@article{GernertKieselFroehlichetal.2021,
  author    = {Gernert, Michael and Kiesel, Matthias and Fr{\"o}hlich, Matthias and Renner, Regina and Strunz, Patrick-Pascal and Portegys, Jan and Tony, Hans-Peter and Schmalzing, Marc and Schwaneck, Eva Christina},
  title     = {High Prevalence of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in Patients With Primary Immunodeficiencies},
  series = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  issn      = {1664-3224},
  doi       = {10.3389/fimmu.2021.789345},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250273},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Background Genital human papillomavirus (HPV)-infections are common in the general population and are responsible for relevant numbers of epithelial malignancies. Much data on the HPV-prevalence is available for secondary immunodeficiencies, especially for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection. Little is known about the genital HPV-prevalence in patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of patients with PIDs and took genital swabs from male and female patients, which were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction for the presence of HPV-DNA. Clinical and laboratory data was collected to identify risk factors. Results 28 PID patients were included in this study. 10 of 28 (35.7\%) had HPV-DNA in their genital swabs. 6 patients had high-risk HPV-types (21.4\%). Most patients had asymptomatic HPV-infections, as genital warts were rare (2 of 28 patients) and HPV-associated malignancy was absent. Differences in the HPV-positivity regarding clinical PID-diagnosis, duration of PID, age, sex, immunosuppression, immunoglobulin replacement, or circumcision in males were not present. HPV-positive PID patients had higher numbers of T cells (CD3\(^+\)), of cytotoxic T cells (CD3\(^+\)/CD8\(^+\)), of transitional B cells (CD19\(^+\)/CD38\(^{++}\)/CD10\(^+\)/IgD\(^+\)), and of plasmablasts (CD19\(^+\)/CD38\(^+\)/CD27\(^{++}\)/IgD\(^-\)) compared to HPV-negative. Conclusion PID patients exhibit a high rate of genital HPV-infections with a high rate of high-risk HPV-types. Regular screening for symptomatic genital HPV-infection and HPV-associated malignancy in PID patients seems recommendable.},
  language  = {en}
}