@phdthesis{Zimmermann2012,
  author    = {Zimmermann, Melanie Andrea},
  title     = {Charakterisierung und Expressionsanalysen von H{\"a}mophilie-A-Mutationen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85747},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Bei einem kleinen Prozentsatz (2-3 \%) aller molekulargenetisch untersuchten H{\"a}-mophilie-A-F{\"a}lle konnte bislang keine kausale Mutation innerhalb der F8-Gen-Region aufgedeckt werden. Die molekularen Ursachen der H{\"a}mophilie dieser Patienten sollten im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit mittels zus{\"a}tzlicher Methoden aufgekl{\"a}rt werden. Bei zwei Patienten mit milder H{\"a}mophilie A konnte je ein Basenaustausch im Promotorbereich des F8-Gens identifiziert werden. Um die Kausalit{\"a}t dieser Austausche zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen, wurden f{\"u}r diese und zwei weitere bereits publizierte Promotor-Mutationen Luciferase-Assays durchgef{\"u}hrt. Diese Ergebnisse machten deutlich, dass die nachgewiesenen Promotor-Mutationen die Aktivit{\"a}t des Promotors deutlich herabsetzen und daher als urs{\"a}chlich einzustufen sind. Weiterhin wurden die {\"u}brigen Patienten auf epigenetische Ver{\"a}nderungen in f{\"u}nf CpG-Inseln im 5'UTR und Intron 1 des F8-Gens untersucht. Hierbei konnten bei drei Patienten auff{\"a}llige Methylierungsmuster nachgewiesen werden, wobei diese auf ein Klinefelter-Syndrom und genomische Ver{\"a}nderungen im Intron 1 zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren sind, nicht jedoch auf einen aberranten Methylierungsstatus, der die FVIII-Expression beeinflussen k{\"o}nnte. Mit Hilfe von mRNA-Untersuchungen konnten bei vier Patienten mit mutmaßlichen F8-Spleißmutationen aberrante F8-Transkripte nachgewiesen werden und somit die Kausalit{\"a}t der Mutationen gekl{\"a}rt werden. Des Weiteren wurden aus der Literatur alle bisher als kausal identifizierten stillen Mutationen und Spleißmutationen zusammengestellt, um mit diesen Ergebnissen die Spleißvorhersage-Software Alamut zu validieren. Die große Mehrzahl (78 \%) der Spleißvorhersagen stimmte mit den Resultaten der mRNA-Untersuchungen (zumindest im Trend) {\"u}berein, w{\"a}hrend es bei 22 \% der Vorhersagen und mRNA-Analysen zu unterschiedlichen Resultaten kam. Innerhalb einer vorangegangenen Diplomarbeit konnten zehn Duplikationsbruch-punkte im F8-Gen von nicht verwandten H{\"a}mophilie-A-Patienten aufgekl{\"a}rt werden. Diese wurden nun mit verschiedenen in-silico-Programmen analysiert, um die Sequenzumgebung der Bruchpunkt genauer zu beschreiben. Die Untersuchung ergab, dass verschiedene Mechanismen zur Entstehung von Duplikationen f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen und vermutlich mehrere Sequenzmotive in direkter N{\"a}he der Bruchpunkte hierzu beitragen. Im Rahmen der molekulargenetischen H{\"a}mophilie-A-Diagnostik zum Nachweis von Intron-1- bzw. Intron-22-Inversionen sind einige Patienten mit schwerer H{\"a}mophilie A aufgefallen, welche ungew{\"o}hnliche Bandenmuster in den analytischen PCRs bzw. Southern-Blots aufwiesen. Mittels MLPA-Analysen wurden bei diesen Patienten Deletionen oder Duplikationen (CNVs) aufgedeckt, die meist allein die auff{\"a}lligen Bandenmuster nicht erkl{\"a}ren konnten. Weitere Long-Range-PCR-Untersuchungen belegten dagegen, dass f{\"u}nf der untersuchten F{\"a}lle auf ein kombiniertes Inversions- und Duplikations- bzw. Deletionsereignis zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren sind. Als zweiter Teil der Arbeit wurden Transkriptions- und Translationsuntersuchungen von Nonsense-Mutationen des F8-Gens in einem zellul{\"a}ren Expressionssystem durchgef{\"u}hrt. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass trotz Nonsense-Mutation eine komplette F8-Tran¬skrip¬tion stattfindet. Antigenanalysen konnten die Expression von trunkierten Proteinen nachweisen, wenn die Nonsense-Mutationen in der leichten Kette, d.h. den distalen Dom{\"a}nen A3, C1 oder C2, lag. Bei Nonsense-Mutationen in der schweren Kette (den proximalen Dom{\"a}nen A1, A2 oder B) war keine Proteinexpression nachweisbar. Diese Daten konnte durch intrazellul{\"a}re Immunlokalisation der trunkierten Proteine best{\"a}tigt werden. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die B-Dom{\"a}ne eine wichtige Rolle bei der Proteinprozessierung spielt, vermutlich indem sie die Bindung von Chaperonen erm{\"o}glicht und das FVIII-Protein vor Degradation sch{\"u}tzt.},
  subject      = {H{\"a}mophilie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kalb2006,
  author    = {Kalb, Reinhard},
  title     = {Fanconi anemia and RAD50 deficiency : genetic and functional analysis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-25823},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Human caretaker genes play a central role in the DNA damage response. Their defects cause a number of rare diseases which show genetic instability and increased propensity to malignant cell growth. The first of these diseases to be described in this thesis is Fanconi anemia (FA), a rare chromosome instability disorder with recessive inheritance characterized by progressive bone marrow failure, variable congenital malformations, and cancer predisposition. There are at least 13 FA complementation groups (FA-A, B, C, D1, D2, E, F, G, I, J, L, M and N), each representing mutations in a distinct gene. To date, except FANCI all the corresponding genes have been identified, denoted as FANC-A, B, C, D1/BRCA2, D2, E, F, G, J/BRIP1/BACH1, L/PHF9, M/Hef and N/PALB2.Further information is provided in chapters 1 and 2. FA cells are characterized by high sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents and to elevated oxygen tension, but it is controversial whether they are also radiosensitive. Systematic testing (chapter 3) of primary skin fibroblast cultures from all currently known FA complementation groups revealed no increased sensitivity towards ionizing radiation (IR) and ultra-violet light (UV) when growing cells at physiological (5\% v/v) oxygen levels. Despite considerable interstrain variations FA cells showed no systematic differences to cell cultures derived from healthy controls, whereas positive controls (Ataxia telangiectasia and Cockayne syndrome) proved highly sensitive to IR or UV. Lack of radiosensitivity was also shown for the FANCD2 gene, a central gene in the FA/BRCA pathway whose mutational inactivation was studied in a large patient cohort. FA patients excluded previously from complementation groups FA-A, -C, E, F, G or L were screened for mutations in FANCD2. Even though mutation analysis of FANCD2 is complicated by the presence of pseudogene regions, biallelic FANCD2 mutations were identified in a series of 32 patients (chapter 4). The predominant types of mutations result in aberrant splicing causing exon skipping, exonisation of intronic sequence, activation of cryptic and creation of new 3´ splice sites. Many alleles were recurrent and could be associated with ethnicity. Interestingly, residual FANCD2 protein was observed in all available patient cell lines, and functionality was indicated by the presence of the monoubiquitinated FANCD2 isoform. This suggests that viability of FA-D2 patients depends on the presence of hypomorphic or leaky mutations. In chapter 5 the worldwide second FA patient belonging to complementation group FA-L is reported. Genetic analysis of patient derived fibroblasts revealed heterozygosity for a 5-bp deletion (exon 7) and a missense substitution (exon 11). In contrast to the tested fibroblasts two independent lymphoid cell lines proved resistant to the DNA crosslinking agent mitomycin C and showed proficient FANCD2 monoubiquitination. The functional reversion due to a compensating mutation in the splice acceptor site results in aberrant splicing and the restoration of the open reading frame. However, the revertant mosaicsm was restricted to the lymphatic cell lines such that there was no clinical improvement involving the other hematopoietic cell lineages, and bone marrow transplantation was required to treat the patients bone marrow failure. A direct link of Fanconi anemia to other DNA repair processes was provided by the identification of the BRCA1 interacting protein 1, BRIP1/BACH1, as a genuine FA gene (chapter 6). Genetic mapping of consanguineous Inuit families resulted in the identification of truncating mutations in BRIP1. In contrast to most of the other FA patients FANCD2 monoubiquitination was intact, linking these patients to complementation group FA-J. Biallelic mutations in BRIP1 were found in eight additional patients, one of whom was assigned previously to FA-J by somatic cell fusion. Therefore it could be shown that the postulated FANCJ gene is identical with BRIP1. This finding emphasizes the close connection between the BRCA- and the FA-family of genes, both involved in the DNA damage response. Biallelic mutations in BRCA2/FANCD1 cause a severe form of Fanconi anemia with childhood malignancies. Recently, a BRCA2 interacting protein was identified as a "partner and localizer of BRCA2" (PALB2) which confers cellular MMC resistance. A candidate gene approach revealed biallelic mutations in seven FA patients that developed solid tumors in early childhood (chapter 7). Patient cells show no or little PALB2 protein, lack of MMC induced RAD51 foci formation, and high chromosomal instability. Transduction of PALB2 cDNA complemented the MMC sensitive phenotype. Therefore, biallelic mutations in PALB2 cause a new subtype of FA, denoted as FA-N, which is connected with a high and early cancer risk. With respect to one of the most prominent but least understood caretaker gene syndromes, Fanconi anemia, this thesis has expanded our knowledge as follows: 1. refutation of major cellular radiosensitivity of FA cell lines regardless of complementation group, 2. detection of hypomorphic mutations and residual protein levels as a prerequisite for viability of the FANCD2 gene, 3. description of the worldwide second patient belonging to complementation group FA-L whose lymphocytes exhibit a novel type of somatic reversion, 4. participation in the discovery and functional characterization of two novel FA genes (FANCJ and FANCN). The last chapter of the thesis deals with a DNA repair pathway that is activated following exposure to ionizing radation. One of the central proteins responding to radiation-induced DNA damage is the product of the ATM gene which signals to a myriad of other proteins in response to DNA double strand breaks, including the NMR complex. This complex formed by the NBS1/MRE11/RAD50 proteins is thought to act as a specifi c sensor of DNA double-strand breaks. Mutations of MRE11 and NBS1 are associated with the radiation sensitivity syndromes Ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder (AT-LD) and Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS), respectively. Chapter 8 presents the first ever identified patient with RAD50 deficiency due to biallelic germline mutations in the RAD50 gene. An 18-year-old German girl who has a variant form of NBS without immunodeficiency was found to be compound heterozygous for a nonsense mutation and the loss of the natural termination signal in the RAD50 gene. RAD50 protein expression was reduced to less than one tenth of normal in her fibroblasts and lymphoblastoid cells. At the nuclear level, RAD50 deficiency was associated with a high frequency of spontaneous chromatid exchanges and with the failure to form MRE11 and NBS1 nuclear foci in response to irradiation. ATM autophosphorylation, phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 and the transcriptional induction of p21/WAF1 mRNA were reduced, and there was no evidence for Ser343 phosphorylation of NBS1 in RAD50 defi cient cells following irradiation. These defects could be complemented by expression of wildtype RAD50 cDNA. Our data shows that RAD50 modulates, like NBS1 and MRE11, the ATM-mediated DNA damage response and the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint. In addition, RAD50 appears to be required for nuclear localization of MRE11, and for NBS1 focus formation, underlining its importance for the proper function of the NMR complex. Owing to the studies performed within the framework of this thesis, RAD50 deficiency can now be added to the growing list of human caretaker gene syndromes with pronounced radiosensitivity that is distinctive at both the cellular and the clinical level from deficiencies involving the other members of the NMR complex.},
  subject      = {DNS-Reparatur},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gross2002,
  author    = {Groß, Michaela},
  title     = {Genomic changes in Fanconi anemia: implications for diagnosis, pathogenesis and prognosis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-6579},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetically and phenotypically heterogenous autoso- mal recessive disease associated with chromosomal instability, progressive bone marrow failure, typical birth defects and predisposition to neoplasia. The clinical phenotype is similar in all known complementation groups (FA-A, FA-B, FA-C,FA-D1, FA-D2, FA-E, FA-F and FA-G). The cellular phenotype is characterized by hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents (MMC,DEB), which is exploited as a diagnostic tool. Alltogether, the FA proteins constitute a multiprotein pathway whose precise biochemical function(s) remain unknown. FANCA, FANCC, FANCE, FANCF and FANCG interact in a nuclear complex upstream of FANCD2. Complementation group FA-D1 was recently shown to be due to biallelic mutations in the human breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2). After DNA damage, the nuclear complex regulates monoubiquitylation of FANCD2, result- ing in targeting of this protein into nuclear foci together with BRCA1 and other DNA damage response proteins. The close connection resp. identity of the FA genes and known players of the DSB repair pathways (BRCA1, BRCA2, Rad51) firmly establishs an important role of the FA gene family in the maintenance of genome integrity. The chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the thesis describing the current knowledge and unsolved problems of Fanconi anemia. The following chapters represent papers submitted or published in scientific literature. They are succeeded by a short general discussion (chapter 7). Mutation analysis in the Fanconi anemia genes revealed gene specific mutation spectra as well as different distributions throughout the genes. These results are described in chapter 1 and chapter 2 with main attention to the first genes identified, namely FANCC, FANCA and FANCG. In chapter 2 we provide general background on mutation analysis and we report all mutations published for FANCA, FANCC and FANCG as well as our own unpublished mutations until the year 2000. In chapter 3 we report a shift of the mutation spectrum previously reported for FANCC after examining ten FA-patients belonging to complementation group C. Seven of those patients carried at least one previously unknown mutation, whereas the other three patients carried five alleles with the Dutch founder mu- tation 65delG and one allele with the Ashkenazi founder mutation IVS4+4A>T, albeit without any known Ashkenazi ancestry. We also describe the first large deletion in FANCC. The newly detected alterations include two missense mu- tations (L423P and T529P) in the 3´-area of the FANCC gene. Since the only previously described missense mutation L554P is also located in this area, a case can be made for the existence of functional domain(s) in that region of the gene. In chapter 4 we report the spectrum of mutations found in the FANCG gene com- piled by several laboratories working on FA. As with other FA genes, most muta- tions have been found only once, however, the truncating mutation, E105X, was identified as a German founder mutation after haplotype analysis. Direct compar- ison of the murine and the human protein sequences revealed two leucine zipper motifs. In one of these the only identified missense mutation was located at a conserved residue, suggesting the leucine zipper providing an essential protein-protein interaction required for FANCG function. With regard to genotype-phenotype correlations, two patients carrying a homozygous E105X mutation were seen to have an early onset of the hematological disorder, whereas the missense mutation seems to lead to a disease with later onset and milder clinical course. In chapter 5 we explore the phenomenon of revertant mosaicism which emerges quite frequently in peripheral blood cells of patients suffering from FA. We de- scribe the types of reversion found in five mosaic FA-patients belonging to com- plementation groups FA-A and FA-C. For our single FA-C-patient intragenic crossover could be proven as the mechanism of self-correction. In the remaining four patients (all of them being compound heterozygous in FANCA), either the paternal or maternal allele has reverted back to WT sequence. We also describe a first example of in vitro phenotypic reversion via the emergence of a compensat- ing missense mutation 15 amino acids downstream of the constitutional mutation explaining the MMC-resistance of the lymphoblastoid cell line of this patient. In chapter 6 we report two FA-A mosaic patients where it could be shown that the spontaneous reversion had taken place in a single hematopoietic stem cell. This has been done by separating blood cells from both patients and searching for the reverted mutation in their granulocytes, monocytes, T- and B-lymphocytes as well as in skin fibroblasts. In both patients, all hematopoietic lineages, but not the fibroblasts, carried the reversion, and comparison to their increase in erythrocyte and platelet counts over time demonstrated that reversion must have taken place in a single hematopoietic stem cell. This corrected stem cell then has been able to undergo self-renewal and also to create a corrected progeny, which over time repopulated all hematopoietic lineages. The pancytopenia of these patients has been cured due to the strong selective growth advantage of the corrected cells in vivo and the increased apoptosis of the mutant hematopoietic cells.},
  subject      = {Fanconi-An{\"a}mie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kraemer2003,
  author    = {Kr{\"a}mer, Franziska},
  title     = {Molecular and Biochemical Investigations into VMD2, the gene associated with Best Disease},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-5761},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {Best disease (OMIM 153700) is an early-onset, autosomal dominant maculopathy characterized by egg yolk-like lesions in the central retina. The disease gene, the vitelliform macular dystrophy gene type 2 (VMD2), encodes a 585-aa VMD2 transmembrane protein, termed bestrophin. The protein is predominantly expressed on the basolateral side of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and is thought to be involved in the transport of chloride ions. Bestrophin as well as three closely related VMD2-like proteins (VMD2L1-L3) contain multiple putative transmembrane (TM) domains and an invariant tripeptide (RFP) motif in the N-terminal half of the protein. This and the tissue-restricted expression to polarized epithelial cells are typical features of the VMD2 RFP-TM family. Best disease is predominantly caused by missense mutations, clustering in four distinct „hotspots" in the evolutionary highly conserved N-terminal region of the protein. To further augment the spectrum of mutations and to gain novel insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms, we screened VMD2 in a large cohort of affected patients. In total, nine novel VMD2 mutations were identified, raising the total number of known Best disease-related mutations from 83 to 92. Eight out of nine novel mutations are hotspot-specific missense mutations, underscoring their functional/structural significance and corroborating the dominant-negative nature of the mutations. Of special interest is a one-basepair deletion (Pro260fsX288) encoding a truncated protein with a deletion of an important functional domain (TM domain four) as well as the entire C-terminal half of bestrophin. For the first time, a nonsense mutation leading to a 50 \% non-functional protein has been identified suggesting that on rare occassions Best disease may be caused by haploinsufficiency. Molecular diagnostics strongly requires a reliable classification of VMD2 sequence changes into pathogenic and non-pathogenic types. Since the molecular pathomechanism is unclear at present, the pathogenicity of novel sequence changes of VMD2 are currently assessed in light of known mutations. We therefore initiated a publicly accessible VMD2 mutation database (http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/humangenetics/vmd2.html) and are collecting and administrating the growing number of mutations, rare sequence variants and common polymorphisms. Missense mutations may disrupt the function of proteins in numerous ways. To evaluate the functional consequences of VMD2 mutations in respect to intracellular mislocalization and/or protein elimination, a set of molecular tools were generated. These included the establishment of an in vitro COS7 heterologous expression assay, the generation of numerous VMD2 mutations by site-directed mutagenesis as well as the development of bestrophin-specific antibodies. Surprisingly, membrane fractionation/Western blot experiments revealed no significant quantitative differences between intact and mutant bestrophin. Irrelevant of the type or location of mutation, incorporation of mutant bestrophin to the membraneous fraction was observed. Thus, impaired membrane integration may be ruled out as causative pathomechanism of Best disease consistent with a dominant-negative effect of the mutations. In a different approach, efforts were directed towards identifying and characterizing the VMD2 RFP-TM protein family in mouse. While clarification of the genomic organization of murine Vmd2 was required as basis to generate Vmd2-targeted animals (see below), the study of closely related proteins (Vmd2L1, Vmd2L2 and Vmd2L3) may provide further clues as to the function of bestrophin. For this, biocomputational as well as RT PCR analyses were performed. Moreover, the novel genes were analyzed by real time quantitative RT PCR, displaying predominant expression in testis, colon and skeletal muscle of Vmd2, Vmd2L1 and Vmd2L3 transcripts, respectively as well as in eye tissue. Interestingly, neither an ORF was determined for murine Vmd2L2 nor was the transcript present in a panel of 12 mouse tissues, suggesting that murine Vmd2L2 may represent a functionally inactive pseudogene. The murine Vmd2L3 gene, as its human counterpart, is a highly differentially spliced transcript. Finally, generating mouse models of Best disease will provide essential tools to investigate the pathophysiology of bestrophin in vivo. We have initiated the generation of two different mouse lineages, one deficient of Vmd2 (knock-out) and the other carrying a human disease-related mutation (Tyr227Asn) in the orthologous murine gene (knock-in). Genetic engineering of both constructs has been achieved and presently, four ES clones harboring the homologous recombination event (Vmd2+/-) have been isolated and are ready for the subsequent steps to generate chimeric animals. The resulting mouse lineages will represent two key models to elucidate the functional role of bestrophin in Best disease, in RPE development and physiology.},
  subject      = {Best-Krankheit},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Meyer2010,
  author    = {Meyer, Johanna},
  title     = {Untersuchungen von Cyrillic 2.13 zur Absch{\"a}tzung der Mutations- und Erkrankungswahrscheinlichkeit bei erblichem Mamma- und Ovarialkarzinom},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65757},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit wird anhand eines W{\"u}rzburger Studienkollektivs von erblich an Brust-und Ovarialkrebs Erkrankten, das 150 Ratsuchende umfasst, das Risikokalkulationsprogramm Cyrillic 2.13 zur Absch{\"a}tzung von Mutations- und Erkrankungswahrscheinlichkeiten bei erblichem Brust- und Ovarialkrebs untersucht. Es werden die vom Programm berechneten Mutationswahrscheinlichkeiten mit dem tats{\"a}chlichen Mutationsstatus der Probanden verglichen. Außerdem werden Stammb{\"a}ume der Probanden auf Angeh{\"o}rige 1. und 2. Generation gek{\"u}rzt, um zu untersuchen, ob dies die errechneten Ergebnisse beeinflusst. Es zeigt sich hierbei jedoch kein signifikanter Unterschied.},
  subject      = {Brustkrebs},
  language  = {de}
}