@phdthesis{Baur2016,
  author    = {Baur, Ramona},
  title     = {Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Emotion Processing, and Emotion Regulation in Virtual Reality},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142064},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by symptoms of inattentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Besides, increasing evidence points to ADHD patients showing emotional dysfunctions and concomitant problems in social life. However, systematic research on emotional dysfunctions in ADHD is still rare, and to date most studies lack conceptual differentiation between emotion processing and emotion regulation. The aim of this thesis was to systematically investigate emotion processing and emotion regulation in adult ADHD in a virtual reality paradigm implementing social interaction. Emotional reactions were assessed on experiential, physiological, and behavioral levels. Experiment 1 was conducted to develop a virtual penalty kicking paradigm implying social feedback and to test it in a healthy sample. This paradigm should then be applied in ADHD patients later on. Pleasant and unpleasant trials in this paradigm consisted of hits respectively misses and subsequent feedback from a virtual coach. In neutral trials, participants were teleported to different spots of the virtual stadium. Results indicated increased positive affectivity (higher valence and arousal ratings, higher zygomaticus activations, and higher expression rates of positive emotional behavior) in response to pleasant compared to neutral trials. Reactions to unpleasant trials were contradictory, indicating increased levels of both positive and negative affectivity, compared to neutral trials. Unpleasant vs. neutral trials revealed lower valence ratings, higher arousal ratings, higher zygomaticus activations, slightly lower corrugator activations, and higher expression rates of both positive and negative emotional behavior. The intensity of emotional reactions correlated with experienced presence in the virtual reality. To better understand the impact of hits or misses per se vs. hits or misses with coach feedback healthy participants' emotional reactions, only 50\% of all shots were followed by coach feedback in experiment 2. Neutral trials consisted of shots over the free soccer field which were followed by coach feedback in 50 \% of all trials. Shots and feedback evoked more extreme valence and arousal ratings, higher zygomaticus activations, lower corrugator activations, and higher skin conductance responses than shots alone across emotional conditions. Again, results speak for the induction of positive emotions in pleasant trials whereas the induction of negative emotions in unpleasant trials seems ambiguous. Technical improvements of the virtual reality were reflected in higher presence ratings than in experiment 1. Experiment 3 investigated emotional reactions of adult ADHD patients and healthy controls after emotion processing and response-focused emotion regulation. Participants successively went through an ostensible online ball-tossing game (cyber ball) inducing negative emotions, and an adapted version of the virtual penalty kicking game. Throughout cyber ball, participants were included or ostracized by two other players in different experimental blocks. Participants were instructed to explicitly show, not regulate, or hide their emotions in different experimental blocks. Results provided some evidence for deficient processing of positive emotions in ADHD. Patients reported slightly lower positive affect than controls during cyber ball, gave lower valence ratings than controls in response to pleasant penalty kicking trials, and showed lower zygomaticus activations than controls especially during penalty kicking. Patients in comparison with controls showed slightly increased processing of unpleasant events during cyber ball (higher ratings of negative affect, especially in response to ostracism), but not during penalty kicking. Patients showed lower baseline skin conductance levels than controls, and impaired skin conductance modulations. Compared to controls, patients showed slight over-expression of positive as well as negative emotional behavior. Emotion regulation analyses revealed no major difficulties of ADHD vs. controls in altering their emotional reactions through deliberate response modulation. Moreover, patients reported to habitually apply adaptive emotion regulation strategies even more frequently than controls. The analyses of genetic high-risk vs. low-risk groups for ADHD across the whole sample revealed similar results as analyses for patients vs. controls for zygomaticus modulations during emotion processing, and for modulations of emotional reactions due to emotion regulation. To sum up, the virtual penalty kicking paradigm proved to be successful for the induction of positive, but not negative emotions. The importance of presence in virtual reality for the intensity of induced emotions could be replicated. ADHD patients showed impaired processing of primarily positive emotions. Aberrations in negative emotional responding were less clear and need further investigation. Results point to adult ADHD in comparison to healthy controls suffering from baseline deficits in autonomic arousal and deficits in arousal modulation. Deficits of ADHD in the deliberate application of response-focused emotion regulation could not be found.},
  subject      = {Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Syndrom},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchrotenWolskePlogmannetal.1991,
  author    = {Schroten, Horst and Wolske, Anja and Plogmann, Ricarda and Hanisch, Franz-Georg and Hacker, J{\"o}rg and Uhlenbr{\"u}ck, Gerhard and Wahn, Volker},
  title     = {Binding of cloned S-fimbriated E. coli to human buccal epithelial cells-different inhibition of binding by neonatal saliva and adult saliva.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86291},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Investigations were carried out on the adhesion of cloned S-fimbriated E. coli, labelled with fluoresceinisothiocyanate (FITC) to human buccal epithelial cells. Fluorescence microscopic analysis revealed binding of bacteria to 75-95\% of epithelial cells. Inhibition experiments with fetuin, a 1-acid glycoprotein and N-acetyl neuraminic acid confirmed the specificity of bacterial binding to sialoglycoproteins. Further studies using saliva as an inhibitor resulted in a 4-5 times stronger binding inhibition by newborn saliva in comparison to adult saliva coinciding with a 4-5 times higher content of total N-acetyl neuraminic acid in samples of newborn saliva. In Western blot analysis sialoglycoprotein bands with a molecular weight >200 kD reacting with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), were only identified in samples of newborn saliva. These bands are classified as mucins on account of molecular weight and staining. These data suggest that saliva mucins could represent a major defense mechanism against bacterial infections at a stage of ontogeny where the secretory IgAsystem is not yet developed.},
  subject      = {Escherichia coli},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Beinicke2017,
  author    = {Beinicke, Andrea},
  title     = {Career Construction Across the Life Span: Career Choice and Career Development},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117447},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {This dissertation contributes to deepen our understanding of constructs that play a key role in individuals' vocational career construction. In this regard, many previous studies have focused exclusively on a specific phase of an individual's career. Yet, modern societies require continuous investments in one's career to adapt to changing Environments throughout the life span. Consequently, this dissertation takes a broad approach to capture a wide spectrum of career construction processes. According to Super's (1990) developmental stage framework, individuals have to manage vocational developmental tasks corresponding to each of the developmental life stages in order to be career mature across the life span. As the two stages exploration and maintenance set the stage for individuals' future career pathways, they are especially important in individuals' vocational career construction. Therefore, both of them are addressed in this dissertation. By answering open research questions relevant to career choice in early career stages and to career development in later career stages, this dissertation contributes to the overarching goal of shedding more light on constructs relevant to individuals' vocational career construction processes across the life span. Beyond the results presented within each study's horizon, this dissertation aimed at offering practical guidance to career counselors, trainees, and training and development (T\&D) professionals. Career counselors and T\&D professionals are involved in guiding vocational career construction processes of individuals across the life span. Thus, on the one hand, this dissertation supports career counselors' work so that they can help deliberating individuals make optimal and effective career choices. On the other hand, this dissertation facilitates T\&D professionals' work so that they can effectively design and evaluate e-learning and classroom trainings in corporate educational settings. Identifying individuals' vocational interests combined with cognitive abilities through adequate test measures and maximizing success of learning and success of transfer through fostering evidence-based transfer support actions will help individuals adapt quickly to the changing nature of work environments in the 21st century and to continue to successfully construct careers across the life span.},
  subject      = {Karriere},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hohnbaum2009,
  author    = {Hohnbaum, Grit},
  title     = {Fanconi An{\"a}mie im Erwachsenenalter},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-38124},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Die Fanconi An{\"a}mie (FA) ist eine seltene autosomal und X-chromosomal rezessiv vererbte Krankheit, die zur Gruppe der Chromosomeninstabilit{\"a}ts-Syndrome geh{\"o}rt. Klinisch manifestiert sich die FA durch kongenitale Fehlbildungen, progressives Knochenmarkversagen und eine Pr{\"a}disposition f{\"u}r die Entwicklung von malignen Neoplasien in fr{\"u}hen Jahren. Am h{\"a}ufigsten ist unter FA-Patienten die Entstehung einer aplastischen An{\"a}mie zu beobachten mit einer kumulativen Inzidenz von 90\% im Alter von 40 Jahren (Huck et al., 2006). Vom fr{\"u}hen Erwachsenenalter an stellen solide Tumoren, vornehmlich Plattenepithel-Karzinome des Oropharygeal- und Genitaltraktes, das Hauptproblem dar. Auf zellul{\"a}rer Ebene ist die FA durch eine hohe spontane Chromosomenbr{\"u}chigkeit verbunden mit einer erh{\"o}hten chromosomalen Sensibilit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber genotoxischen Substanzen und reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies gekennzeichnet. Seit einer stetigen Verbesserung der h{\"a}matopoietischen Stammzelltransplantation durch spezifische Konditionierungsprotokolle erreichen immer mehr FA-Patienten das Erwachsenenalter. In der Literatur h{\"a}ufen sich Berichte von FA-Patienten, die erstmalig im Erwachsenenalter durch ein fr{\"u}hes Auftreten von Malignomen oder Komplikationen in der Behandlung von Neoplasien diagnostiziert werden. Neben einer erfolgreichen HSZT k{\"o}nnen auch „ milde" Mutationen oder die Bildung eines somatischen Mosaiks f{\"u}r das {\"U}berleben der FA Patienten in das Erwachsenenalter verantwortlich sein. Dies bedeutet, dass sich die FA als bisher rein p{\"a}diatrisch angesehenes Krankheitsbild mehr und mehr zu einer auch das Erwachsenenalter betreffenden Entit{\"a}t entwickelt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden 131 FA-Patienten mit einem Alter von {\"u}ber 20 Jahren identifiziert und in verschiedene Gruppen eingeteilt. Damit wurde es m{\"o}glich, die Verteilung der Patienten hinsichtlich ihres Geschlechts, der Komplementationsgruppe sowie der vermutlichen Ursachen f{\"u}r ein verl{\"a}ngertes {\"U}berleben dokumentieren zu k{\"o}nnen. 42 Patientenbeispiele stammen aus Literaturberichten von 1964 bis 2008, Informationen {\"u}ber 36 Patienten wurden dem US-amerikanischen Fanconi Anemia Research Fund („FARF") entnommen und f{\"u}r 53 Patienten dienten die Krankenunterlagen des Instituts f{\"u}r Humangenetik an der Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg als Grundlage. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass etwa doppelt soviel Frauen wie M{\"a}nner mit FA ein Alter jenseits des 20. Lebensjahres erreichten. Eine Zuordnung zu einer Komplementationsgruppe war bei 66 Patienten m{\"o}glich. Diese ließ erkennen, dass im erwachsenen Patientenkollektiv die Komplementationsgruppen FA-A, FA-C, FA-D2, FA-G, FA-I und FA-J, jedoch keine der Gruppen FA-B, FA-D1, FA-E, FA-F, FA-L, FA-M und FA-N vertreten sind. Weiterhin wurden die erwachsenen FA-Patienten in vier verschiedene Gruppen nach der wahrscheinlichen Ursache ihres {\"U}berlebens eingeteilt werden: 26\% erhielten eine erfolgreiche h{\"a}matopoietische Stammzelltransplantation, 17\% entwickelten im Verlauf ein Mosaik, 4\% konnten als Tr{\"a}ger einer milden Mutation identifiziert werden. Die genaue Ursache f{\"u}r ein verl{\"a}ngertes {\"U}berleben bleibt jedoch bei 53\% der FA-Patienten unbekannt, da Informationen bez{\"u}glich fr{\"u}herer Therapien und vor allem die Ergebnisse molekulargenetischer Untersuchungen fehlen. Bemerkenswert ist, dass der Großteil der {\"u}ber 50J{\"a}hrigen ein Mosaik aufwies, w{\"a}hrend in dieser Altersgruppe Patienten mit erfolgreicher HSZT oder einer milden Mutation nur zu einem geringen Teil vertreten sind. Die f{\"u}r die FA charakteristische genetische Instabilit{\"a}t spiegelt sich in der hohen Anzahl (64\%) von FA-Patienten wider, die auch ohne vorhergehende HSZT ein Plattenepithel-Karzinom (SCC) entwickelten. Nach HSZT manifestierte sich bei 25\% der erwachsenen FA-Patienten ein SCC. Die Beachtung der medizinischen Besonderheiten des Erwachsenenalters ist von großer Bedeutung in der Pr{\"a}vention und Therapie von Komplikationen der FA und erfordert modifizierte Behandlungsstrategien f{\"u}r erwachsene FA-Patienten. Sorgf{\"a}ltig dokumentierte Langzeitbeobachtungen sowie die Identifizierung von Komplementationsgruppen und Mutationen bei jedem einzelnen FA-Patienten bilden die Grundlage f{\"u}r prognostische Aussagen, die derzeit nur beschr{\"a}nkt m{\"o}glich sind. In zuk{\"u}nftigen Untersuchungen werden eine Reihe bisher ungel{\"o}ster Fragen zu beantworten sein. Hierzu geh{\"o}ren die m{\"o}gliche Rolle der Androgentherapie hinsichtlich der F{\"o}rderung einer Mosaikbildung, die Faktoren, welche zu der auff{\"a}lligen Geschlechterverteilung im Erwachsenenalter beitragen, sowie die Erforschung der Bedeutung „milder" Mutationen und somatischer Reversionen. Die insgesamt sehr beeindruckenden Langzeitverl{\"a}ufe sowie die hohe Inzidenz von nicht-h{\"a}matologischen Komplikationen/Malignomen zeigen deutlich, dass sich die Fanconi An{\"a}mie zunehmend auch zu einer internistisch/onkologischen Krankheit entwickelt.},
  subject      = {Fanconi-An{\"a}mie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Melber2012,
  author    = {Melber, Makito Bernhard},
  title     = {Impulsivit{\"a}t und Antworthemmung bei adulter Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit- und Hyperaktivit{\"a}tsst{\"o}rung (ADHS)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78862},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Ziel der vorliegenden, experimentellen Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Pers{\"o}nlichkeitseigenschaft der Impulsivit{\"a}t bei adulten Patienten mit ADHS und vergleichbaren Versuchspersonen. Da die {\"A}tiopathogenese erh{\"o}hter Impulsivit{\"a}t bei Patienten mit ADHS bislang ungekl{\"a}rt ist, eine Beeinflussung des dopaminergen Systems durch vorausgehende Studien allerdings nahe liegt, wurden die verwendeten Impulsivit{\"a}tsmessungen zus{\"a}tzlich bez{\"u}glich einer m{\"o}glichen Beeinflussung durch den Val158Met-COMT-Polymorphismus analysiert. Die Untersuchung beinhaltet mit 71 adulten Patienten mit ADHS und 54 gesunden Kontrollpersonen, die nach Alter, Geschlecht, IQ, Kopfumfang und H{\"a}ndigkeit vergleichbar waren, eine der aktuell gr{\"o}ßten Stichproben adulter Patienten mit ADHS. W{\"a}hrend einer Stoppsignal-Aufgabe zur Erfassung der Antworthemmungsf{\"a}higkeit als Korrelat der Impulsivit{\"a}t wurden die Verhaltensdaten der Stichproben sowie die hirnphysiologischen Ver{\"a}nderungen mittels funktioneller Nahinfrarotspektroskopie aufgezeichnet und ausgewertet. Die erhobenen experimentellen Daten wurden anschließend mit selbstbewerteter Impulsivit{\"a}t des I7-Impulsivit{\"a}tsfragebogens nach Eysenck verglichen und auf m{\"o}gliche Zusammenh{\"a}nge {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Zudem wurden die beobachteten Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit auf einen m{\"o}glichen Einfluss durch den Val158Met-COMT-Polymorphismus untersucht. Auf der Verhaltensebene zeigten Patienten mit ADHS im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollpersonen sowohl f{\"u}r die SSRZ als auch f{\"u}r die Go-RZ signifikant langsamere Reaktionszeiten. Im Vergleich der funktionellen Daten konnten f{\"u}r Patienten mit ADHS w{\"a}hrend der erfolgreichen Stopp-Trials signifikant bzw. tendenziell verminderte Aktivierungen im Bereich des IFC und DLPFC in beiden Hemisph{\"a}ren festgestellt werden. Die Untersuchung der selbstbewerteten Impulsivit{\"a}t anhand des I7-Fragebogens ergab ebenfalls einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den beiden Stichproben. Bez{\"u}glich der Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen den einzelnen Impulsivit{\"a}tsmessungen konnten f{\"u}r Patienten mit ADHS signifikant bzw. tendenziell negative Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen SSRZ und Oxygenierung im rechten IFC sowie zwischen SSRZ bzw. Go-RZ und I7-Impulsivit{\"a}tswerten festgestellt werden. In der Untersuchung des Einflusses durch den Val158Met-COMT-Polymorphismus ergab sich ein sehr heterogenes Bild, in dem sich keine eindeutig systematischen Genotyp- oder Interaktionseffekte zeigten. W{\"a}hrend die beobachteten Befunde auf Verhaltensebene auf eine generelle Verlangsamung adulter Patienten mit ADHS im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollpersonen hindeuten, k{\"o}nnte das verminderte Aktivierungsmuster im Bereich des IFC und DLPFC w{\"a}hrend der erfolgreichen Stopp-Trials bei Patienten mit ADHS m{\"o}glicherweise das zugrundeliegende funktionelle Korrelat zu den beobachteten Reaktionsunterschieden zwischen den beiden Stichproben darstellen. Obwohl Patienten mit ADHS im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen aufgrund ihrer erh{\"o}hten Impulsivit{\"a}t defizit{\"a}r erscheinen, deuten die Befunde bez{\"u}glich des Zusammenhangs zwischen selbstbewerteter und experimentell erhobener Impulsivit{\"a}t innerhalb der Patientengruppe einen m{\"o}glichen Vorteil erh{\"o}hter I7-Impulsivit{\"a}tswerte f{\"u}r die Reaktionsf{\"a}higkeit in der Stoppsignal-Aufgabe an. Bez{\"u}glich der Beeinflussung der erhobenen Daten durch den Val158Met-COMT-Polymorphismus lassen sich anhand der Befunde dieser Arbeit keine klaren Schlussfolgerungen ziehen.},
  subject      = {Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Syndrom},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchneiderUhl1990,
  author    = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Uhl, Christhild},
  title     = {Metaged{\"a}chtnis, Strategienutzung und Ged{\"a}chtnisleistung: Vergleichende Analysen bei Kindern, j{\"u}ngeren Erwachsenen und alten Menschen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69418},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {Am Beispiel einer semantischen Kategorisierungsaufgabe (sort-recall task) wurde der Frage nachgegangen, in welchen Bestimmungsgr{\"o}ßen sich die Ged{\"a}chtnisleistungen von Schulkindern, j{\"u}ngeren sowie {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen voneinander unterscheiden. Es wurde angenommen, daß f{\"u}r diese drei Altersgruppen Ged{\"a}chtnisleistungen bei dieser Aufgabe in unterschiedlicher Weise durch Strategie- und Wissensaspekte bestimmt sind. Die im Vergleich zu Schulkindern und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen {\"u}blicherweise besseren Leistungen j{\"u}ngerer Erwachsener sollten demnach im wesentlichen auf die konsequentere Nutzung von Ged{\"a}chtnisstrategien r{\"u}ckf{\"u}hrbar sein. Erwartet wurde weiterhin, daß die bei Schulkindern und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen oft vorfindbaren "Produktionsdefizite" in der Strategienutzung unterschiedliche Ursachen haben : fehlt es bei den Sch{\"u}lern am notwendigen Ged{\"a}chtniswissen (Metaged{\"a}chtnis), so sind die Defizite der {\"a}lteren Menschen vorwiegend auf die mangelnde Erfahrung mit der Aufgabe zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren. Diese Annahmen wurden in einer Studie mit je 24 Probanden aus den drei genannten Altersgruppen {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. W{\"a}hrend sich das erwartete Produktionsdefizit bei den Kindern auf unzureichendes Metaged{\"a}chtnis zur{\"u}ckf{\"u}hren ließ, gab es wenig Anhaltspunkte daf{\"u}r, daß das Strategiedefizit {\"a}lterer Menschen in wesentlichen auf mangelnde Aufgabenerfahrung r{\"u}ckf{\"u}hrbar ist. Leistungsunterschiede zwischen j{\"u}ngeren und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen beruhen nicht auf unterschiedlichem Ged{\"a}chtniswissen, sondern d{\"u}rften auf dem kombinierten Einfluß von Strategie- und Kapazit{\"a}tsdefiziten basieren.},
  subject      = {Metaged{\"a}chtnis},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Mader2010,
  author    = {Mader, Kathrin},
  title     = {Neuronale Korrelate der Handlungsevaluation bei erwachsenen Patienten mit der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivit{\"a}tsst{\"o}rung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48993},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {EEG-Studie mit 34 erwachsenen ADHS-Patienten und 34 Kontrollpersonen mit einem modifizierten Eriksen-Flanker-Test. Dabei zeigten sich bei den ADHS Patienten verglichen mit der Kontrollgruppe verl{\"a}ngerte Reaktionszeiten, aber eine normale Fehleranzahl und ein normales post error slowing. Die ERN und die Pe waren vermindert. Dies weist auf Defizite in der Handlungs{\"u}berwachung bei erwachsenen ADHS-Patienten hin.},
  subject      = {Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Syndrom},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Himmel2021,
  author    = {Himmel, Marie-Christin},
  title     = {Phonetic and phonological variability in the L1 and L2 of late bilinguals: The case of /r/ and /l/},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-23933},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239335},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {A large body of research has shown that a late bilingual's L1 and L2 phonetic categories influence each other, yielding deviations from monolingual norms in the phonetics of both languages. Existing models of L2 sound acquisition (e.g., the Speech Learning Model; Flege, 1995, 2007) predict unified phonetic spaces which accommodate both L1 and L2 sound categories. Such connections between an L1 and an L2 are believed to lead to persistent non-nativelikeness in the L2, but also to divergence from the monolingual norm in the L1, as shown in numerous studies (e.g., Bergmann et al., 2016). In this dissertation, I focus on the differences in the sound patterns of a bilingual's languages which do not only emerge in the precise phonetic realizations of L1 sounds but also in language-specific distributional patterns that determine the realization of these sound categories in different phonetic contexts. Previous work in L1 attrition is limited to a small set of phonetic properties (especially VOT, e.g., Flege, 1987), variables beyond L2 transfer which are known to give rise to variable realizations have been neglected. Thus, little is known as to whether bilinguals' realizations of an L1 sound category in different phonetic contexts (e.g., position within a syllable) are subject to change in L1 attrition, and whether such changes arise due to long-term exposure to different distributional patterns of an equivalent L2 category. In this dissertation I address these gaps by exploring L1 attrition in the distributional and phonetic characteristics of liquids to shed light on the contribution of the L2 and the role of general phonetic and phonological variables to the processes that drive change in an L1. I investigate changes to phonetic properties and distributional patterns of rhoticity and /l/-allophony in the L1 of American-German late bilinguals, a language constellation which offers an instructive test case to investigate the causes of L1 attrition as well as the source from which changes due to L1 attrition emerge. Furthermore, changes to liquids can also shed light on the processes which drive sound change, gradience and variability due to various positional and phonetic factors (e.g., preceding vowel, syllable structure) in liquids across many native varieties of English. In particular, I explore the variable realization and distributional patterns of two sounds known to be subject to a considerable degree of gradience and variability, namely English /r/ and /l/, in American English-German late bilinguals. To that end, I present the results of a production study of 12 L2-dominant American English-German late bilinguals as well as a monolingual control group for each language. The speakers performed a variety of production tasks which were aimed to elicit the realization of (non)-rhoticity and /l/-(non-)allophony in both languages of the late bilinguals, English and German which were analyzed auditorily (/r/ only) and acoustically (/r/ and /l/). Although L1 attrition of rhotics and laterals has been investigated previously (e.g., de Leeuw, 2008; Ulbrich \& Ordin, 2014), the effect of contextual variables on L1 attrition and whether such variables also shape L1 attrition remains unexplored. The results of the auditory analyses of postvocalic /r/ revealed that the late bilinguals showed non-convergence with monolingual (non-)rhoticity in both of their languages by vocalizing postvocalic /r/ more frequently in their L1 (English) and failing to entirely suppress rhoticity in their L2 (German) leading up to a higher degree of rhoticity in their L2. While the loss of rhoticity in the bilingual's English was distributed along a spectrum of contextual constraints (e.g., type of pre-rhotic vowel and morpho-phonological environment) known to affect rhoticity in other English varieties, the non-targetlike productions of non-rhoticity (i.e., non-vocalized postvocalic /r/) in their L2, German, were not sensitive to the same contextual constraints. The acoustic analyses of the bilinguals' rhotic productions in English and German differed from the monolinguals in the acoustic correlates of rhoticity in pre-rhotic vowels where they showed reduced anticipatory F3-lowering (i.e., less /r/-colored vowels). I take my results to indicate that the bilinguals operate in two separate phonological grammars which approximate the respective L1 norm but show an increase of variability along constraints already present in each grammar. In contrast, the bilinguals' phonetic system seem shared between the two grammars. This leads to persistent L1-L2-interactions as the two grammars operate within the same phonetic space. Thus, the changes in L1 attrition are induced but not governed by the L2: Change to the L1 reflects constraints underlying the L1 as well as more general laws of phonetics and universal trajectories of language change. The lateral results revealed that just like in postvocalic /r/, the bilinguals showed non-convergence with the monolingual norm regarding the velarization of coda /l/ in both their languages. The changes to English laterals were sensitive to their positional context and more substantial for word-initial laterals than word-final laterals. Similarly, their German laterals were non-convergent with the monolinguals in two ways. Firstly, the bilinguals differed with regard to the acoustic specifications of their laterals, and secondly, the bilinguals failed to suppress the lateral allophony from their L1, leading to a non-targetlike allophonic pattern in their L2 laterals. I interpret the lateral results to lack evidence that the L1 allophonic rule was affected by the presence of an L2; nevertheless, L1 change emerged in the phonetic specifications of laterals. Furthermore, the bilinguals did not establish a nativelike allophonic pattern in their L2, leading to non-convergence in the allophonic distribution as well as the phonetic realization of German laterals. In this way, this dissertation provides evidence for L1 attrition in the distributional and the phonetic properties of liquids in the L1 of late bilinguals. In particular, the study presented in this dissertation provides evidence that L1 attrition is induced by the presence of a similar sound pattern in the L2. The pathway of attrition follows constraints not only underlyingly present in the L1 but also part of the universal laws of phonetics known to shape sound change. To explain these results, I draw from existing constraint grammars in phonological theory (such as Optimality Theory and Harmonic Grammar) to develop my Dynamic Constraints approach which allows the effects of external variables (e.g., L2 acquisition and its effect on the mind), and internal variables such as an increased likelihood of variability due to articulatory differences can be modeled using scaling factors which can interact with each other, the noise within the grammars, and the constraint weight itself. In this way, the model links previous findings on L1 attrition and its connections to diachronic and synchronic variability, offering insights into the links between the individual languages in a bilingual's mind.},
  subject      = {Zweisprachigkeit},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Biehl2014,
  author    = {Biehl, Stefanie},
  title     = {The Impact of Adult Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder, Methylphenidate, and the COMT Val158Met Polymorphism on Selective Attention and Working Memory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-100959},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Theories of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) aetiology have placed a focus on impaired behavioural inhibition presumably leading to executive function (EF) deficits. Neuroimaging studies report neurophysiological findings consistent with these hypothesised impairments, and investigations of functional brain activation from a network perspective report hypoactivation in the frontoparietal network as well as hyperactivation in the dorsal attention network. Studies investigating the acute effects of stimulant medication on EF show an improvement on behavioural EF measures including working memory. In addition, methylphenidate (MPH) was shown to up-regulate the task-positive/ frontoparietal network in children and adolescents with ADHD. So far, there are only few studies investigating the impact of ADHD on behavioural and neurophysiological EF measures as well as the effect of several weeks of stimulant medication in adult patients. The importance of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme for subcortical and cortical dopaminergic and noradrenergic functioning furthermore led to studies investigating a potential interactive impact of COMT genotype and ADHD on neuropsychological functioning, with a particular focus on working memory. The results of these studies were very heterogeneous. In addition, as none of the studies compared the results of ADHD patients to those of a healthy control group, possible differential effects of COMT in patients and healthy controls could not be examined. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate selective attention properties of the central executive component during a working memory task and to transfer this task to fMRI. A third study then aimed to investigate the effects of adult ADHD (aADHD), MPH, and COMT genotype on working memory with a particular focus on activation of the task-positive network during the analysis of the fMRI data. The first study (EEG) could replicate and extend the results from previous research. This study could furthermore connect the overall activation in frontal areas to suppression efficiency in posterior visual areas as well as establish the impact of hyperactive/ impulsive ADHD symptoms on task performance. The second study (fMRI) allowed the successful transfer of the paradigm to fMRI, and the further replication and extension of previous findings. In addition, this study showed the sensitivity of the task to the effects of the COMT genotype. The third study (fMRI) was one of the first studies that exploratorily investigated the effects COMT in a sample of aADHD patients and a comparable healthy control group. This study showed an interactive effect of these two factors on neuropsychological measures as well as on fMRI activation during a classic n-back working memory task. In addition, this task led to more activation in the task-positive network of the aADHD group compared to a healthy control group in the absence of performance differences, pointing towards compensatory activation in the aADHD group. Furthermore, activation in the frontal cortex was increased in patients taking MPH compared to a placebo. The fMRI data from the selective attention task moreover showed decreased activation in the right DLPFC of the patient group, which was associated with reduced suppression efficiency across all participants. The clinical effect of MPH in the third study was visible but did not reach significance, which is probably attributable to a lack of experimental power. The studies in this dissertation could successfully replicate and extend previous findings. A goal for future studies should be the further investigation of the interactive effects of COMT genotype and aADHD on neuropsychological test results and fMRI activation, but also on medication response and adverse effects. In this context, the adaptation of a network perspective during the analysis of fMRI data seems to be the best way to detect existing between-group differences.},
  subject      = {Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Syndrom},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OpwisGoldGruberetal.1990,
  author    = {Opwis, Klaus and Gold, Andreas and Gruber, Hans and Schneider, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Zum Einfluß von Expertise auf Ged{\"a}chtnisleistungen sowie deren Selbsteinsch{\"a}tzung bei Kindern und Erwachsenen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86565},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {Junge und erwachsene Schachexperten und -novizen wurden bez{\"u}glich ihrer Behaltensleistungen f{\"u}r kurzzeitig dargebotene Schachstellungen und f{\"u}r Anordnungen geometrischer K{\"o}rper miteinander verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine differenzierte Wirksamkeit von Expertise in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der Vertrautheit mit dem zu Lernenden Material und von der Art der Aufgabenstellung. Je vorwissensbezogener das zu Lernende Material ist, desto deutlicher ist der Einfluß von Expertise auf Ged{\"a}chtnisleistungen nachweisbar. Dies gilt in gleicher Weise f{\"u}r unmittelbare wie f{\"u}r l{\"a}ngerfristige Behaltensleistungen und f{\"u}r den Lernfortschritt. Im Unterschied dazu zeigt sich weder bei der Vorhersage eigener k{\"u}nftiger noch bei der Bewertung erbrachter Ged{\"a}chtnisleistungen ein systematischer Einfluß von Expertise.},
  subject      = {Ged{\"a}chtnisleistung},
  language  = {de}
}