\"o}htes Serum-Cholesterin sowie ein erh{\"o}htes Lebergewicht in Osmr-KO- gegen{\"u}ber WT-M{\"a}usen. Andersherum waren K{\"o}rpergewicht, Blutglukose, Serum-Cholesterin und Lebergewicht in Ldlr-Osmr-KO- gegen{\"u}ber Ldlr-KO-M{\"a}usen vermindert. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit erfolgte die histologische Untersuchung des Lebergewebes, die Messung von Serum-Triglyzeriden und Fetts{\"a}uren sowie die Untersuchung der hepatischen Genexpression. An kultivierten Zellen der humanen Hepatom-Zelllinie HepG2 wurde eine m{\"o}gliche Regulation der CYP7A1-Genexpression durch OSM untersucht. CYP7A1 ist als Schrittmacherenzym der Gallens{\"a}uresynthese an der hepatischen Cholesterin-Clearance beteiligt. Osmr-KO-M{\"a}use zeigten gegen{\"u}ber WT-M{\"a}usen histologisch eine verst{\"a}rkte hepatische Steatose. Bei der Untersuchung der mRNA-Expression von Genen mit Beteiligung an der hepatischen Lipidhom{\"o}ostase zeigte sich eine Minderexpression von Ldlr in Osmr-KO-M{\"a}usen. Weiterhin zeigte sich eine etwas geringere Expression von Cyp7a1 in Osmr-KO-M{\"a}usen. Die Expression aller anderen untersuchten Gene, die an Fetts{\"a}uresynthese, Cholesterintransport und -metabolismus beteiligt sind, lieferten keine Erkl{\"a}rung f{\"u}r eine erh{\"o}hte hepatische Lipidakkumulation in Osmr-KO-M{\"a}usen. Ldlr-Osmr-KO-M{\"a}use hatten gegen{\"u}ber Ldlr-KO-M{\"a}usen eine geringer ausgepr{\"a}gte hepatische Steatose. Die mRNA-Expression von Genen der Fetts{\"a}uresynthese, der Cholesterinbiosynthese und des Cholesterintransports waren in Ldlr-Osmr-KO- gegen{\"u}ber Ldlr-KO-M{\"a}usen nicht wesentlich ver{\"a}ndert. Allerdings fiel eine deutliche Hochregulation von Cyp7a1 in Ldlr-Osmr-KO-M{\"a}usen auf. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus war Osm in Ldlr-KO-M{\"a}usen gegen{\"u}ber WT-M{\"a}usen st{\"a}rker exprimiert. Um eine Regulation von CYP7A1 durch OSM nachzuweisen, wurde die Genexpression in HepG2-Zellen nach Stimulation mit OSM untersucht. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass OSM die mRNA-Expression von CYP7A1 supprimierte. Dieser Effekt war durch die Zugabe von Inhibitoren der Januskinasen (JAK), Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase/ERK-Kinase (MEK) und Extracellular-signal Regulated Kinase ½ (ERK1/2) reversibel. Die CYP7A1-Suppression durch OSM ging mit einer verminderten Expression des Transkriptionsfaktor-Gens HNF4A einher. Osmr-KO-M{\"a}use zeigten gegen{\"u}ber WT-M{\"a}usen nach 12 Wochen Western Diet verst{\"a}rkte Adipositas, Dyslipid{\"a}mie sowie eine hepatische Steatose. Die Analyse der hepatischen mRNA-Expression legt nahe, dass die Minderexpression von Ldlr in Osmr-KO-M{\"a}usen im Vergleich zu WT-M{\"a}usen zur Verst{\"a}rkung der Dyslipid{\"a}mie und hepatischen Steatose beigetragen hat. Weiterhin kann die geringere Expression von Cyp7a1 in Osmr-KO-M{\"a}usen durch daraus resultierende Akkumulation von Cholesterin zur erh{\"o}hten hepatischen Lipidakkumulation in diesen M{\"a}usen beigetragen haben. Ldlr-KO-M{\"a}use zeigten nach 12 Wochen Western Diet ebenfalls eine hepatische Steatose. Diese war in Ldlr-Osmr-KO-M{\"a}usen gegen{\"u}ber Ldlr-KO-M{\"a}usen geringer ausgepr{\"a}gt. Die erh{\"o}hte Expression von Cyp7a1 in Ldlr-Osmr-KO-M{\"a}usen kann die Verbesserung von hepatischer Lipidakkumulation und Dyslipid{\"a}mie durch erh{\"o}hte Cholesterinmetabolisierung zu Gallens{\"a}uren erkl{\"a}ren. {\"U}bereinstimmend mit der Cyp7a1-Regulation in LDLR-defizienten M{\"a}usen zeigte sich in vitro, dass OSM die Expression von CYP7A1 in HepG2-Zellen vermindert und sich so negativ auf die hepatische Lipidhom{\"o}ostase auswirken kann. Insgesamt implizieren diese Ergebnisse eine divergierende Rolle von OSM bei der Entwicklung einer hepatischen Steatose abh{\"a}ngig vom genetischen Hintergrund. OSM scheint bei WT-M{\"a}usen f{\"u}r die Erhaltung der metabolischen Gesundheit wichtig zu sein. Bei Ldlr-KO-M{\"a}usen hingegen scheint OSM die Entwicklung von Adipositas, Dyslipid{\"a}mie und hepatischer Steatose zu f{\"o}rdern. Die differenzielle Rolle in WT- und Ldlr-KO-M{\"a}usen k{\"o}nnte durch unterschiedliche Osm-Expressionsspiegel zustande kommen: W{\"a}hrend basale OSMRβ-Signaltransduktion durch geringe OSM-Spiegel in WT-M{\"a}usen f{\"u}r die Lipidhom{\"o}ostase essenziell zu sein scheint, k{\"o}nnte erh{\"o}hte oder prolongierte OSMRβ-Signaltransduktion durch h{\"o}here OSM-Spiegel in Ldlr-KO-M{\"a}usen das Fortschreiten der hepatischen Steatose f{\"o}rdern. Dies stellt OSM als m{\"o}gliches NAFLD-Therapeutikum in Frage. Um die Hypothese zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen, dass OSM abh{\"a}ngig von der H{\"o}he und Kinetik der Spiegel g{\"u}nstige oder ung{\"u}nstige Effekte auf die NAFLD-Entwicklung hat, sollte in zuk{\"u}nftigen Experimenten der Einfluss kurz- und langfristiger Behandlung von WT-M{\"a}usen mit OSM unterschiedlicher Konzentrationen auf die Entwicklung einer hepatischen Steatose untersucht werden.},
  subject      = {Fettleber},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schaefer2018,
  author    = {Sch{\"a}fer, Carmen},
  title     = {Influence of interleukin-6-type cytokine oncostatin M on murine aortic vascular smooth muscle cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135527},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Oncostatin M (OSM) is a cytokine of the interleukin-6 family and released in the early phase of inflammation by neutrophils, activated macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes. Its roles in physiology and disease are not entirely understood yet. It has been shown recently that substantial amounts of OSM are found in atherosclerotic plaques. The first part of this thesis addresses the effects of OSM on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This cell type is known to contribute to atherogenesis and expresses the type I and type II OSM receptor complexes. This study revealed that OSM is a strong inducer of an array of genes which have recently been shown to play important roles in atherosclerosis. Investigation of VSMCs isolated from OSMRbeta-deficient (Osmr-/-) mice proved that the regulation of these target genes is entirely dependent on the activation of the type II OSMR complex. In addition to OSM, other cytokines expressed by T lymphocytes were found to contribute to plaque development. According to earlier publications, the influence of IL-4, IL-13, and IL-17 on the progression of plaques were discussed controversially. Nevertheless, for the regulation of investigated atherosclerotic target genes and receptor complexes in VSMCs, they seemed to play a minor role compared to OSM. Only the expression of the decoy receptor IL-13Ralpha2 - a negative feedback mechanism for IL-13-mediated signalling - was strongly induced after treatment with all mentioned cytokines, especially when VSMCs were primed with OSM before stimulation. The second part of this thesis focuses on the role of OSM during the progression of atherosclerosis in vivo. Therefore, Ldlr-/-Osmr-/- mice were generated by crossing Ldlr-/- mice - a typical mouse model for atherosclerosis - with Osmr-/- mice. These double-deficient mice together with Ldlr-/-Osmr+/+ mice were set on cholesterol rich diet (Western diet, WD) for 12 weeks before they were sacrificed. Determination of body and organ weight, staining of aortas and aortic roots as well as gene expression profiling strongly suggested that Ldlr-/-Osmr-/- mice are less susceptible for plaque development and weight gain compared to Ldlr-/-Osmr+/+ mice. However, further experiments and additional controls (C57Bl/6 and Osmr-/- mice) on WD are necessary to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms. Taken together, the interleukin-6-type cytokine OSM is a strong inducer of an array of target genes involved in de-differentiation and proliferation of VSMCs, a process known to contribute substantially to atherogenesis. Further in vivo studies will help to clarify the role of OSM in atherosclerosis.},
  subject      = {Arteriosklerose},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Drechsler2012,
  author    = {Drechsler, Johannes},
  title     = {Determination of the hypertrophic potential of Oncostatin M on rat cardiac cells and the characterisation of the receptor complexes utilised by rat Oncostatin M},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85215},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Interleukin-6 (IL-6), oncostatin M (OSM), leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) are members of the IL-6-type cytokine family that is characterised by sharing the common receptor subunit gp130. While the involvement of these polypeptides in cell differentiation, cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, haematopoiesis, immune response and acute phase reaction has already been demonstrated, the description of their role in development and progression of cardiac hypertrophy is still rather limited. A model has been postulated that declares the transient expression of IL-6-type cytokines as protective, while a continuous cardiac secretion of these proteins seems to be rather harmful for the heart. Within the first part of the study (results 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3) it was shown that OSM induces hypertrophy of primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM), just as its related cytokines LIF, CT-1 and hIL-6/hsIL-6R (hsIL-6R, human soluble IL-6 receptor). Regarding the hypertrophic potentials the LIFR/gp130 utilising cytokines (hLIF, hOSM and hCT-1) are stronger inducers than the OSMR/gp130 utilising mOSM. Human IL-6/hsIL-6R which signals via a gp130 homodimer has the weakest hypertrophic effect. The thorough analysis of typical signalling pathways initiated by IL-6-type cytokines revealed that STAT3 phosphorylation at Y705 seems to be the most important hypertrophy promoting pathway. In addition and in contrast to published work, we clearly demonstrate that classical IL-6 signalling (upon pure IL-6 treatment) has no hypertrophic effect on cardiomyocytes, because they lack sufficient amounts of the membrane-bound IL-6R. This is also true for neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCFB). Since these cells can also influence cardiac hypertrophy, signalling pathways and target genes were additionally examined in NRCFB in response to OSM, LIF and IL-6/sIL-6R. One of the key findings of this thesis is the selective change in expression of cytokines and receptors of the IL-6 family in both cell types upon IL-6-type cytokine stimulation. A striking difference between NRCM and NRCFB is the fact that the target gene induction in NRCM is of similar duration upon mOSM and hIL-6/hsIL-6R treatment, while hIL-6/hsIL-6R is capable of promoting the induction of OSMR and IL-6 significantly longer in NRCFB. By searching for transcription factors or intermediate cytokines which could be responsible for this difference, a strong correlation between increased Il6 transcription and amount of mRNA levels for C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ was observed in response to IL-6/sIL-6R stimulation. Interestingly, mOSM also mediates the induction of C/EBPβ and δ, but the initiation is significantly less efficient than in response to IL-6/sIL-6R. Therefore, we assume that mOSM stimulation fails to reach threshold values required for a prolonged IL-6 secretion. Since we additionally observe a slight IL-6R mRNA upregulation in NRCFB, we assume that the combination of IL-6, LIF, C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ and IL-6R expression might be responsible for the observed different kinetics with which IL-6 and OSM stimulate NRCFB. In addition to the aforementioned proteins, members of the renin-angiotensin system seem to support the IL-6-type cytokine mediated hypertrophy. Since it has already been shown that angiotensin II vice versa induces IL-6 expression in NRCM and NRCFB, this enhanced expression of AT1α and ACE could be of crucial interest for the hypertrophy supporting phenotype. The second part of the presented work dealt with the characterisation of the receptor complexes of rat OSM. The central question of this analysis was, whether rOSM, just like mOSM, only binds the type II (OSMR/gp130) receptor complex or is able to utilise the type II and type I (LIFR/gp130) receptor complex. Using different experimental approaches (knock-down of the OSMR expression by RNA interference, blocking of the LIFR by LIF-05, an antagonistic LIF variant, and generation of stably transfected Ba/F3 cells expressing the newly cloned rat OSMR/gp130 or LIFR/gp130 receptor complex) we can clearly show that rat OSM surprisingly utilises both, the type I and type II receptor complex. Therefore it closely mimics the human situation. Furthermore, rOSM displays cross-species activities and stimulates cells of human as well as murine origin. Its signaling capacities closely mimic those of human OSM in cell types of different origin in the way that strong activation of the JAK/STAT, the MAP kinase as well as the PI3K/Akt pathways can be observed. Therefore, the results obtained in the last section of this thesis clearly suggest that rat disease models would allow evaluation of the relevance of OSM for human biology much better than murine models.},
  subject      = {Interleukin 6},
  language  = {en}
}