@phdthesis{vanAlen2010,
  author    = {van Alen, Tessa},
  title     = {Vergleichende Proteomanalyse von Biofilmen und planktonischen Zellen bei dem humanen Infektionserreger Neisseria meningitidis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-52463},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Neisseria meningitidis ist ein humaner Infektionserreger, der Meningitis und Sepsis hervorruft. Das asymptomatische Tr{\"a}gertum im Nasenrachenraum ist entscheidend f{\"u}r die {\"U}bertragung des Bakteriums und dessen Interaktion mit dem menschlichen Wirt. Fr{\"u}here Beobachtungen legen die Annahme nahe, dass Meningo¬kokken im Tonsillengewebe in einem biofilm{\"a}hnlichen Stadium vorliegen. Daher werden in vitro Biofilme als Modell f{\"u}r das Tr{\"a}gertum verwendet. Expressionsunterschiede zwischen Biofilmen und planktonisch gewachsenen pathogenen Neisserien wurden in wenigen Transkriptomanalysen untersucht, w{\"a}hrend bisher keine Proteomanalysen durchgef{\"u}hrt wurden. Kartierungen des Proteoms und des Immunoproteoms von Meningokokken liegen allerdings vor. In dieser Studie wurde das Biofilmproteom des unbekapselten N. meningitidis Stammes WUE3671 im Vergleich zum Proteom der planktonisch gewachsenen Bakterien untersucht. Dazu wurde ein auf Silikonschl{\"a}uchen basierendes Biofilmmodell mit kontinuierlichem Fluss etabliert. Es erfolgte eine Anreicherung bakterieller Biomasse {\"u}ber 48 h, wobei die kolonie-bildenden Einheiten bei 24 h ein Plateau erreichten. Licht- und Elektronen¬mikroskopie belegten die deutliche Zunahme der Biomasse {\"u}ber 48 h und zeigten zudem eine Struktur-ierung des 48 h Biofilms in eine apikale Region mit {\"u}berwiegend vitalen Meningokokken und eine basale Region mit einer verst{\"a}rkten Anzahl von Bakterien mit avitalem Erscheinungs-bild. Das Proteom von N. meningitidis Biofilmen, die 24 beziehungsweise 48 h gewachsen waren, wurde mit dem einer exponentiell gewachsenen planktonischen Kultur mit 2D-Gelelektro¬phorese verglichen. Unterschiedlich exprimierte Proteine wurden mit Massen-spektrometrie identifiziert und die Ergebnisse mit Spectral Counting und, wenn m{\"o}glich, mit spezifischen Antik{\"o}rpern abgesichert. Die Expression von ungef{\"a}hr 2 \% aller Proteinspots im Biofilm unterschied sich von der in planktonischen Zellen wenigstens um das 2-fache. Es wurden Ver{\"a}nderungen beobachtet, die mit einem N{\"a}hrstoff- und Sauerstoffmangel sowie einer Zunahme von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (reactive oxygen species, ROS) in Verbindung gebracht werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Expression der Proteine SodC und MntC war im Biofilm deutlich erh{\"o}ht, was mutmaßlich auf ROS im Biofilm zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass MntC in der Tat essentiell f{\"u}r Biofilmwachstum, nicht aber f{\"u}r planktonisches Wachstum ist. Die Daten zu SodC und MntC legen die Hypothese nahe, dass Meningokokken im Biofilm trainiert werden mit Mediatoren des Immunsystems, wie ROS, umzugehen. Zudem wird NMB0573, ein Lrp-Homolog, als wesentlicher globaler Regulator f{\"u}r metabolische Anpassungen im Biofilm postuliert. Es konnte {\"u}ber die Proteomanalyse hinaus gezeigt werden, dass die Adh{\"a}sine Opc und Opa, die unter der Kontrolle von NMB0573 stehen, im Biofilm vermindert exprimiert werden.},
  subject      = {Biofilm},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchubertUnkmeirKonradSlaninaetal.2010,
  author    = {Schubert-Unkmeir, Alexandra and Konrad, Christian and Slanina, Heiko and Czapek, Florian and Hebling, Sabrina and Frosch, Matthias},
  title     = {Neisseria meningitidis Induces Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Detachment from the Matrix and Cleavage of Occludin: A Role for MMP-8},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68589},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a hallmark event in the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. Several inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), nitric oxide and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), contribute to this disruption. Here we show that infection of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) with Neisseria meningitidis induced an increase of permeability at prolonged time of infection. This was paralleled by an increase in MMP-8 activity in supernatants collected from infected cells. A detailed analysis revealed that MMP-8 was involved in the proteolytic cleavage of the tight junction protein occludin, resulting in its disappearance from the cell periphery and cleavage to a lower-sized 50-kDa protein in infected HBMEC. Abrogation of MMP-8 activity by specific inhibitors as well as transfection with MMP-8 siRNA abolished production of the cleavage fragment and occludin remained attached to the cell periphery. In addition, MMP-8 affected cell adherence to the underlying matrix. A similar temporal relationship was observed for MMP activity and cell detachment. Injury of the HBMEC monolayer suggested the requirement of direct cell contact because no detachment was observed when bacteria were placed above a transwell membrane or when bacterial supernatant was directly added to cells. Inhibition of MMP-8 partially prevented detachment of infected HBMEC and restored BBB permeability. Together, we established that MMP-8 activity plays a crucial role in disassembly of cell junction components and cell adhesion during meningococcal infection.},
  subject      = {Neisseria meningitidis},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schielke2010,
  author    = {Schielke, Stephanie},
  title     = {Functional and molecular characterization of FarR - a transcriptional regulator of the MarR family in Neisseria meningitidis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48550},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Neisseria meningitidis is a facultatively pathogenic human commensal and strictly adapted to its niche within the human host, the nasopharynx. Not much is known about the regulatory processes required for adaptation to this environment. Therefore the role of the transcriptional regulator NMB1843, one of the two predicted regulators of the MarR family in the meningococcal genome, was investigated. As this gene displayed a high sequence homology to FarR, the Fatty acid resistance Regulator in N. gonorrhoeae, we designated the meningococcal protein FarR (NmFarR). Homology modeling of this protein revealed a dimeric structure with the characteristic winged helix-turn-helix DNA binding motif of the MarR family. NmFarR is highly conserved among meningococcal strains and expression of farR during exponential growth is controlled post-transcriptionally, being highest in the late exponential phase. By means of electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) the direct and specific binding of FarR to the farAB promoter region was shown, comparable to its homologue in gonococci. As FarR is involved in fatty acid resistance in N. gonorrhoeae, susceptibility assays with the medium chain lauric acid (C12:0), the long chain saturated palmitic acid (C16:0) and the long chain unsaturated linoleic acid (C18:2) were performed, testing a wide variety of strains of both species. In contrast to the unusually susceptible gonococci, a high intrinsic fatty acid resistance was detected in almost all meningococcal isolates. The molecular basis for this intrinsic resistance in N. meningitidis was elucidated, showing that both a functional FarAB efflux pump system as well as an intact lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are responsible for palmitic acid resistance. However, even despite circumvention of the intrinsic resistance, FarR could not be connected with fatty acid resistance in meningococci. Instead, FarR was shown to directly and specifically repress expression of the Neisseria adhesin A (nadA), a promising vaccine candidate absent in N. gonorrhoeae. Microarray analyses verified these results and disclosed no further similarly regulated genes, rendering the FarR regulon the smallest regulon in meningococci reported until now. The exact FarR binding site within the nadA promoter region was identified as a 16 bp palindromic repeat and its influence on nadA transcription was proved by reporter gene fusion assays. This repression was also shown to be relevant for infection as farR deficient mutant strains displayed an increased attachment to epithelial cells. Furthermore, farR transcription was attested to be repressed upon contact with active complement components within human serum. Concluding, it is shown that FarR adopted a role in meningococcal host niche adaptation, holding the balance between immune evasion by repressing the highly antigenic nadA and host cell attachment via this same adhesin.},
  subject      = {Transkription <Genetik>},
  language  = {en}
}