@phdthesis{Riano2016,
  author    = {Ria{\~n}o, Rub{\´e}n Felipe},
  title     = {BTN3A1 in the immune response of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142084},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are the main γδ T cell subset in the circulation, accounting for up to 5\% of the total peripheral blood lymphocyte population. They have been suggested to be important in response to tumors and infections. Their immune mechanisms encompass cell killing via cytotoxicity and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The main stimulators of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), denominated phosphoantigens (PAg). A major advance in the understanding of PAg detection and Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation has been the identification of the butyrophlin 3A (BTN3A) proteins as key mediators in these processes. In humans, three isoforms constitute the BTN3A family: BTN3A1, BTN3A2, and BTN3A3; and their genes are localized on the short arm of chromosome 6. The role of BTN3A1 has been highlighted by BTN3A-specific monoclonal antibody 20.1 (mAb 20.1), which has an agonist effect and causes proliferation, expansion, and activation of primary human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. On the other hand, BTN3A-specific monoclonal antibody 103.2 (mAb 103.2) is antagonistic, inhibiting the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell response. The actual mechanism underlying both PAg- and mAb 20.1-mediated activation is not completely elucidated, but the importance of BTN3A1 is clear. The main objective of this dissertation was to characterize the role of BTN3A1 in the PAg-dependent and PAg-independent Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation and to evaluate its contribution in the response to influeza A virus infected cells. This research work demonstrated, by using Vγ9Vδ2 TCR MOP-transduced murine cells (reporter cells), that human chromosome 6 (Chr6) is mandatory for PAg-induced stimulation, but not for stimulation with mAb 20.1. The reporter cells responded to mAb 20.1 in cultures with BTN3A1-transduced Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO BTN3A1) as antigen presenting cells. Nevertheless, for PAg-dependent activation the presence of Chr6 in CHO BTN3A1 was mandatory. Although reporter cells expressing clonotypically different Vγ9Vδ2 TCRs showed similar PAg response, they clearly differed in the mAb 20.1 response. The reporter cell line transduced with Vγ9Vδ2 TCR D1C55 demonstrated essentially no response to mAb 20.1 compared to Vγ9Vδ2 TCR MOP cells. These findings were further supported by experiments performed with human PBMCs-derived Vγ9Vδ2 T cell clones. The results indicate heterogeneity in the PAg- and 20.1-dependent responses, in terms of CD25 and CD69 expression, among three different Vγ9Vδ2 T cells clones. Co-cultures of reporter cells with Raji RT1BI and PAg plus mAb 20.1 or single chain antibody 20.1 (sc 20.1) revealed no additive or synergistic activating effects. In contrast, mAb 20.1 or sc 20.1 inhibited the PAg-mediated activation of the reporter cells. The comparison of the relative contribution of the isoforms BTN3A2 and BTN3A3, in the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, was undertaken by overexpression of these isoforms in CHO cells. The results showed that BTN3A2 contributes to both PAg- and mAb-induced Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation. On the contrary, BTN3A3 does not support PAg-mediated γδ T cell response. Additionally, mutations in the proposed PAg- and mAb 20.1-binding sites of the extracellular BTN3A1 domain were generated by means of site-directed mutagenesis. These mutations revoked the mAb 20.1-induced Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation, but not that induced by PAg. Finally, co-cultures of Vγ9Vδ2 TCR MOP-transduced murine reporter cells with influenza A/PR/8/34-infected cells, or infection of PBMCs with this virus strain indicated that BTN3A1 might be dispensable for the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell response against influenza A. The data of this research work points out that: i) in addition to BTN3A1, other Chr6-encoded genes are necessary for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation with PAg; ii) clonotypical (CDR3) differences influence the PAg- and mAb 20.1-mediated Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation; iii) the PAg- and mAb 20.1-induced responses are not synergistic and interfere with each other; iv) BTN3A2 and BTN3A3 isoforms differ in the ability to support PAg- or mAb 20.1-dependent Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation; v) the importance of the intracellular B30.2 domain of BTN3A1, in the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation, might be higher than that of the extracellular domain; and vi) in spite of the importance of BTN3A1 in the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, it is possible that many molecules with redundant functions are involved in the elimination of influenza virus infection by these cells. In summary, it is possible to hypothesize a model in which BTN3A1 detects prenyl pyrophosphates in the cytoplasm via its B30.2 domain and in association with another protein(s). The binding of PAg to this domain induces a multimerization of BTN3A1 or a conformational change of its extracellular domain (mimicked by mAb 20.1). These modifications might be recognized by the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR or by an associated T cell protein. In the case that the TCR directly recognizes BTN3A1, the intensity of the response will depend on the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR clonotype. Future research will allow to gain a better understanding of BTN3A1, its interaction with other proteins, its actual role in the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, and its importance in specific models of cancer or infection. This knowledge will be necessary to transform these cells into effective tools in the clinic.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Lindner2007,
  author    = {Lindner, Andreas},
  title     = {Aktivierung und Zytotoxizit{\"a}t von gamma delta T-Lymphozyten gegen{\"u}ber Tumorzellen h{\"a}matologischen Ursprungs - Untersuchungen in vitro},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-23447},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Auf der Suche nach neuen Therapiem{\"o}glichkeiten f{\"u}r Tumorpatienten stellt die Immuntherapie mit gd T-Lymphozyten einen innovativen Ansatz dar. In vitro Zytotoxizit{\"a}t von Vg9Vd2 T-Lymphozyten wurde gegen eine Vielzahl von Tumorzellen belegt. Mit den Aminobisphosphonaten steht eine Reihe zugelassener und langj{\"a}hrig erprobter Medikamente zur Verf{\"u}gung, die im Bereich therapeutisch verwendeter Dosierungen Vg9Vd2 T-Lymphozyten auch in vivo aktivieren k{\"o}nnen. Zudem ist Bromohydrin (BrHPP) als hochaffines synthetisches Phosphoantigen ein weiterer attraktiver Kandidat zur Aktivierung von gd T-Zellen und befindet sich am Menschen bereits in klinischen Studien. Strategien einer auf gd T-Zellen beruhenden Immuntherapie umfassen zum einen die in vitro Expansion von gd T-Lymphozyten mittels BrHPP oder Aminobisphosponaten mit anschließendem Transfer, dem so genannten adoptiven Zelltransfer auf den Patienten. Zum anderen kann die Anti-Tumoraktivit{\"a}t von Vg9Vd2 T-Lymphozyten auch direkt in vivo mittels Bisphosphonaten induziert werden, wie in einer Pilotstudie mit einem Anti-Lymphom- bzw. Anti-Myelom-Effekt bis hin zu einer klinischen partiellen Remission durch die Therapie mit einem Bisphosphonat (Pamidronat) und IL-2 eindrucksvoll gezeigt werden konnte. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine effektive Methode zur in vitro Proliferation von Vg9Vd2 T-Zellen mit Ausbildung ihrer Anti-Tumoraktivit{\"a}t durch BrHPP und durch das Bisphosphonat Zoledronat in Anwesenheit von IL-2 gezeigt. Weitergehend konnte mit Zytotoxizit{\"a}tstestungen - basierend auf der Messung der Laktatdehydrogenase-Aktivit{\"a}t - die zytolytische Aktivit{\"a}t dieser expandierten gd T-Zellen gegen{\"u}ber den prim{\"a}ren Tumorzellen von insgesamt 8 Leuk{\"a}mie-Patienten, sowie je einem Patienten mit einem Lymphom und einem Plasmozytom nachgewiesen werden. Dadurch wurde einerseits das besondere Potential der gd T-Lymphozyten gegen{\"u}ber h{\"a}matologischen Neoplasien unterstrichen, andererseits konnte ein Testverfahren gezeigt werden, mit dem das Spektrum empfindlicher Tumorzellen und Einflussgr{\"o}ßen untersucht werden k{\"o}nnen. In einem Experiment wurde dargestellt, wie die myelomonozyt{\"a}re Zelllinie THP1 im Gegensatz zu ihrer sonst vorliegenden Anergie nach Vorbehandlung mit Zoledronat durch gd T-Zellen lysiert werden konnte. In einem autologen Versuchsansatz konnte die Anti-Tumoraktivit{\"a}t der gd T-Zellen eines Patienten mit der Diagnose eines follikul{\"a}res B-NHL durch Vorbehandlung der Lymphomzellen mit Zoledronat noch gesteigert werden. gd T-Zellen unterliegen als Teil des komplexen Immunsystems verschiedenen Regulationsmechanismen, die auch manipuliert werden k{\"o}nnen. In vitro Testverfahren - wie in dieser Arbeit - sind die Voraussetzung f{\"u}r eine Grundlagenforschung, mit deren Hilfe man in Zukunft zu einer hoffnungsvollen, auf gd T-Zellen basierenden Immuntherapie maligner Erkrankungen gelangen k{\"o}nnte.},
  language  = {de}
}