@phdthesis{Sieverts2022,
  author    = {Sieverts, Johanna},
  title     = {Das Bild der Frau in der medizinischen Literatur zu den Wechseljahren, 1800-1950},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-25726},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257265},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Basierend auf einer Analyse medizinischer Schriften aus Deutschland, Frankreich und England befasst sich diese Dissertation mit der Interpretation und Wahrnehmung der Wechseljahre und der Frau in den Wechseljahren zwischen 1800 und 1950. Obwohl sich das medizinische Verst{\"a}ndnis des Wechseljahrsprozesses in dieser Zeit, in der die Sexualhormone entdeckt wurden, {\"a}nderte, herrschte in diesen Schriften eine st{\"a}ndige, allgegenw{\"a}rtige Pathologisierung der Menopause vor. Die ({\"u}berwiegend m{\"a}nnlichen) Autoren verwendeten eine sehr negative und oft dramatische Sprache, um die Wechseljahre und ihre Gefahren zu charakterisieren. Sie brachten die Wechseljahre insbesondere mit Nervenkrankheiten und psychischen Problemen in Verbindung. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus beschrieben sie in einer sehr abwertenden Sprache die Ver{\"a}nderungen des {\"a}ußeren Erscheinungsbildes und der weiblichen Libido, die sie bei Frauen in den Wechseljahren und nach der Menopause beobachten zu k{\"o}nnen glaubten: pralles "Fleisch" und hervorstehende B{\"a}uche, {\"u}berm{\"a}ßiges sexuelles Verlangen und "geile" Tr{\"a}ume, die einige von ihnen qu{\"a}lten und die Umwandlung ihres Charakters in einen m{\"a}nnlicheren. R{\"u}ckblickend spiegelten diese Berichte in erheblichem Maße die zeitgen{\"o}ssische Wahrnehmung der gebrechlichen und reizbaren Natur der Frau und ihrer Rolle in der Gesellschaft wider, und laut den {\"A}rzten teilten Frauen zu dieser Zeit diese Vorstellungen. Ich behaupte zudem, dass diese zutiefst negative Sichtweise der Menopause in der Geschichte der westlichen Kultur auch heute noch die Wahrnehmung und Erfahrung der Menopause beeinflussen kann.},
  subject      = {Wechseljahre},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{AriasLoza2008,
  author    = {Arias-Loza, Anahi-Paula},
  title     = {Hormone Replacement Therapy and cardiovascular disease: Differential effects of the regimes Medroxyprogesterone Acetate plus 17ß- estradiol and unopposed 17ß- estradiol},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27660},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {A rising percentage of women with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) reach menopause and experience postmenopausal symptoms. In consequence they require assessment concerning the appropriate combination and safety of a hormone replacement therapy. Clinical trials using the combination of equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) reported an increased risk of thromboembolic events and no cardiovascular protective effects in women receiving this type of hormone replacement therapy. However unopposed estradiol and different regimes estrogens/progestins in vitro and in animal studies have proved to be beneficial for the cardiovascular system. Thus it is possible that the negative outcomes of the clinical trials are an exclusive feature of the regime equine estrogens plus MPA. The present study was initiated to evaluate the cardiovascular effects and possible mechanism of damage of the regime MPA plus 17ß-estradiol in comparison to unopposed 17ß-estradiol during cardiac disease. The role of 17ß-estradiol and MPA during left ventricular dysfunction and chronic heart failure was studied in female Wistar rats that received myocardial infarction. After 8 weeks of treatment the combination of MPA plus estradiol aggravated left ventricular remodelling and dysfunction as judged by increased heart weight, elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure and decreased left ventricular fractional shortening, effects that were accompanied by increase left ventricular oxidative stress and expression of rac 1 and p67phox regulatory subunits of the NADPH oxidase. In contrast ovariectomy as well as 17ß- estradiol supplementation conferred neutral effects on cardiac function and remodelling post myocardial infarction. Suggesting that the aggravating symptoms of the regime MPA plus 17ß -estradiol are inherent to this pharmacological regime and are not a class effect of the progesterone receptor ligands and are neither due to inhibition of estradiol beneficial effects. Considering that aldosterone plays an important role in the development and aggravation of cardiovascular disease the cardiovascular effects of MPA plus 17ß -estradiol was studied in a model of mineralocorticoid receptor activation and compared to the effects of regimes based in drospirenone, a new progestin with antimineralocorticoid properties. The complex pattern of cardiovascular injury in ovariectomized Wistar rats induced by 8 weeks of continuous chronic aldosterone infusion and high-salt diet was significantly attenuated in sham-ovariectomized rats and by coadministration of 17 ß-estradiol in ovariectomized animals. The beneficial role of 17 ß-estradiol on blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, vascular osteopontin expression and perivascular fibrosis was completely abrogated by coadministration of MPA. In contrast, drospirenone was either neutral or additive to 17 ß-estradiol in protecting against aldosterone salt-induced cardiovascular injury and inflammation. Taking into account that the kidney plays a major role for the development and aggravation of hypertension a further characterization of fluid balance, renal morphology and renal gene expression in the aldosterone salt treated rats was conducted. Aldo-salt treatment resulted in remnant kidney hypertrophy without structural damage, effects that were not modified by 17 ß-estradiol. However combination of MPA with 17 ß-estradiol enhanced kidney hypertrophy, fluid turnover, renal sodium retention and potassium excretion and was associated with increased renal ENaC expression, extensive renal lesions, tubular damage and enhanced p67phox expression and protein tyrosin nitrosylation. Different to the protective effects of drospirenone that included a complete blockade of kidney hypertrophy and sodium retention and enhanced renal expression of angiotensin II type-2 receptors. Therefore the loss of 17 ß-estradiol cardiovascular beneficial effects and the renal harmful effects in the aldosterone salt treated rats receiving MPA can not be extrapolated to other progestins. Indeed drospirenone conferred protective effects due to its antimineralocorticoid properties. In conclusion, the choice of specific synthetic progestins has profound implications on the development of cardiovascular and renal injury; MPA aggravated cardiac disease, which contributes to explain the adverse outcomes of clinical trials on the prevention of cardiovascular disease by combined estrogen and MPA treatment.},
  subject      = {Estradiol},
  language  = {en}
}