@phdthesis{Schlauersbach2023,
  author    = {Schlauersbach, Jonas},
  title     = {The bile-drug-excipient interplay},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-29653},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-296537},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The bile system in vertebrates is an evolutionary conserved endogenous solubilization system for hydrophobic fats and poorly water-soluble vitamins. Bile pours out from the gallbladder through the common bile duct into the duodenum triggered by cholecystokinin. Cholecystokinin is released from enteroendocrine cells after food intake. The small intestine is also the absorption site of many orally administered drugs. Most emerging drug candidates belong to the class of poorly water-soluble drugs (PWSDs). Like hydrophobic vitamins, these PWSDs might as well be solubilized by bile. Therefore, this natural system is of high interest for drug formulation strategies. Simulated intestinal fluids containing bile salts (e.g., taurocholate TC) and phospholipids (e.g., lecithin L) have been widely applied over the last decade to approximate the behavior of PWSDs in the intestine. Solubilization by bile can enhance the oral absorption of PWSDs being at least in part responsible for the positive "food effect". The dissolution rate of PWSDs can be also enhanced by the presence of bile. Furthermore, some PWSDs profit from supersaturation stabilization by bile salts. Some excipients solubilizing PWSDs seemed to be promising candidates for drug formulation when investigated in vitro without bile. When tested in vivo, these excipients reduced the bioavailability of drugs. However, these observations have been hardly examined on a molecular level and general links between bile interaction in vitro and bioavailability are still missing. This thesis investigated the interplay of bile, PWSDs, and excipients on a molecular level, providing formulation scientists a blueprint for rational formulation design taking bile/PWSD/excipient/ interaction into account. The first chapter focus on an in silico 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based algorithm for bile/drug interaction prediction. Chapter II to IV report the impact of excipients on bioavailability of PWSDs interacting with bile. At last, we summarized helpful in vitro methods for drug formulation excipient choice harnessing biopharmaceutic solubilization in chapter V. Chapter I applies 1H NMR studies with bile and drugs on a large scale for quantitative structure-property relationship analysis. 141 drugs were tested in simulated intestinal media by 1H NMR. Drug aryl-proton signal shifts were correlated to in silico calculated molecular 2D descriptors. The probability of a drug interacting with bile was dependent on its polarizability and lipophilicity, whereas interaction with lipids in simulated intestinal media components was dependent on molecular symmetry, lipophilicity, hydrogen bond acceptor capability, and aromaticity. The probability of a drug to interact with bile was predictive for a positive food effect. This algorithm might help in the future to identify a bile and lipid interacting drug a priori. Chapter II investigates the impact of excipients on bile and free drug fraction. Three different interaction patterns for excipients were observed. The first pattern defined excipients that interacted with bile and irreversibly bound bile. Therefore, the free drug fraction of bile interacting drugs increased. The second pattern categorized excipients that formed new colloidal entities with bile which had a high affinity to bile interacting drugs. These colloids trapped the drug and decreased the free drug fraction. The last excipient pattern described excipients that formed supramolecular structures in coexistence with bile and had no impact on the free drug fraction. These effects were only observed for drugs interacting with bile (Perphenazine and Imatinib). Metoprolol's free drug fraction, a compound not interacting with bile, was unaffected by bile or bile/excipient interaction. We hypothesized that bile/excipient interactions may reduce the bioavailability of bile interacting drugs. Chapter III addresses the hypothesis from chapter II. A pharmacokinetic study in rats revealed that the absorption of Perphenazine was reduced by bile interacting excipients due to bile/excipient interaction. The simultaneous administration of excipient patterns I and II did not further reduce or enhance Perphenazine absorption. Conversely, the absorption of Metoprolol was not impacted by excipients. This reinforced the hypothesis, that drugs interacting with bile should not be formulated with excipients also interacting with bile. Chapter IV further elaborates which in vitro methods using simulated intestinal fluids are predictive for a drug's pharmacokinetic profile. The PWSD Naporafenib was analyzed in vitro with simulated intestinal fluids and in presence of excipients regarding solubility, supersaturation, and free drug fraction. Naporafenib showed a strong interaction with TC/L from simulated bile. Assays with TC/L, but not without identified one excipient as possibly bioavailability reducing, one as supersaturation destabilizing, and the last as bile not interacting and supersaturation stabilizing excipient. A pharmacokinetic study in beagle dogs outlined and confirmed the in vitro predictions. The Appendix summarizes in vivo predictive methods as presented in chapter I to IV and rationalizes experimental design paving the way towards a biopharmaceutic excipient screening. The first presented preliminary decision tree is transformed into a step-by-step instruction. The presented decision matrix might serve as a blueprint for processes in early phase drug formulation development. In summary, this thesis describes how a drug can be defined as bile interacting or non-interacting and gives a guide as well how to rate the impact of excipients on bile. We showed in two in vivo studies that bile/excipient interaction reduced the bioavailability of bile interacting drugs, while bile non-interacting drugs were not affected. We pointed out that the bile solubilization system must be incorporated during drug formulation design. Simulated gastrointestinal fluids offer a well-established platform studying the fate of drugs and excipients in vivo. Therefore, rational implementation of biopharmaceutic drug and excipient screening steers towards efficacy of oral PWSD formulation design.},
  subject      = {Solubilisation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Attia2003,
  author    = {Attia, Mohamad Ibrahim},
  title     = {Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of certain GABAB agonists},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-7551},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Synthese von (RS)-5-Amino-3-aryl(methyl)-pentans{\"a}ure Hydrochloride, 3-Aminomethyl-5-chlor-benzols{\"a}ure Hydrochlorid und(RS)-4-Amino-3-(4´-ethynyl(jod)-phenyl)-butans{\"a}ure Hydrochloride und die Testung der pharmakologischen Aktivit{\"a}t dieser Verbindungen. Die synthetisierten Verbindungen wurden als GABAB-Rezeptor Agonisten, in einem auf Ca2+-Messungen basierenden Funktional-Assay (in vitro tsA Zellen mit GABAB1b/GABAB2/G\&\#945;q-z5 transfektiert), getestet und daraus ein Struktur-Aktivit{\"a}ts Modell abgeleitet. Im allgemein Teil dieser Arbeit wird ein {\"U}berblick, {\"u}ber die Neurotransmitter- Rezeptoren (Liganden gesteuerte Ionen-Kanal-Rezeptoren und G Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren) des zentralen Nervensystems und deren Agonisten und Antagonisten, gegeben. Eine ausf{\"u}hrliche Diskussion zur Synthesestrategie der Verbindungen der Zwischenstufen und der Ausgangsmaterialien wird in den Schemata 2-6 beschrieben. Die synthetisierten Verbindungen wurden als GABAB Agonisten gepr{\"u}ft. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden diese im 3D Homologie Modell mit FlexiDock Programm gedockt. Daraus wurde ein Modell zur Voraussage der Aktivit{\"a}t von Analogen und Homologen des Baclofens abgeleitet. Letztendlich wurde ein Pharmakophor-Modell f{\"u}r GABAB Agonisten mit DISCO (DIStance COmparisons) Programm erstellt.},
  subject      = {Baclofen},
  language  = {en}
}