@phdthesis{Ibrahim2024,
  author    = {Ibrahim, Eslam Samir Ragab},
  title     = {Unraveling the function of the old yellow enzyme OfrA in \(Staphylococcus\) \(aureus\) stress response},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28960},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-289600},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Biological systems are in dynamic interaction. Many responses reside in the core concepts of biological systems interplay (competition and cooperation). In infection situation, the competition between a bacterial system and a host is shaped by many stressors at spatial and temporal determinants. Reactive chemical species are universal stressors against all biological systems since they potentially damage the basic requirements of these systems (nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids). Either produced endogenously or exogenously, reactive chemical species affect the survival of pathogens including the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Therefore, bacteria developed strategies to overcome the toxicity of reactive species. S. aureus is a widely found opportunistic pathogen. In its niche, S. aureus is in permanent contact with surrounding microbes and host factors. Deciphering the deterministic factors in these interactions could facilitate pinpointing novel bacterial targets. Identifying the aforementioned targets is crucial to develop new strategies not only to kill the pathogenic organisms but also to enhance the normal flora to minimize the pathogenicity and virulence of potential pathogens. Moreover, targeting S. aureus stress response can be used to overcome bacterial resistance against host-derived factors. In this study, I identify a novel S. aureus stress response factor against reactive electrophilic, oxygen, and hypochlorite species to better understand its resilience as a pathogen. Although bacterial stress response is an active research field, gene function is a current bottleneck in characterizing the understudied bacterial strategies to mediate stress conditions. I aimed at understanding the function of a novel protein family integrated in many defense systems of several biological systems. In bacteria, fungi, and plants, old yellow enzymes (OYEs) are widely found. Since the first isolation of the yellow flavoprotein, OYEs are used as biocatalysts for decades to reduce activated C=C bonds in α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The promiscuity of the enzymatic catalysis is advantageous for industrial applications. However, the physiological function of OYEs, especially in bacteria, is still puzzling. Moreover, the relevance of the OYEs in infection conditions remained enigmatic.   Here, I show that there are two groups of OYEs (OYE flavin oxidoreductase, OfrA and OfrB) that are encoded in staphylococci and some firmicutes. OfrA (SAUSA300_0859) is more conserved than OfrB (SAUSA300_0322) in staphylococci and is a part of the staphylococcal core genome. A reporter system was established to report for ofrA in S. aureus background. The results showed that ofrA is induced under electrophilic, oxidative, and hypochlorite stress. OfrA protects S. aureus against quinone, methylglyoxal, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite stress. Additionally, the results provide evidence that OfrA supports thiol-dependent redox homeostasis. At the host-pathogen interface, OfrA promotes S. aureus fitness in murine macrophage cell line. In whole human blood, OfrA is involved in S. aureus survival indicating a potential clinical relevance to bacteraemia. In addition, ofrA mutation affects the production of the virulence factor staphyloxanthin via the upper mevalonate pathway. In summary, decoding OfrA function and its proposed mechanism of action in S. aureus shed the light on a conserved stress response within multiple organisms.},
  subject      = {Staphylococcus aureus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bartlang2014,
  author    = {Bartlang, Manuela Slavica},
  title     = {Timing is everything: The interaction of psychosocial stress and the circadian clock in male C57BL/6 mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-106486},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Due to the rotation of the earth in the solar system all inhabitants of our planet are exposed to regular environmental changes since more than 3.5 billion years. In order to anticipate these predictable changes in the environment, evolutionarily conserved biological rhythms have evolved in most organisms - ranging from ancient cyanobacteria up to human beings - and also at different levels of organization - from single cells up to behavior. These rhythms are endogenously generated by so called circadian clocks in our body and entrained to the 24 h cycle by external timing cues. In multi-cellular organisms the majority of the cells in the body is equipped with such an oscillator. In mammals, the circadian system is structured in a hierarchical fashion: A central pacemaker resides in the bilateral suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, while subsidiary peripheral clocks exist in nearly every tissue and organ. In contrast to the aforementioned recurrent environmental changes most organisms are also exposed to unpredictable changes in the environment. In order to adapt to these sudden alterations the acute activation of the stress response system, involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system, displays a fundamental survival mechanism. However, if activation of the stress system becomes chronic, devastating somatic and affective disorders might be the consequence. At first glance, the circadian and the stress system seem to represent two separate bodily control systems that are involved in adaptation to predictable and unpredictable stimuli, respectively. However, both systems are fundamental for survival, and thus, communicate with each other at various levels. Early studies already demonstrated that stressor exposure at different times of the diurnal cycle generates different stress effects, whereupon the type of stressor plays a pivotal role. Moreover, alterations in the SCN and peripheral circadian clocks could be shown following stressor exposure. In cooperation with various co-workers, I investigated whether the stress responsiveness is modulated by the endogenous clock in a diurnal fashion and whether repeated psychosocial stress impacts the circadian clock depending on the time of day of stressor exposure. Therefore, male C57BL/6 mice were repeatedly exposed to a psychosocial stressor, either at the beginning of the inactive/light phase (SDL mice) or active/dark phase (SDD mice). Subsequently, different behavioral, physiological/endocrine and immunological/ inflammatory consequences were assessed. It could be shown that the effects of repeated psychosocial stressor exposure strongly depend on the time of day of stressor exposure. The present results demonstrate that repeated daily stressor exposure has a more negative outcome when applied during the active/dark phase compared to the inactive/light phase. Stressor exposure during the active phase resulted in a loss of general activity, decreased interest in an unfamiliar conspecific, a shift towards a more pro-inflammatory body milieu, and rhythm disturbances in plasma hormones, all representing well-accepted hallmarks of depression. In contrast, C57BL/6 mice exposed to the stressor in their inactive phase exhibited minor physiological alterations that might prevent the formation of the maladaptive consequences mentioned above, thus representing beneficial adaptations. The second focus of this thesis was put on the investigation of the effects of repeated psychosocial stressor exposure at different times of the light-dark cycle on various levels of the circadian system. An increased expression of the PERIOD2 (PER2) protein, which represents an essential core clock component, could be found in the SCN of mice repeatedly exposed to the stressor during their active phase. In consistence with the alterations in the central circadian pacemaker, the daily rhythm of different hormones and the activity rhythm were considerably affected by SDD. Mice exposed to the psychosocial stressor in their active phase showed a shifted, or absent, rhythm of the hormones corticosterone and leptin. Moreover, their activity was found to be phase-delayed, which seems to be attributable to the Period (Per) gene since Per1/Per2 double-mutants still exhibited their normal activity rhythm following 19 days of stressor exposure during the active phase. In contrast, a phase-advance in the peripheral adrenal gland clock could be seen in C57BL/6 mice subjected to the stressor during their inactive phase. This phase-shift might be required for maintaining the normal rhythmicity in hormonal release and activity. It has previously been suggested that activation of the HPA axis upon stressor exposure at different times of the light-dark cycle is depending on whether the stressor is of physical or psychological nature. Data from the HPA axis analysis now refine previous findings, indicating that psychosocial stressors also modulate HPA axis responses based on the time of day of stressor presentation. The present results demonstrate that HPA axis activity was reduced following repeated stressor exposure during the active phase. It is reasonable to speculate that this reduced basal activity of the stress system represents a failure in HPA axis adjustment, which could contribute to the negative consequences of repeated psychosocial stressor exposure during the dark phase. Taken together, it can be concluded that the endogenous clock in mice modulates the stress responsiveness in a circadian fashion and that repeated psychosocial stressor exposure affects the biological clock depending on the time of day of stressor presentation. Thereby, stressor exposure during the active phase results in a more negative outcome as compared to stressor experience during the inactive phase. It is assumed that the interaction between the circadian clock and the stress system is a complex issue that might ensure that the endogenous clock does not get out of synchrony in any order.},
  subject      = {Maus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Toenissen2013,
  author    = {T{\"o}nissen, Christoph},
  title     = {F{\"u}hrt Hands-on Kathetertraining an Virtual-Reality Simulatoren zu physischer und psychischer Stressreduktion? Eine stratifiziert-randomisierte Studie},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-104420},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Angehende interventionelle Kardiologen sind insbesondere w{\"a}hrend einer perkutanen Koronarintervention hohen psychischen und physischen Belastungen ausgesetzt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen, inwieweit Simulationstraining diese Stressantwort reduzieren kann. Im Rahmen einer stratifiziert randomisierten Studie wurde der Effekt von Virtual-Reality (VR)-Simulationstraining auf physischen bzw. psychischen Stress bei angehenden interventionellen Kardiologen untersucht. Hierzu wurden 18 Studienteilnehmer/Innen rekrutiert, die bisher noch keine Erfahrung in der Durchf{\"u}hrung einer perkutanen Koronarintervention aufwiesen. Die Simulationsgruppe (S, n=9) erhielt ein 7 ½ st{\"u}ndiges Interventionstraining an drei VR-Simulatoren: CathLab VR (CAE), Angio Mentor Express (Simbionix), VIST-C (Mentice), die Kontrollgruppe (K, n=9) ein theoretisches Ausbildungsprogramm. Die Pr{\"a}- und Postevaluation aller Probanden fand an einem pulsatilen Herzmodell im Katheterlabor statt (CoroSim™, Mecora). Hierbei wurde der individuelle Stresslevel jedes Probanden bestimmt. Hierzu wurde zum einen der physische Stress {\"u}ber eine Messung des Speichelcortisols und der Herzfrequenz quantifiziert und zum anderen psychischer Stress mittels des PANAS-Fragebogens bestimmt (PANAS-Score erhoben durch f{\"u}nf-stufige Likert-Skala). Zwischen den Studiengruppen fand sich kein signifikanter Unterschied hinsichtlich des physischen Stresslevels. Im Hinblick auf das psychische Stressniveau zeigte sich nach dem Training hingegen ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den Studiengruppen: W{\"a}hrend der negative Affekt in der Kontrollgruppe anstieg, wies die Simulationsgruppe im Vergleich hierzu einen signifikanten Abfall dieses Parameters auf (F(1, 16)=5,58 p=0,03, ANOVA mit Messwiederholung, Faktoren: Studiengruppe x Messzeitpunkt). Somit konnte gezeigt werden, dass Simulationstraining bei angehenden interventionellen Kardiologen die psychische Stressantwort w{\"a}hrend einer Intervention reduziert.},
  subject      = {Simulator},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Michalke2013,
  author    = {Michalke, Friederike Lucia},
  title     = {„Stressverarbeitung bei Patienten mit Stress-Kardiomyopathie (Tako-Tsubo-Kardiomyopathie)"},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-108826},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Diese Dissertation untersucht das Ph{\"a}nomen Stress im Zusammenhang mit der Tako-Tsubo-Kardiomyopathie. Sie ist eine der ersten Arbeiten, die insbesondere die Stressverarbeitung der Betroffenen mit standardisierten Messverfahren analysiert. In einer retrospektiven Querschnittsstudie wurden mit Hilfe von zwei Frageb{\"o}gen soziodemographische, medizinische und psychologische Aspekte dieser Erkrankung erfasst; insbesondere wurde die Stressverarbeitung der Betroffenen mit Hilfe des standardisierten Fragebogens SVF-120 von G. Erdmann und W. Janke erfasst. Es zeigt sich, dass entgegen unserer Erwartung die Stressverarbeitung von Patienten mit Apical Ballooning Syndrom sich nicht von derjenigen von Gesunden oder Myokardinfarkt-Patienten unterscheidet. Jedoch gaben 80 \% unserer befragten Patienten an unter akuten oder l{\"a}ngerfristigen Stressoren zum Zeitpunkt des Anfalls gelitten zu haben. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen Stress und der Stressherzerkrankung ist also naheliegend, jedoch scheint eine pathologische Stressverarbeitungsweise nicht der entscheidende Aspekt in der Pathogenese zu sein.},
  subject      = {Stress-Kardiomyopathie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Jakob2012,
  author    = {Jakob, Sissi},
  title     = {Molecular mechanisms of early-life stress in 5-Htt deficient mice: Gene x environment interactions and epigenetic programming},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74150},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Early-life stress has been shown to influence the development of the brain and to increase the risk for psychiatric disorders later in life. Furthermore, variation in the human serotonin transporter (5-HTT, SLC6A4) gene is suggested to exert a modulating effect on the association between early-life stress and the risk for depression. At the basis of these gene x environment (G x E) interactions, epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA-methylation, seem to represent the primary biological processes mediating early-life programming for stress susceptibility or resilience, respectively. The exact molecular mechanisms however remain to be elucidated, though. In the present study, we used two different stress paradigms to assess the molecular mechanisms mediating the relationship between early-life stress and disorders of emotion regulation later in life. First, a 5-Htt x prenatal stress (PS) paradigm was applied to investigate whether the effects of PS are dependent on the 5-Htt genotype. For this purpose, the effects of PS on cognition and anxiety- / depression-related behavior were examined using a maternal restraint stress paradigm of PS in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and heterozygous 5-Htt deficient (5-Htt+/-) mice. Additionally, in female offspring, a genome-wide hippocampal gene expression and DNA methylation profiling was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip® Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array and the AffymetrixGeneChip® Mouse Promoter 1.0R Array. Some of the resulting candidate genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Further, the gene expression of these genes was measured in other brain regions of the PS animals as well as in the hippocampus of offspring of another, 5-Htt x perinatal stress (PeS) paradigm, in which pregnant and lactating females were stressed by an olfactory cue indicating infanticide. To assess resilience to PS and PeS, correlation studies between gene expression and behaviour were performed based on an initial performance-based LIMMA analysis of the gene expression microarray. 5-Htt+/- offspring of the PS paradigm showed enhanced memory performance and signs of reduced anxiety as compared to WT offspring. In contrast, exposure of 5-Htt+/- mice to PS was associated with increased depression-like behavior, an effect that tended to be more pronounced in female offspring. Further, 5-Htt genotype, PS and their interaction differentially affected the expression and DNA methylation of numerous genes and related pathways within the female hippocampus. Specifically, MAPK and neurotrophin signaling were regulated by both the 5-Htt+/- genotype and PS exposure, whereas cytokine and Wnt signaling were affected in a 5-Htt genotype x PS manner, indicating a gene x environment interaction at the molecular level. The candidate genes of the expression array could be validated and their expression patterns were partly consistent in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Furthermore, the genotype effect of XIAP associated factor 1 (Xaf1) was also detected in the mice of the PeS paradigm. Concerning resilience, we found that the expression of growth hormone (Gh), prolactin (Prl) and fos-induced growth factor (Figf) were downregulated in WTPS mice that performed well in the forced swim test (FST). At the same time, the results indicated that Gh and Prl expression correlated positively with adrenal weight, whereas Figf expression correlated positively with basal corticosteron concentration, indicating an intricate relationship between depression-like behavior, hippocampal gene expression and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Correlation studies in the PeS animals revealed a link between Gh / Prl expression and anxiety-like behavior. In conclusion, our data suggest that although the 5-Htt+/- genotype shows clear adaptive capacity, 5-Htt+/- mice, particularly females, appear to be more vulnerable to developmental stress exposure when compared to WT offspring. Moreover, hippocampal gene expression and DNA methylation profiles suggest that distinct epigenetic mechanisms at the molecular level mediate the behavioral effects of the 5-Htt genotype, PS exposure, and their interaction. Further, resilience to early-life stress might be conferred by genes whose expression is linked to HPA axis function.},
  subject      = {Stressreaktion},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Demir2010,
  author    = {Demir, Fatih},
  title     = {Lipid rafts in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53223},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Arabidopsis thaliana (A.th.) mesophyll cells play a pivotal role in the regulation of the drought stress response. The signaling \& transport components involved in drought stress regulation within lipid rafts of the plasma membrane were investigated by DRM isolation from highly purified plasma membranes. Detergent treatment with Brij-98 and Triton X-100 resulted in a total of 246 DRM proteins which were identified by nano HPLC-MS/MS. The majority of these proteins could be isolated by Triton X-100 treatment (78.5 \%) which remains the "golden" standard for the isolation of DRMs. Comparing in-gel and in-solution digestion approaches disclosed additional protein identifications for each method but the in-gel approach clearly delivered the majority of the identified proteins (81.8 \%). Functionally, a clear bias on signaling proteins was visible - almost 1/3 of the detected DRM proteins belonged to the group of kinases, phosphatases and other signaling proteins. Especially leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases and calcium-dependent protein kinases were present in Brij-98 \& Triton X-100 DRMs, for instance the calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK21. Another prominent member of DRMs was the protein phosphatase 2C 56, ABI1, which is a key regulator of the ABA-mediated drought stress response in A.th. The lipid raft localization of the identified DRM proteins was confirmed by sterol-depletion with the chemical drug MCD. Proteins which depend upon a sterol-rich environment are depleted from DRMs by MCD application. Especially signaling proteins exhibited a strong sterol-dependency. They represented the vast majority (41.5 \%) among the Triton X-100 DRM proteins which were no longer detected following MCD treatment. AtRem 1.2 \& 1.3 could be shown to be sterol-dependent in mesophyll cells as well as two CPKs (CPK10 \& CPK21) and the protein phosphatase ABI1. AtRem 1.2 \& 1.3 could be proven to represent ideal plant lipid raft marker proteins due to their strong presence in Triton X-100 DRMs and dependency upon a sterol-rich environment. When fluorescence labeled AtRem 1.2 \& 1.3 were transiently expressed in A.th. leaves, they localized to small, patchy structures at the plasma membrane. CPK21 was an intrinsic member of Triton X-100 DRMs and displayed extreme susceptibility to sterol-depletion by MCD in immunological and proteomic assays. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) have already been studied to be involved in drought stress regulation, for instance at the regulation of S-type anion channels in guard cells. Hence, further transient expression studies with the anion channel SLAH3, protein kinase CPK21 and its counterpart, protein phosphatase ABI1 were performed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient co-expression of CPK21 and the anion channel SLAH3, a highly mesophyll- specific homologue of the guard cell anion channel SLAC1, resulted in a combined, sterol-dependent localization of both proteins in DRMs. Supplementary co-expression of the counterpart protein phosphatase ABI1 induced dislocation of SLAH3 from DRMs, probably by inactivation of the protein kinase CPK21. CPK21 is known to regulate the anion channel SLAH3 by phosphorylation. ABI1 dephosphorylates CPK21 thus leading to deactivation and dislocation of SLAH3 from DRMs. All this regulative events are taking place in DRMs of A.th. mesophyll cells. This study presents the first evidence for a lipid raft-resident protein complex combining signaling and transport functions in A.th. Future perspectives for lipid raft research might target investigations on the lipid raft localization of candidate DRM proteins under presence of abiotic and biotic stress factors. For instance, which alterations in the DRM protein composition are detectable upon exogenous application of the plant hormone ABA? Quantitative proteomics approaches will surely increase our knowledge of the post-transcriptional regulation of gene activity under drought stress conditions.},
  subject      = {Ackerschmalwand},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Nietzer2010,
  author    = {Nietzer, Sarah},
  title     = {Gene and environment interactions in serotonin transporter knockout mice - how stress influences gene expression and neuronal morphology},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54391},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Serotonin (5-HT) is an important modulator of many physiological, behavioural and developmental processes and it plays an important role in stress coping reactions. Anxiety disorders and depression are stress-related disorders and they are associated with a malfunction of the 5-HT system, in which the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) plays an important role. 5-Htt knockout (KO) mice represent an artificially hyperserotonergic environment, show an increased anxiety-like behaviour and seem to be a good model to investigate the role of the 5-HT system concerning stress reactions and anxiety disorders. As synaptic proteins (SPs) seem to be involved in stress reactions, the effect of acute immobilization stress on the expression of the three SPs Synaptotagmin (Syt) I, Syt IV and Syntaxin (Stx) 1A was studied in the 5-Htt KO mouse model as well as the expression of the two immediate early genes (IEGs) FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (c-Fos) and fos-like antigen 2 (Fra-2). Additionally, the expression of the corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and its two receptors CRHR1 and CRHR2 was investigated as part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress system. Based on gender- and genotype-dependent differences in corticosterone levels, expression differences in the brain were investigated by performing a quantitative real time-PCR study using primer pairs specific for these SPs and for the IEGs c-Fos and Fra-2 in five different brain regions in 5-Htt KO and 5-Htt wild-type (WT) mice. Mainly gender-dependent differences could be found and weaker stress effects on the expression of SPs could be demonstrated. Regarding the expression of IEGs, stress-, gender- and genotype-dependent differences were found mainly in the hypothalamus. Also in the hypothalamus, gender effects were found concerning the expression of CRH and its both receptors. Additionally, in a second study, male 5-Htt WT and male 5-Htt deficient mice were subjected to a resident-intruder-paradigm which stresses the animals through a loser experience. The morphological changes of neurons were subsequently analyzed in Golgi-Cox-stained sections of limbic brain areas in stressed and unstressed animals of both genotypes using the computer-based microscopy system Neurolucida (Microbrightfield, Inc.). While no differences concerning dendritic length, branching patterns and spine density were found in the hippocampus and no differences concerning dendritic length and branching patterns could be shown in the cingulate cortex (CG), pyramidal neurons in the infralimbic cortex (IL) of stressed 5-Htt WT mice displayed longer dendrites compared to unstressed 5-Htt WT mice. The results indicate that, although in this model drastic alterations of neuronal morphology are absent, subtle changes can be found in specific brain areas involved in stress- and anxiety-related behaviour which may represent neural substrates underlying behavioural phenomena.},
  subject      = {Serotonin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schaefer2009,
  author    = {Sch{\"a}fer, Daniel},
  title     = {Eine Punktmutation in saeS ist verantwortlich f{\"u}r die ver{\"a}nderte Stressantwort von Staphylococcus aureus Newman gegen{\"u}ber Desinfektionsmitteln},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42875},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Staphylococcus aureus reagiert auf ver{\"a}nderte Umweltbedingungen wie Hitze, pH und Chemikalien mit Hilfe globaler Regulatoren wie dem Sae (S. aureus exoprotein expression) Zweikomponenten-System. Subinhibitorische Konzentrationen einiger Antibiotika k{\"o}nnen die Expression von Virulenzfaktoren erh{\"o}hen. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Stressantwort von S. aureus auf subletale Konzentrationen des gel{\"a}ufigen Desinfektionsmittels Perform® untersucht. Dazu wurden biochemische Methoden wie SDS-PAGE und Massen-Spektrometrie sowie molekularbiologische Methoden wie qRT-PCR und Promotoraktivit{\"a}ts-Assays eingesetzt. Davon abh{\"a}ngige, funktionelle Ver{\"a}nderungen wurden in durchfluss-zytometrischen Invasions-Assays analysiert. Perform wirkt durch die Bildung von reaktiven Sauerstoff-Spezies (ROS). Das Wachstum von S. aureus in Medien mit subletalen Konzentrationen von Perform verringerte in den St{\"a}mmen 6850, COL und ISP479C die Expression mehrerer Proteine, wohingegen im Stamm Newman eine gesteigerte Expression mehrerer Proteine festgestellt werden konnte. In der Literatur werden diese vermehrt exprimierten Proteine als sae-abh{\"a}ngig beschrieben. Der Effekt von Perform konnte durch das im Desinfektionsmittel enthaltene Detergenz SDS nachgeahmt werden, jedoch nicht durch Paraquat oder weitere Detergenzien wie Triton X-100 oder Tween 20. Eine Solubilisierungsreaktion durch die Detergenz-Wirkung konnte ausgeschlossen werden, da der beobachtete Effekt von lebenden Bakterien abh{\"a}ngt. F{\"u}r Eap (extracellular adherence protein) konnte die deutlichste Steigerung der Proteinexpression festgestellt werden und eine Transkriptionsanalyse best{\"a}tigte die gesteigerte Eap-Expression. Die Promotoraktivit{\"a}t des sae Promotors P1 wurde sowohl durch Perform als auch durch SDS verst{\"a}rkt. Die Anwesenheit von Perform und SDS hatte auch funktionelle {\"A}nderungen zur Folge: In durchflusszytometrischen Experimenten erh{\"o}hte sich beispielsweise die Invasivit{\"a}t auf das 2,5- bzw. 3,2-fache und die beobachteten Unterschiede konnten durch Lysostaphin Protektions Versuche best{\"a}tigt werden. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass die gesteigerte Invasivit{\"a}t in Stamm Newman von Eap und dem sae-System abh{\"a}ngig war, w{\"a}hrend agr, sarA, sigB und FnBPs keinen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Invasivit{\"a}t hatten. In dieser Arbeit wurde außerdem aufgedeckt, dass die Besonderheit des Stammes Newman durch eine Mutation in saeS (Sensor-Histidinkinase) bedingt war. Obwohl postuliert wird, dass diese Punktmutation ein konstitutiv aktiviertes sae System zur Folge hat, konnte die hohe sae Aktivit{\"a}t durch Perform und SDS jedoch noch weiter gesteigert werden. Durch den Austausch des gesamten sae-Operons konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich der Stamm Newman saeISP479C wie der Stamm ISP479C, und der Stamm ISP479C saeNewman sich analog zu Stamm Newman verhielt. Zusammenfassend kann aus den vorliegenden Ergebnissen geschlussfolgert werden, dass ein Aminos{\"a}urenaustausch in der Sensor-Histidinkinase SaeS des Stammes Newman verantwortlich f{\"u}r die gesteigerte Expression von Eap und die daraus resultierende gesteigerte Invasivit{\"a}t nach der Inkubation mit subletalen Konzentrationen von Perform und SDS ist. Diese Daten k{\"o}nnen dazu beitragen, die Virulenzmechanismen im Stamm Newman, speziell die Rolle des Sae-Systems, aber auch die der generellen Regulation, besser verstehen zu k{\"o}nnen.},
  subject      = {Desinfektion},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Degenhardt2000,
  author    = {Degenhardt, Birgit},
  title     = {Wachstum und physiologisches Verhalten von Zea mays bei multiplem Streß unter besonderer Ber{\"u}cksichtigung des Wurzelsystems},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-16964},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {In der vorgestellten Arbeit wurden das Wachstum und das physiologische Verhalten von Zea mays auf M{\"u}llheizkraftwerk (MHKW) -Schlacke im Vergleich zu Gartenerde als Kulturmedium untersucht. Dabei stand das Wurzelsystem der Maispflanzen im Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Da feste Bodensubstrate verwendet wurden, mußten diese zu Beginn der Experimente chemisch, physikalisch und bodenbiologisch charakterisiert werden. Die Analyse der Schlacke zeigte, daß Schlacke ein multifaktorielles Streßsystem darstellt: Sie enth{\"a}lt einen hohen Gehalt an leicht l{\"o}slichen Salzen, v.a. NaCl (bis zu 220 mM in der Bodenl{\"o}sung). MHKW-Schlacke ist dagegen arm an Stickstoff und pflanzenverf{\"u}gbarem Phosphat. Der pH-Wert der Bodenl{\"o}sung von Schlacke ist stark alkalisch (pH 8.4 - 9.0). Dar{\"u}ber hinaus besitzt Schlacke einen hohen Gehalt an potentiell toxischen Schwermetallen und weist im Vergleich zum Kontrollsubstrat Gartenerde eine verdichtete Bodenstruktur mit erh{\"o}htem mechanischen Widerstand auf. Im Vergleich zu der Kontroll-Anzucht auf Gartenerde reagierten die auf Schlacke kultivierten Mais-Pflanzen mit vermindertem Wachstum: Sproß und Wurzel erreichten nur die H{\"a}lfte der L{\"a}nge der Kontrollpflanzen. Ein Vergleich der Biomassen von Sproß und Wurzel zeigte, daß das Sproßwachstum der Schlacke-Pflanzen st{\"a}rker eingeschr{\"a}nkt ist als das Wurzelwachstum, woraus ein vergr{\"o}ßertes Wurzel / Sproß-Verh{\"a}ltnis resultiert. Das Wachstum von jungen Mais-Pflanzen auf Schlacke ist jedoch nicht in dem Maß eingeschr{\"a}nkt, wie es aufgrund der hohen Salzbelastung zu erwarten w{\"a}re. In einem Vergleichsexperiment mit Mais-Pflanzen, die in einer N{\"a}hrl{\"o}sung mit Zusatz von 100 mM NaCl kultiviert wurden, war das Wachstum erheblich schlechter und in den Bl{\"a}ttern akkumulierte weitaus mehr Natrium als in Schlacke-Pflanzen. Hier wird der positive Einfluß des hohen Calciumgehaltes der Schlacke deutlich. Die Beeintr{\"a}chtigung des Wachstums von Mais bei Kultur auf Schlacke wird haupts{\"a}chlich auf Phosphatmangel zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt, da durch D{\"u}ngung eine betr{\"a}chtliche Wachstumsverbesserung erzielt werden kann. Zudem wurden keine toxischen Konzentrationen an Schwermetallen im Blattgewebe von auf Schlacke kultivierten Pflanzen gefunden. Der Photosynthese-Apparat der Schlacke-kultivierten Pflanzen war sehr leistungsf{\"a}hig: Es bestand keine Beeintr{\"a}chtigung in der Energieverf{\"u}gbarkeit (Quantenausbeute des Photosystems II) und die Lichts{\"a}ttigung der photo-synthetischen Elektronentransportrate lag sogar h{\"o}her als bei den Kontrollpflanzen. Die Bestimmung des „adenylate energy charge" best{\"a}tigte diesen Sachverhalt. Das Wurzelsystem von Zea mays auf Schlacke wies strukturelle Ver{\"a}nderungen auf. Neben der verk{\"u}rzten Wurzell{\"a}nge und dem vergr{\"o}ßerten Wurzeldurchmesser der Schlacke-Pflanzen ergaben mikroskopische Untersuchungen, daß die Wurzeln durch Kultur auf Schlacke mit einer mechanischen Verst{\"a}rkung reagieren: St{\"a}rker ausgepr{\"a}gte tangentiale Zellwandverdickungen der Endodermis im terti{\"a}ren Zustand und Zellwandmodifikationen in den radialen Zellw{\"a}nden der Rhizodermis (Phi-Verdickungen). F{\"u}r monokotyle Arten, insbesondere f{\"u}r Mais, gibt es bisher keine Beschreibung von Phi-Verdickungen in der Literatur. Gaschromatographische und massenspektrometrische Untersuchungen belegen, daß sich die Zellw{\"a}nde von auf Erde und Schlacke kultivierten Maiswurzeln im Hinblick auf den Gesamtgehalt an Lignin (endodermale Zellwandisolate) und in der Ligninzusammensetzung (hypodermale Zellwandisolate) unterscheiden: In Schlacke-kultivierten Maiswurzeln wurde ein h{\"o}herer Anteil an dem Lignin-Monomer p Hydroxyphenyl gefunden, was zu einem h{\"o}her verdichteten Lignin f{\"u}hrt (Streßlignin). Die endodermalen Zellw{\"a}nde von auf Schlacke-kulivierten Pflanzen hatten dagegen einen h{\"o}heren Gesamtlignin-Gehalt als die entsprechenden Kontrollen, was ebenfalls eine mechanische Verst{\"a}rkung der Wurzel bewirkt. In Bezug auf Suberin konnten keine Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Anzuchten gefunden werden, weder in den hypodermalen noch in den endodermalen Zellwandisolaten. Die verschiedenen Streßfaktoren f{\"u}hren demnach nicht zu einer verst{\"a}rkten Impr{\"a}gnierung der Zellw{\"a}nde mit lipophilem Material. Die Zellw{\"a}nde von Mais spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Immobilisierung von Schwermetallen. Die Zellwandisolate von auf Erde und Schlacke kultivierten Mais-Pflanzen wiesen je nach Schwermetall-Element 43 - 100 \% des Gesamtgehaltes auf. Die absoluten Gehalte in den Zellwandisolaten von auf Schlacke angezogenen Pflanzen waren dabei h{\"o}her als die entsprechenden Werte der Kontrolle. Eine Anreicherung in den Zellw{\"a}nden wurde haupts{\"a}chlich f{\"u}r die Schwermetalle Zink, Blei, Nickel und Chrom beobachtet. Als unspezifische Streßantwort reagierten Maispflanzen auf die Kultur in Schlacke mit einer erh{\"o}hten Peroxidaseaktivit{\"a}t in der interzellul{\"a}ren Waschfl{\"u}ssigkeit. Die Peroxidaseaktivit{\"a}t des Symplastens der Wurzel unterscheidet sich zwischen den beiden Anzuchten dagegen nicht. Die Konzentration des Phytohormons Abscisins{\"a}ure (ABA) war in Bl{\"a}ttern von auf Schlacke kultivierten Pflanzen von Zea mays und Vicia faba im Vergleich zu den Kontrollpflanzen erh{\"o}ht. Dieser Anstieg ist eine Folge der erh{\"o}hten Salzbelastung der Schlacke, da die ABA-Gehalte entsprechender Bl{\"a}tter von auf gewaschener Schlacke kultivierten Pflanzen ann{\"a}hernd den Kontrollwerten entsprachen. Bei der Verteilung von ABA zwischen der Wurzel und der Bodenl{\"o}sung der umliegenden Rhizosph{\"a}re konnte das als Anionenfalle bekannte Prinzip best{\"a}tigt werden. Nach diesem Modell reichert sich ABA im alkalischten Kompartiment an (hier: Schlacke-Bodenl{\"o}sung). In den Wurzeln konnte nur in der Maiskultur auf Schlacke ein erh{\"o}hter Gehalt gefunden werden, nicht dagegen in der Vicia faba-Kultur. Dieser Unterschied liegt daran, daß Mais im Gegensatz zu Vicia faba eine exodermale Spezies ist und die Exodermis f{\"u}r ABA eine Barriere darstellt, was den ABA-Efflux in die Rhizosph{\"a}re verhindert. Im Wurzelgewebe von auf Schlacke kultivierten Maispflanzen wurde ein im Vergleich zur Kontrolle 15-facher Gehalt an wasserl{\"o}slichen, nicht proteingebundenen Sulfhydrylgruppen nachgewiesen. Diese auf Schwermetallstreß zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hrende Reaktion impliziert, daß die in der Schlacke-Bodenl{\"o}sung vorhandenen Schwermetalle nicht ausreichend im Apoplasten zur{\"u}ckgehalten werden und bis in den Symplasten vordringen k{\"o}nnen.},
  subject      = {Mais},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MachtJanke1993,
  author    = {Macht, Michael and Janke, Wilhelm},
  title     = {Effects of short-term energy deprivation on stress reactions in humans},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87093},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {No abstract available.},
  subject      = {Stressreaktion},
  language  = {en}
}