@phdthesis{Mueller2005,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Claudia Maria},
  title     = {Studies on the Role of Histone-like Proteins in Gene Regulation in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolate 536},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-17617},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {In this study, the role of histone-like proteins in gene regulation in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolate 536 was monitored. The histone-like nucleoid structuring protein H-NS is a global regulator in Escherichia coli that has been intensively studied in non-pathogenic strains. No comprehensive study on the role of H-NS and it's homolog StpA on gene expression in a pathogenic E. coli strain has been carried out so far. Moreover, we identified a third, so far uncharacterized member of the H-NS-like protein family in uropathogenic E. coli isolate 536, which was designated Hlp (H-NS-like protein). Hlp is a 134-amino acid protein, which shares 58 \% sequence identity with H-NS. The gene coding for the Hlp protein, hlp, is found in several uropathogenic E. coli variants, but not in non-pathogenic E. coli K-12. In UPEC strains 536 and CFT073, Hlp is encoded on a possibly horizontally acquired 23-kb genomic region inserted into the serU locus. Studies on hlp transcription revealed, that the gene is transcribed monocistronically from a single promoter and that expression is repressed by H-NS. Purified Hlp protein was binding to its own and to the hns promoter, thereby mediating negative auto- and crossregulation. Furthermore, Hlp and H-NS were directly interacting, resulting in the formation of stable heteromers. Complementation studies with hns mutant strains in a K-12 background revealed that the Hlp protein had in vivo activity, being able to complement the lack of H-NS in terms of motility, growth, and repression of the proU, bgl, and clyA genes. When analyzing the role of the histone-like proteins in expression of virulence-associated genes by using DNA arrays and classical phenotypic assays, most of the observed effects were mediated by the H-NS protein alone. Expression profiling revealed that transcript level of more than 500 genes was affected by an hns mutation, resulting in increased expression of alpha-hemolysin, fimbriae and iron-uptake systems, as well as genes involved in stress adaptation. Furthermore, several other putative virulence factors were found to be part of the H-NS regulon. On the other hand, no effect of StpA alone was observed. An hns stpA double mutant, however, exhibited a distinct gene expression pattern that differed in great parts from that of the hns single mutant. This suggests a direct interaction between the two homologs and the existence of distinct regulons of H-NS and an H-NS/StpA heteromeric complex. Although the H-NS protein has - either as homomer or in complex with StpA - a marked impact on gene expression in pathogenic E. coli strains, its effect on urovirulence is ambiguous. At a high infection dose, hns mutants accelerate lethality in murine UTI and sepsis models relative to the wild type, probably due to increased production of alpha-hemolysin. At lower infectious dose, however, mutants lacking H-NS are attenuated through their impaired growth rate, which can only partially be compensated by the higher expression of numerous virulence factors. As seen with StpA, an hlp single mutant did not exhibit a notable phenotype under standard growth conditions. A severe growth defect of hns hlp double mutants at low temperatures, however, suggests a biological relevance of H-NS/Hlp heteromers under certain circumstances. Furthermore, these mutants expressed more capsular polysaccharide and curli fimbriae, thereby indicating a distinct role of H-NS and Hlp in regulation of these surface structures. The H-NS paralogs Hlp and StpA also modulated H-NS-mediated regulation of fimbrial adhesins, and are oppositely required for normal growth at low or high temperatures, respectively. Finally, expression levels of the three histone-like proteins H-NS, StpA and Hlp itself varied with different temperatures, thereby suggesting a flexible composition of the nucleoid-associated protein pool. Hence, we propose that the biological role of Hlp and StpA does not rely on a distinct function of the single protein, but rather on their interaction with the global regulator H-NS.},
  subject      = {Escherichia coli},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schneider2005,
  author    = {Schneider, Gy{\"o}rgy},
  title     = {Studies on the architecture and on transferability of pathogenicity islands of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain 536},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-14231},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {The establishment of genomic approaches including the sequence determination of complete bacterial genomes started a new era in microbiological research. Since then more than two hundred prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes have been completely sequenced, and there are additional complete genome projects including different bacterial species and strains in progress (http://www.tigr.org, http://www.sanger.ac.uk). The continously growing amount of bacterial DNA sequence information gives us also the possibility to gain deeper insight into bacterial pathogenesis. With the help of comparative genomics, microbiological research can focus on those DNA sequences that are present in pathogenic bacteria but are absent in non-pathogenic strains. With this knowledge and with the help of molecular biological methods such as PCR,DNA-chip technology, subtractive hybridisation, transcriptomics and proteomics we can analyse in detail what makes a particular bacterial strain pathogenic. This knowledge also gives us the possibility to develop new vaccines, therapeutic approaches or diagnostic tools. The aim of this work was the structural and functional analysis of DNA regions of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain 536 that belong to the flexible E. coli gene pool. The first part of this thesis focused on the identification and structural characterisation of pathogenicity island V of strain 536 (PAI V536). PAI V536 is integrated at the pheV tRNA gene at 64 minutes of the E. coli K-12 chromosome. In addition to the intact pheV tRNA gene, a truncated copy ('pheV) that represents the last 22 bp of this gene's 3'-end was identified 49 kb downstream of pheV on PAI V536. The analysis of the DNA sequence flanked by pheV and 'pheV revealed characteristics that are typical of PAIs. This DNA region exhibits homology to IS-elements and prophages and also comprises determinants coding for the Pix fimbriae, a phosphoglycerate transport system, an autotransporter, as well as for hypothetical proteins. Downstream of 'pheV, the K15 capsule determinant (kpsK15) of this strain is located. Structural analysis of the 20-kb kpsK15 locus revealed a so far unknown genetic organisation indicative of recombination events between a group 2 and group 3 capsule gene cluster. Downstream of the capsule determinant, the genes encoding a type II secretion system (general secretion pathway -GSP) are located on PAI V536. The K15 capsule locus was functionally characterized. Specific inactivation of each of the regions 1 to 3 of the kpsK15 gene cluster, and the use of a K15 capsule-specific antiserum demonstrated that this determinant is the functional K15 capsule locus of strain 536. It has been shown in an experimental murine model of ascending urinary tract infection with suckling mice that the K15 capsule contributes to urovirulence. Interestingly, the K15 capsule is not involved in serum resistance of strain 536. Inactivation of the PAI V536-encoded type II secretion system excluded a role of this general secretion pathway for capsule biosynthesis and virulence of strain 536 in the murine ascending urinary tract infection model. In the second part of the thesis, the transferability of PAIs was further investigated. Using PAI II536 as a model, mobilisation of this island from strain 536 into suitable recipient strains was investigated. For this purpose, an antibiotic resistance cassette, the R6K origin of replication as well as plasmid pGP704 carrying the mobilisation region of plasmid RP4 have been inserted into PAI II536. Transformation with the helper plasmid RP4, resulted a derivative of strain 536 that was used as a donor for conjugation experiments, while for recipient the pir + laboratory strain SY327 was used. After deletion the circularised PAI II536 was mobilised with the help of the conjugative helper plasmid (RP4) into the recipient laboratory strain SY327. The frequency of this event was about 10-8. It was also demonstrated that in the transconjugant strains the mobilized PAI II536 could be permanently present as a circular form and also can be integrated into the chromosome at the same chromosomal insertion site (leuX) as in the donor strain 536. Furthermore, after mobilisation and chromosomal integration of PAI II536 it was possible to remobilise this PAI back to a PAI II536-negative derivative of strain 536. The results obtained in this thesis increase our knowledge of the structure and function of a pathogenicity island of uropathogenic E. coli strain 536 and shed some light on the mechanisms contributing to genome plasticity and evolution of pathogenic E. coli variants.},
  subject      = {Escherichia coli},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Biswas2005,
  author    = {Biswas, Kajal},
  title     = {Analysis of Nitrogen starvation induced filamentous growth and characterization of putative essential genes in the human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-11554},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {1. Zusammenfassung Candida albicans ist ein opportunistisch pathogener Hefepilz, der sowohl oberfl{\"a}chliche Infektionen der Schleimhaut als auch lebensbedrohliche systemische Infektionen hervorrufen kann. Obwohl die F{\"a}higkeit von C.albicans Infektionen auszul{\"o}sen weitgehend vom Immunstatus des Wirts abh{\"a}ngt, besitzt der Pilz doch auch spezifische Eigenschaften, die eine Kolonisierung, Disseminierung und Anpassung an unterschiedliche Wirtsnischen erm{\"o}glichen und ihn vom harmlosen Kommensalen zum gef{\"a}hrlichen Krankheitsserreger werden lassen. Unter bestimmten Umweltbedingungen geht C.albicans vom Wachstum als sprossende Hefe zum invasiven, filament{\"o}sen Wachstum {\"u}ber, das eine wichtige Rolle in der Pathogenit{\"a}t des Pilzes spielt. Stickstoffmangel ist eines der Signale, die das filament{\"o}se Wachstum in C.albicans induzieren, und die Kontrolle der Morphogenese durch die Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Stickstoff wurde in dieser Arbeit detailliert untersucht. Ammonium ist f{\"u}r Hefepilze eine bevorzugte Stickstoffquelle, die {\"u}ber spezifische Transporter in die Zelle aufgenommen wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass C.albicans zwei Ammoniumpermeasen besitzt, deren Expression durch Stickstoffmangel induziert wird. W{\"a}hrend die Deletion von CaMEP1 oder CaMEP2 keinen Einfluss auf das Wachstum bei limitierenden Ammoniumkonzentrationen hatte, konnten \&\#61508;mep1 \&\#61508;mep2 Doppelmutanten bei Ammoniumkonzentrationen unter 5 mM nicht mehr wachsen. Im Gegensatz zu \&\#61508;mep1 Mutanten bildeten \&\#61508;mep2 Mutanten unter Stickstoffmangel keine Hyphen mehr und wuchsen ausschließlich in der Hefeform. CaMep2p hat also nicht nur eine Funktion als Ammoniumtransporter, sondern spielt auch eine Rolle bei der Induktion des filament{\"o}sen Wachstums. Weitere Experimente zeigten, dass CaMep2p ein weniger effizienter Ammoniumtransporter als CaMep1p ist, daf{\"u}r aber st{\"a}rker exprimiert wird, und dass dieser Unterschied wichtig f{\"u}r die Signalfunktion von CaMep2p ist. Durch Deletionsanalysen konnte bewiesen werden, dass die C-terminale, cytoplasmatische Dom{\"a}ne von CaMep2p essentiell f{\"u}r die Induktion des Hyphenwachstums ist, f{\"u}r den Ammoniumtransport jedoch nicht ben{\"o}tigt wird, und diese beiden Funktionen von CaMep2p daher voneinander getrennt werden k{\"o}nnen. In C.albicans gibt es mindestens zwei Signalwege die das filament{\"o}se Wachstum steuern, eine MAP-Kinase-Kaskade und einen cAMP-abh{\"a}ngigen Signalweg, die in den Transkriptionsfaktoren Cph1p bzw. Efg1p enden. Bei Inaktivierung des einen oder des anderen Signalwegs induziert Stickstoffmangel kein filament{\"o}ses Wachstum mehr. Ein hyperaktives CaMEP2 Allel konnte den filament{\"o}sen Wachstumsdefekt sowohl von \&\#61508;cph1 als auch \&\#61508;efg1 Mutanten aufheben, nicht jedoch den einer \&\#61508;cph1 \&\#61508;efg1 Doppelmutante oder einer Mutante, der das G-Protein Ras1p fehlte, das beide Signalwege aktiviert. Umgekehrt wurde der filament{\"o}se Wachstumsdefekt von \&\#61472;\&\#61508;mep2 Mutanten durch ein dominant-aktives RAS1 Allel bzw. durch die Zugabe von cAMP aufgehoben. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass CaMep2p bei Stickstoffmangel sowohl den MAP-Kinase- als auch den cAMP-abh{\"a}ngigen Signalweg aktiviert, um filament{\"o}ses Wachstum zu induzieren. In gen{\"u}gend hohen Konzentrationen reprimierte Ammonium das filament{\"o}se Wachstum selbst wenn die Signalwege artifiziell aktiviert waren. Die bevorzugte Stickstoffquelle Ammonium ist deshalb ein Inhibitor der Morphogenese, der durch denselben Transporter in die Zelle aufgenommen wird, der bei Stickstoffmangel das filament{\"o}se Wachstum von C.albicans induziert. Obwohl ein genaues Verst{\"a}ndnis der Virulenzmechanismen von C.albicans auch neue Ans{\"a}tze zur Bek{\"a}mpfung von Infektionen durch diesen Pilz liefern kann, ist doch die Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von essentiellen Genen als potentielle Ziele f{\"u}r die Entwicklung neuer Antimykotika eine Strategie, die von der pharmazeutischen Industrie favorisiert wird. Aus diesem Grund wurden in Zusammenarbeit mit einem Industriepartner drei Gene von C.albicans ausgew{\"a}hlt, die in anderen Pilzen als essentiell beschrieben wurden, und im Rahmen dieser Arbeit funktionell charakterisiert. RAP1 codiert f{\"u}r das Repressor/Aktivator Protein 1, ein Transkriptionsfaktor und Telomerbindeprotein, das in der B{\"a}ckerhefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae essentiell ist. Die Deletion des RAP1 Gens in C.albicans beeintr{\"a}chtigte jedoch nicht die Lebensf{\"a}higkeit der Mutanten, so dass RAP1 kein vielversprechendes Ziel darstellt. CBF1 (centromere binding factor 1) ist in S.cerevisiae wichtig f{\"u}r die korrekte Chromosomenverteilung w{\"a}hrend der Mitose und außerdem auch f{\"u}r die transkriptionelle Aktivierung der Methioninbiosynthesegene; in den verwandten Hefen Kluyveromyces lactis und Candida glabrata ist CBF1 sogar essentiell. C.albicans \&\#61508;cbf1 Mutanten wiesen jedoch keinen erh{\"o}hten Chromosomenverlust auf, so dass CBF1 hier offensichtlich keine Rolle bei der Chromosomensegregation spielt. Allerdings waren die Mutanten auxotroph f{\"u}r schwefelhaltige Aminos{\"a}uren und generell stark im Wachstum beeintr{\"a}chtigt, was zeigte, dass Cbf1p f{\"u}r das normale Wachstum von C.albicans wichtig ist. YIL19 ist in S.cerevisiae ein essentielles Gen und hat eine Funktion bei der Reifung der 18S rRNA. YIL19 stellte sich auch in C.albicans als essentiell heraus. Konditionale Mutanten, in denen YIL19 durch induzierbare, FLP-vermittelte Rekombination aus dem Genom deletiert wurde, waren nicht lebensf{\"a}hig und akkumulierten rRNA Vorstufen. Durch diese Untersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass YIL19 essentiell f{\"u}r diesen wichtigen zellul{\"a}ren Prozess und f{\"u}r die Lebensf{\"a}higkeit von C.albicans ist und sich m{\"o}glicherweise als Ziel f{\"u}r die Entwicklung antifungaler Substanzen eignet.},
  subject      = {Candida albicans},
  language  = {en}
}