@techreport{OPUS4-35963,
  title     = {Platelets - Molecular, cellular and systemic functions in health and disease},
  editor    = {Nieswandt, Bernhard},
  organization    = {Collaborative Research Centre/Transregio 240},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-35963},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-359636},
  pages     = {25},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Besides their central role in haemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are increasingly recognised as versatile effector cells in inflammation, the innate and adaptive immune response, extracellular matrix reorganisation and fibrosis, maintenance of barrier and organ integrity, and host response to pathogens. These platelet functions, referred to as thrombo-inflammation and immunothrombosis, have gained major attention in the COVID-19 pandemic, where patients develop an inflammatory disease state with severe and life-threatening thromboembolic complications. In the CRC/TR 240, a highly interdisciplinary team of basic, translational and clinical scientists explored these emerging roles of platelets with the aim to develop novel treatment concepts for cardiovascular disorders and beyond. We have i) unravelled mechanisms leading to life-threatening thromboembolic complica-tions following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 with adenoviral vector-based vaccines, ii) identified unrecognised functions of platelet receptors and their regulation, offering new potential targets for pharmacological intervention and iii) developed new methodology to study the biology of megakar-yocytes (MKs), the precursor cells of platelets in the bone marrow, which lay the foundation for the modulation of platelet biogenesis and function. The projects of the CRC/TR 240 built on the unique expertise of our research network and focussed on the following complementary fields: (A) Cell bi-ology of megakaryocytes and platelets and (B) Platelets as regulators and effectors in disease. To achieve this aim, we followed a comprehensive approach starting out from in vitro systems and animal models to clinical research with large prospective patient cohorts and data-/biobanking. Despite the comparably short funding period the CRC/TR 240 discovered basic new mechanisms of platelet biogenesis, signal transduction and effector function and identified potential MK/platelet-specific molecular targets for diagnosis and therapy of thrombotic, haemorrhagic and thrombo-inflammatory disease states.},
  subject      = {Thrombozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Karwen2024,
  author    = {Karwen, Till},
  title     = {Platelets promote insulin secretion of pancreatic β-cells},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-31393},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313933},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {The pancreas is the key organ for the maintenance of euglycemia. This is regulated in particular by α-cell-derived glucagon and β-cell-derived insulin, which are released in response to nutrient deficiency and elevated glucose levels, respectively. Although glucose is the main regulator of insulin secretion, it is significantly enhanced by various potentiators. Platelets are anucleate cell fragments in the bloodstream that are essential for hemostasis to prevent and stop bleeding events. Besides their classical role, platelets were implemented to be crucial for other physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as cancer progression, immune defense, and angiogenesis. Platelets from diabetic patients often present increased reactivity and basal activation. Interestingly, platelets store and release several substances that have been reported to potentiate insulin secretion by β-cells. For these reasons, the impact of platelets on β-cell functioning was investigated in this thesis. Here it was shown that both glucose and a β-cell-derived substance/s promote platelet activation and binding to collagen. Additionally, platelet adhesion specifically to the microvasculature of pancreatic islets was revealed, supporting the hypothesis of their influence on glucose homeostasis. Genetic or pharmacological ablation of platelet functioning and platelet depletion consistently resulted in reduced insulin secretion and associated glucose intolerance. Further, the platelet-derived lipid fraction was found to enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, with 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and possibly also lyso-precursor of platelet-activating factor (lysoPAF) being identified as crucial factors. However, the acute platelet-stimulated insulin secretion was found to decline with age, as did the levels of platelet-derived 20-HETE. In addition to their direct stimulatory effect on insulin secretion, specific defects in platelet activation have also been shown to affect glucose homeostasis by potentially influencing islet vascular development. Taking together, the results of this thesis suggest a direct and indirect mechanism of platelets in the regulation of insulin secretion that ensures glucose homeostasis, especially in young individuals.},
  subject      = {Thrombozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{WeigelverhHoffmann2024,
  author    = {Weigel [verh. Hoffmann], Mathis Leonard},
  title     = {Thrombozytenfunktionsanalyse als potenzielles Instrument zur Fr{\"u}herkennung von Sepsis},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-35819},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-358193},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Sepsis ist ein h{\"a}ufiges und akut lebensbedrohliches Syndrom, das eine Organfunktionsst{\"o}rung in Folge einer dysregulierten Immunantwort auf eine Infektion beschreibt. Eine fr{\"u}hzeitige Diagnosestellung und Therapieeinleitung sind von zentraler Bedeutung f{\"u}r das {\"U}berleben der Patient:innen. In einer Pilotstudie konnte unsere Forschungsgruppe mittels Durchflusszytometrie eine ausgepr{\"a}gte Hyporeaktivit{\"a}t der Thrombozyten bei Sepsis nachweisen, die einen potenziell neuen Biomarker zur Sepsis-Fr{\"u}herkennung darstellt. Zur Evaluation des Ausmaßes und Entstehungszeitpunktes der detektierten Thrombozytenfunktionsst{\"o}rung wurden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit zus{\"a}tzlich zu Patient:innen mit Sepsis (SOFA-Score ≥ 2; n=13) auch hospitalisierte Patient:innen mit einer Infektion ohne Sepsis (SOFA-Score < 2; n=12) rekrutiert. Beide Kohorten wurden zu zwei Zeitpunkten (t1: <24h; t2: Tag 5-7) im Krankheitsverlauf mittels Durchflusszytometrie und PFA-200 untersucht und mit einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe (n=28) verglichen. Ph{\"a}notypische Auff{\"a}lligkeiten der Thrombozyten bei Sepsis umfassten: (i) eine ver{\"a}nderte Expression verschiedener Untereinheiten des GPIb-IX-V-Rezeptorkomplexes, die auf ein verst{\"a}rktes Rezeptor-Shedding hindeutet; (ii) ein ausgepr{\"a}gtes Mepacrin-Beladungsdefizit, das auf eine zunehmend reduzierte Anzahl von δ-Granula entlang des Infektion-Sepsis Kontinuums hinweist; (iii) eine Reduktion endst{\"a}ndig gebundener Sialins{\"a}ure im Sinne einer verst{\"a}rkten Desialylierung. Die funktionelle Analyse der Thrombozyten bei Sepsis ergab bei durchflusszytometrischer Messung der Integrin αIIbβ3-Aktivierung (PAC-1-Bindung) eine ausgepr{\"a}gte generalisierte Hyporeaktivit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber multiplen Agonisten, die abgeschw{\"a}cht bereits bei Infektion nachweisbar war und gem{\"a}ß ROC-Analysen gut zwischen Infektion und Sepsis diskriminierte (AUC >0.80 f{\"u}r alle Agonisten). Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten Thrombozyten bei Sepsis und Analyse mittels PFA-200 unter Einfluss physiologischer Scherkr{\"a}fte eine normale bis gar beschleunigte Aggregation. Die Reaktivit{\"a}tsmessung von Thrombozyten mittels Durchflusszytometrie stellt weiterhin einen vielversprechenden Biomarker f{\"u}r die Sepsis-Fr{\"u}herkennung dar. F{\"u}r weitere Schlussfolgerungen ist jedoch eine gr{\"o}ßere Kohorte erforderlich. In nachfolgenden Untersuchungen sollten zudem mechanistische Ursachen der beschriebenen ph{\"a}notypischen und funktionellen Auff{\"a}lligkeiten von Thrombozyten bei Infektion und Sepsis z.B. mittels Koinkubationsexperimenten untersucht werden.},
  subject      = {Sepsis},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Brown2023,
  author    = {Brown, Helena Charlotte},
  title     = {Investigating the role of the platelet receptor C-type lectin-like receptor 2 in models of thrombosis},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-29310},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-293108},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Platelets have a key physiological role in haemostasis however, inappropriate thrombus formation can lead to cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Although, such diseases are common worldwide there are comparatively few anti-platelet drugs, and these are associated with an increased risk of bleeding. Platelets also have roles in thrombo-inflammation, immuno-thrombosis and cancer, in part via C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) and its ligand podoplanin. Although CLEC-2 contributes to these diseases in mice, as well as to thrombus stability, it is unclear whether CLEC-2 has similar roles in humans, particularly as human CLEC-2 (hCLEC-2) cannot be investigated experimentally in vivo. To investigate hCLEC-2 in vivo, we generated a humanised CLEC-2 mouse (hCLEC-2KI) model, as well as a novel monoclonal antibody, HEL1, that binds to a different site than an existing antibody, AYP1. Using these antibodies, we have provided proof of principle for the use of hCLEC-2KI mice to test potential therapeutics targeting hCLEC-2, and shown for the first time that hCLEC-2 can be immunodepleted, with little effect on haemostasis. However, our results have also suggested that there are species differences in the role of CLEC-2 in arterial thrombosis. We further confirmed this using human blood where blocking CLEC-2 ligand binding had no effect on thrombosis, whereas we confirmed a minor role for mouse CLEC-2 in thrombus stability. We also investigated the effect of blocking CLEC-2 signalling using the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor PRN473 on CLEC-2 mediated immuno-thrombosis in a Salmonella typhimurium infection model. However, no effect on thrombosis was observed suggesting that CLEC-2 signalling is not involved. Overall, our results suggest that there may be differences in the role of human and mouse CLEC-2, at least in arterial thrombosis, which could limit the potential of CLEC-2 as an anti-thrombotic target. However, it appears that the interaction between CLEC-2 and podoplanin is conserved and therefore CLEC-2 could still be a therapeutic target in immuno-thrombosis, thrombo-inflammation and cancer. Furthermore, any potential human specific therapeutics could be investigated in vivo using hCLEC-2KI mice.},
  subject      = {Thrombozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{GoebneeKlaus2023,
  author    = {G{\"o}b [n{\´e}e Klaus], Vanessa Aline Domenica},
  title     = {Pathomechanisms underlying ischemic stroke},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28672},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286727},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Every year, stroke affects over 100 million people worldwide and the number of cases continues to grow. Ischemic stroke is the most prevalent form of stroke and rapid restoration of blood flow is the primary therapeutic aim. However, recanalization might fail or reperfusion itself induces detrimental processes leading to infarct progression. Previous studies identified platelets and immune cells as drivers of this so-called ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, establishing the concept of ischemic stroke as thrombo-inflammatory disease. Reduced cerebral blood flow despite recanalization promoted the hypothesis that thrombus formation within the cerebral microcirculation induces further tissue damage. The results presented in this thesis refute this: using complementary methodologies, it was shown that infarct growth precedes the occurrence of thrombi excluding them as I/R injury-underlying cause. Blood brain barrier disruption is one of the hallmarks of ischemic stroke pathology and was confirmed as early event during reperfusion injury in the second part of this study. Abolished platelet α-granule release protects mice from vascular leakage in the early reperfusion phase resulting in smaller infarcts. Using in vitro assays, platelet α-granule-derived PDGF-AB was identified as one factor contributing to blood-brain barrier disruption. In vivo visualization of platelet activation would provide important insights in the spatio-temporal context of platelet activation in stroke pathology. As platelet signaling results in elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels, this is an ideal readout. To overcome the limitations of chemical calcium indicators, a mouse line expressing an endogenous calcium reporter specifically in platelets and megakaryocytes was generated. Presence of the reporter did not interfere with platelet function, consequently these mice were characterized in in vivo and ex vivo models. Upon ischemic stroke, neutrophils are among the first cells that are recruited to the brain. Since for neutrophils both, beneficial and detrimental effects are described, their role was investigated within this thesis. Neither neutrophil depletion nor absence of NADPH-dependent ROS production (Ncf-/- mice) affected stroke outcome. In contrast, abolished NET-formation in Pad4-/- mice resulted in reduced infarct sizes, revealing detrimental effects of NETosis in the context of ischemic stroke, which might become a potential therapeutic target. Cerebral venous (sinus) thrombosis, CV(S)T is a rare type of stroke with mainly idiopathic onset. Whereas for arterial thrombosis a critical contribution of platelets is known and widely accepted, for venous thrombosis this is less clear but considered more and more. In the last part of this thesis, it was shown that fab-fragments of the anti-CLEC-2 antibody INU1 trigger pathological platelet activation in vivo, resulting in foudroyant CVT accompanied by heavy neurological symptoms. Using this novel animal model for CVT, cooperative signaling of the two platelet receptors CLEC-2 and GPIIb/IIIa was revealed as major trigger of CVT and potential target for treatment.},
  subject      = {Schlaganfall},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Becker2021,
  author    = {Becker, Isabelle Carlotta},
  title     = {The role of megakaryocytes and platelets in vascular and osteogenic development},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-21024},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-210241},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Platelets, small anucleate cell fragments in the blood stream, derive from large precursor cells, so-called megakaryocytes (MK) residing in the bone marrow (BM). In addition to their role in wound healing, platelets have been shown to play a significant role during inflammatory bleeding. Above all, the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) receptors GPVI as well as CLEC-2 have been identified as main regulators of vascular integrity. In addition to ITAM-bearing receptors, our group identified GPV as another potent regulator of hemostasis and thrombosis. Surprisingly, concomitant lack of GPV and CLEC-2 deteriorated blood-lymphatic misconnections observed in Clec2-/- mice resulting in severe edema formation and intestinal inflammation. Analysis of lymphatic and vascular development in embryonic mesenteries revealed severely defective blood-lymph-vessel separation, which translated into thrombocytopenia and increased vascular permeability due to reduced tight junction density in mesenteric blood vessels and consequent leakage of blood into the peritoneal cavity. Recently, platelet granule release has been proposed to ameliorate the progression of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a fatal disease in newborns leading to retinal degradation. The mechanisms governing platelet activation in this process remained elusive nonetheless, which prompted us to investigate a possible role of ITAM signaling. In the second part of this thesis, granule release during ROP was shown to be GPVI- and partly CLEC-2-triggered since blockade or loss of these receptors markedly deteriorated ROP progression. Proplatelet formation from MKs is highly dependent on a functional microtubule and actin cytoskeleton, the latter of which is regulated by several actin-monomer binding proteins including Cofilin1 and Twinfilin1 that have been associated with actin-severing at pointed ends. In the present study, a redundancy between both proteins especially important for the guided release of proplatelets into the bloodstream was identified, since deficiency in both proteins markedly impaired MK functionality mainly due to altered actin-microtubule crosstalk. Besides ITAM-triggered activation, platelets and MKs are dependent on inhibitory receptors, which prevent overshooting activation. We here identified macrothrombocytopenic mice with a mutation within Mpig6b encoding the ITIM-bearing receptor G6b-B. G6b-B-mutant mice developed a severe myelofibrosis associated with sex-specific bone remodeling defects resulting in osteosclerosis and -porosis in female mice. Moreover, G6b-B was shown to be indispensable for MK maturation as verified by a significant reduction in MK-specific gene expression in G6b-B-mutant MKs due to reduced GATA-1 activity.},
  subject      = {Megakaryozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gotru2020,
  author    = {Gotru, Sanjeev Kiran},
  title     = {Cation Homeostasis in Platelets},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17661},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176616},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Divalent cations are important second messengers triggering various signal transduction events in platelets. Whereas calcium channel blockers have an established antithrombotic effect and the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis has been elucidated in platelets, the molecular regulation of Mg2+ and Zn2+ homeostasis has not been investigated so far. In the first part of the thesis, the role of -type serine-threonine kinase linked to transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7) in platelets was investigated. Using Trpm7R/R mice with a point mutation deleting the kinase activity, we showed that the TRPM7 kinase regulates platelet activation via immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), hem(ITAM) and protease-activated receptor (PAR) signaling routes. Furthermore, Trpm7R/R mice were protected from in vivo thrombosis and stroke, thus establishing TRPM7 kinase as a promising anti-thrombotic target. In the second part of the thesis, the role of TRPM7 channel in a megakaryocyte (MK) and platelet-specific knockout mouse, Trpm7fl/fl-Pf4Cre, was investigated. Here, we observed that depending on the type of stimulation, Trpm7fl/fl-Pf4Cre platelets showed either enhanced or inhibited responses. Although Trpm7fl/fl-Pf4Cre mice were thrombocytopenic, no differences to wildtype mice were observed in models of in vivo thrombosis and stroke. The above two studies highlight that inhibition of TRPM7 kinase but not the channel itself (in MKs and platelets) may be a promising anti-thrombotic strategy. Besides TRPM7, we investigated the role of magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1) in platelet Mg2+ homeostasis and found that MAGT1 primarily regulates receptor-operated calcium entry (ROCE) in platelets specifically upon GPVI activation. This physiological crosstalk is triggered by protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. Platelets from Magt1-/y mice hyper-reacted to GPVI and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor stimulation in vitro. Consequently, Magt1-/y platelets were found to be pro-thrombotic in disease models of thrombosis and stroke. To compare platelet ITAM-signaling to the immune system, we further investigated the role of MAGT1 in T and B cells. We described the primary role of MAGT1 in mice under pathogen-free conditions. Magt1-/y B cells showed dysregulated Mg2+ and Ca2+ homeostasis upon B-cell receptor activation, thereby altering Syk, LAT, phospholipase C (PLC)2 and PKC phosphorylation. In contrast to human MAGT1-deficient T cells, development and effector functions of mouse Magt1-/y T cells showed no alterations. Finally, in the last part of the thesis, we described methods to measure intracellular free zinc [Zn2+]i in human and mouse platelets with storage pool disease (SPD). We propose to measure the [Zn2+]i status in SPD platelets as a relatively easy diagnostic to screen platelet granule abnormalities.},
  subject      = {Thrombozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Volz2020,
  author    = {Volz, Julia},
  title     = {Studies on the influence of platelets on vascular integrity in primary tumors and the role of BIN2 in platelet calcium signaling},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-21742},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-217427},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Maintenance of tumor vasculature integrity is indispensable for tumor growth and thus affects tumor progression. Previous studies have identified platelets as major regulators of tumor vascular integrity, as their depletion selectively renders tumor vessels highly permeable, causing massive intratumoral hemorrhage. While these results establish platelets as potential targets for anti-tumor therapy, depletion is not a treatment option due to the essential role of platelets for hemostasis. This thesis demonstrates for the first time that functional inhibition of glycoprotein (GP) VI on the platelet surface rapidly induces tumor hemorrhage and diminishes tumor growth similar to complete platelet depletion but without inducing systemic bleeding complications. Both, the intratumoral bleeding and tumor growth arrest could be reverted by depletion of Ly6G+ cells confirming them to be responsible for the induction of bleeding and necrosis within the tumor. In addition, GPVI inhibition increased intra-tumoral accumulation of co-administered chemotherapeutic agents, thereby resulting in a profound anti-tumor effect. In summary, this thesis manifests platelet GPVI as a key regulator of vascular integrity specifically in growing tumors, serving as a potential basis for the development of anti-tumor strategies. In the second part of this thesis, light is shed on the modulating role of bridging integrator 2 (BIN2) in platelet Ca2+ signaling. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) mediated store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is the major route of Ca2+ influx in platelets, triggered by inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-dependent Ca2+ store release. In this thesis, the BAR domain superfamily member BIN2 was identified as the first Ca2+ signaling modulator, interacting with both, STIM1 and IP3R in platelets. Deletion of BIN2 resulted in reduced Ca2+ store release and Ca2+ influx in response to all tested platelet agonists. These defects were a consequence of impaired IP3R function in combination with defective STIM1-mediated SOC channel activation, while Ca2+ store content and agonist-induced IP3 production were unaltered. These results establish BIN2 as a central regulator of platelet Ca2+ signaling. The third part of this thesis focuses on the effect of the soluble neuronal guidance protein Sema7A on platelet function. Rosenberger et al. discovered that Sema7A cleavage from red blood cells increases the formation of platelet-neutrophil complexes, thereby reinforcing thrombo-inflammation in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). This thesis establishes soluble Sema7A as a stimulator of platelet thrombus formation via its interaction with platelet GPIbα, thereby reinforcing PNC formation. Thus, interfering with the GPIb-Sema7A interaction during MIRI represents a potential strategy to reduce cardiac damage and improve clinical outcome following MI.},
  subject      = {Thrombozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Popp2018,
  author    = {Popp, Michael},
  title     = {Mechanisms of platelet activation and receptor regulation in genetically modified mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135494},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {This work summarizes the results of studies on several major aspects of platelet activation and platelet receptor regulation. Therefore, this thesis is divided into four parts. Platelet activation and aggregation at sites of vascular injury is critical to prevent excessive blood loss, but may also lead to life-threatening ischemic disease states, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Agonist-induced elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations is essential for platelet activation in hemostasis and thrombosis. The principal route of Ca2+ influx in platelets is store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). The calcium sensor molecule stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) regulates SOCE by activating the membrane calcium channel protein Orai1, but the exact mechanisms of this interaction are not fully understood. Using affinity chromatography to screen for STIM1 interacting proteins in platelets, bridging integrator 2 (BIN2), an adapter protein belonging to the family of BAR proteins that is mainly expressed in the hematopoietic system, was identified. Newly generated BIN2 KO mice were viable and fertile but their platelets displayed markedly impaired SOCE in response to thapsigargin (TG) as well as agonists acting on immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) or G protein-coupled receptors. This SOCE defect resulted in impaired (hem)ITAM induced platelet activation, aggregate formation under flow and procoagulant activity. As a consequence, mice lacking BIN2 in platelets were protected from occlusive arterial thrombus formation and thrombo-inflammatory cerebral infarct progression in a model of experimental stroke. These results identify BIN2 as a critical regulator of platelet SOCE in thrombosis and thrombo-inflammatory disease. Integrin αIIbβ3 plays a central role in the adhesion and aggregation of platelets. Integrin activation requires the transmission of a signal from the small cytoplasmic tails of the α or β subunit to the large extracellular domains resulting in conformational changes of the extracellular domains to enable ligand binding. It was hypothesized that Hic-5 is a novel regulator of integrin αIIbβ3 activation in mice. As demonstrated in the second part of this thesis, lack of Hic-5 had no detectable effect on platelet integrin activation and function in vitro and in vivo under all tested conditions. These results indicate that Hic-5 is dispensable for integrin αIIbβ3 activation and consequently for arterial thrombosis and hemostasis in mice. The Rho GTPase family members RhoA and Rac1 play major roles in platelet activation at sites of vascular injury. Little is known about possible redundant functions of these Rho GTPases in regulating platelet function. To investigate functional redundancies of RhoA and Rac1 in platelet production and function, mice with MK- and platelet-specific double- deficiencies in RhoA and Rac1 were generated. RhoA/Rac1 double-deficiency phenocopied the respective single knockouts without any additional effects in the double-knockout animals, demonstrating for the first time a functional non-redundancy of RhoA and Rac1 in platelet function. Antibodies against platelet glycoproteins (GP) trigger platelet destruction in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) by binding to Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on immune cells. However, antibodies against the platelet collagen receptor GPVI exert powerful anti-thrombotic action in vivo by inducing ectodomain shedding of the receptor associated with a transient thrombocytopenia. As shown in the final part of this thesis, blockade or deficiency of the inhibitory FcγRIIB abolished sequestration of anti-GPVI opsonized platelets in the hepatic vasculature and GPVI shedding. This process was mediated by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), the major FcγRIIB expressing cell type in the body. Furthermore, LSEC FcγRIIB mediated hepatic platelet sequestration and contributed to thrombocytopenia in mice treated with antibodies against αIIbβ3, the major target antigen in human ITP. These results reveal a novel and unexpected function of hepatic FcγRIIB in the processing of antibody-opsonized platelets.},
  subject      = {H{\"a}mostase},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Stegner2018,
  author    = {Stegner, David},
  title     = {Novel Aspects of Platelet Signaling and of the Pathogenesis of Immune Thrombocytopenia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87980},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {This work summarizes the results of studies on three major aspects of platelet signaling and of the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia. Therefore, this thesis is divided into three parts. i) Platelet activation and subsequent thrombus formation at sites of vascular injury is crucial for normal hemostasis, but it can also trigger myocardial infarction and stroke. The initial capture of flowing platelets to the injured vessel wall is mediated by the interaction of the glycoprotein (GP) Ib-V-IX complex with von Willebrand factor (vWF) immobilized on the exposed subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM). The central importance of GPIb for platelet adhesion is well established, whereas GPV is generally considered to be of minor relevance for platelet physiology and thrombus formation. This study intended to clarify the relevance of this receptor during thrombus formation using Gp5-/- mice and mice with different double-deficiencies in GPV and in other platelet receptors. It was found that GPV and the collagen receptor integrin a2b1 have partially redundant functions in collagentriggered platelet aggregation. Further, it was revealed that GPV limits thrombus formation and impairs hemostasis in vivo. The data presented here demonstrate that the protective effect of GPVI-deficiency (another platelet collagen receptor) in arterial thrombosis and ischemic stroke depends on the expression of GPV. Moreover, it was demonstrated that lack of GPV restores the hemostatic function of mice lacking both GPVI and a2b1 or mice lacking GPVI and the C-type lectin receptor 2 (CLEC-2). Conclusively, GPV-depletion or blockade might have the potential to treat hemorrhagic disease states. ii) Platelets contain the two phospholipase (PL) D isoforms, PLD1 and PLD2, both of which presumably become activated upon platelet stimulation. However, the function of PLD in the process of platelet activation and aggregation has not been definitively explored. Thus, PLD-deficient mice were analyzed. Mice lacking PLD1 or PLD2 were viable, fertile and had normal platelet counts. PLD1 was found to be responsible for the inducible PLD-activity in platelets and to contribute to efficient integrin activation under static conditions. Moreover, flow adhesion experiments revealed that PLD1 is essential for efficient GPIb-mediated integrin activation. Consequently, Pld1-/- mice were protected from arterial thrombosis and ischemic brain infarction without affecting tail bleeding times. Hence, inhibition of PLD1 might be a novel approach for antithrombotic therapy. iii) Cellular activation of platelets or immune cells results in increased cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) levels. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) via the STIM1-Orai1 axis is the main route of Ca2+ entry downstream of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motif (ITAM) receptor stimulation in mast cells and T cells. However, the requirement of Ca2+-mobilization in Fcg receptor (FcgR)-signaling and the relevance of STIM2 for T cell SOCE have been unclear. To address these questions, genetically modified mice lacking central molecules of the SOCE machinery were analyzed. Ca2+-measurements revealed that both STIM isoforms contribute to Ca2+-mobilization downstream of T cell receptor activation. Additionally, it was found that FcgR stimulation results in SOCE and is mediated by STIM1 and probably Orai1. Animal models of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) revealed that SOCE is essential for platelet clearance and that both STIM isoforms contribute to the pathology of ITP. Moreover, in this work it was also demonstrated that STIM1 and Orai1 are essential in IgG-mediated systemic anaphylaxis. STIM2 contributes to IgG-mediated, but not to IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. The data indicate that interference with SOCE might become a new strategy to prevent or treat IgG-dependent autoimmune diseases.},
  subject      = {Thrombozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Stritt2017,
  author    = {Stritt, Simon},
  title     = {The role of the cytoskeleton in platelet production and the pathogenesis of platelet disorders in humans and mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122662},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Platelets are continuously produced from megakaryocytes (MK) in the bone marrow by a cytoskeleton-driven process of which the molecular regulation is not fully understood. As revealed in this thesis, MK/ platelet-specific Profilin1 (Pfn1) deficiency results in micro- thrombocytopenia, a hallmark of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) in humans, due to accelerated platelet turnover and premature platelet release into the bone marrow. Both Pfn1-deficient mouse platelets and platelets isolated from WAS patients contained abnormally organized and hyper-stable microtubules. These results reveal an unexpected function of Pfn1 as a regulator of microtubule organization and point to a previously unrecognized mechanism underlying the platelet formation defect in WAS patients. In contrast, Twinfilin2a (Twf2a) was established as a central regulator of platelet reactivity and turnover. Twf2a-deficient mice revealed an age-dependent macrothrombocytopenia that could be explained by a markedly decreased platelet half-life, likely due to the pronounced hyper-reactivity of \(Twf2a^{-/-}\) platelets. The latter was characterized by sustained integrin acti- vation and thrombin generation in vitro that translated into accelerated thrombus formation in vivo. To further elucidate mechanisms of integrin activation, Rap1-GTP-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM)-null mice were generated. Despite the proposed critical role of RIAM for platelet integrin activation, no alterations in this process could be found and it was concluded that RIAM is dispensable for the activation of β1 and β3 integrins, at least in platelets. These findings change the current mechanistic understanding of platelet integrin activation. Outside-in signaling by integrins and other surface receptors was supposed to regulate MK migration, but also the temporal and spatial formation of proplatelet protrusions. In this the- sis, phospholipase D (PLD) was revealed as critical regulator of actin dynamics and podo- some formation in MKs. Hence, the unaltered platelet counts and production in \(Pld1/2^{-/-}\) mice and the absence of a premature platelet release in the bone marrow of \(Itga2^{-/-}\) mice question the role of podosomes in platelet production and raise the need to reconsider the proposed inhibitory signaling by α2β1 integrins on proplatelet formation. Non-muscle myosin IIA (NMMIIA) has been implicated as a downstream effector of the in- hibitory signals transmitted via α2β1 integrins. Besides Rho-GTPase signaling, also \(Mg^{2+}\) and transient receptor potential melastatin-like 7 (TRPM7) channel α-kinase are known regulators of NMMIIA activity. In this thesis, TRPM7 was identified as major regulator of \(Mg^{2+}\) homeostasis in MKs and platelets. Furthermore, decreased \([Mg^{2+}]_i\) led to deregulated NMMIIA activity and altered cytoskeletal dynamics that impaired thrombopoiesis and resulted in macrothrombocytopenia in humans and mice.},
  subject      = {Thrombozytopoese},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Voegtle2014,
  author    = {V{\"o}gtle, Timo},
  title     = {Studies on receptor signaling and regulation in platelets and T cells from genetically modified mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97114},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Receptors with tyrosine-based signaling motifs control essential functions of hematopoietic cells, including lymphocytes and platelets. Downstream of the platelet receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI and the T cell receptor (TCR) the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) initiates a signaling cascade that involves kinases, adapter and effector proteins and finally leads to cellular activation. This thesis summarizes the results of three studies investigating different aspects of receptor signaling and regulation in platelets and T cells. In the first part, the impact of constitutive Ca2+ influx on TCR signaling and T cell physiology was investigated using a transgenic mouse line with a mutation in the Ca2+ sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1). The elevated cytoplasmic Ca2+ level resulted in an altered phosphorylation pattern of the key enzyme phospholipase (PL) Cγ1 in response to TCR stimulation, but without affecting its enzymatic activity. Withdrawal of extracellular Ca2+ or inhibition of the phosphatase calcineurin restored the normal phosphorylation pattern. In addition, there was a decrease in the release of Th2-type cytokines interleukin 4, 5 and 13 upon stimulation in vitro. The second part of the thesis deals with the role of the adapter protein growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) in platelets using a megakaryocyte/platelet-specific knockout mouse line. Loss of Grb2 severely impaired signaling of GPVI and C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2), a related hemITAM receptor. This was attributed to defective stabilization of the linker for activation of T cells (LAT) signalosome and resulted in reduced adhesion, aggregation, Ca2+ mobilization and procoagulant activity downstream of (hem)ITAM-coupled receptors in vitro. In contrast, the signaling pathways of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the integrin αIIbβ3, which do not utilize the LAT signalosome, were unaffected. In vivo, the defective (hem)ITAM signaling caused prolonged bleeding times, however, thrombus formation was only affected under conditions where GPCR signaling was impaired (upon acetylsalicylic acid treatment). These results establish Grb2 as an important adapter protein in the propagation of GPVI- and CLEC-2-induced signals. Finally, the proteolytic regulation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM)-bearing receptor CD84 in platelets was investigated. This study demonstrated that in mice CD84 is cleaved by two distinct and independent proteolytic mechanisms upon platelet activation: shedding of the extracellular part, which is exclusively mediated by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10 and cleavage of the intracellular C-terminus by the protease calpain. Finally, the analysis of soluble CD84 levels in the plasma of transgenic mice revealed that shedding of CD84 by ADAM10 occurs constitutively in vivo.},
  subject      = {Thrombozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hofmann2013,
  author    = {Hofmann, Sebastian},
  title     = {Studies on the function and regulation of CD84, GPVI and Orai2 in genetically modified mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87949},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Platelet activation and aggregation at sites of vascular injury are essential processes to limit blood loss but they also contribute to arterial thrombosis, which can lead to myocardial infarction and stroke. Stable thrombus formation requires a series of events involving platelet receptors which contribute to adhesion, activation and aggregation of platelets. Regulation of receptor expression by (metallo-)proteinases has been described for several platelet receptors, but the molecular mechanisms are ill-defined. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family member CD84 is expressed in immune cells and platelets, however its role in platelet physiology was unclear. In this thesis, CD84 deficient mice were generated and analyzed. In well established in vitro and in vivo assays testing platelet function and thrombus formation, CD84 deficient mice displayed phenotypes indistinguishable from wild-type controls. It was concluded that CD84 in platelets does not function as modulator of thrombus formation, but rather has other functions. In line with this, in the second part of this thesis, a novel regulation mechanism for platelet CD84 was discovered and elucidated. Upon platelet activation, the N-terminus of CD84 was found to be cleaved exclusively by the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), whereas the intracellular part was cleaved by calpain. In addition, regulation of the platelet activating collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) was studied and it was shown that GPVI is in contrast to CD84 differentially regulated by ADAM10 and ADAM17. A novel role of CD84 under pathophysiological conditions was revealed as CD84 deficient mice were protected from ischemic stroke in the model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and this protection was based on the lack of CD84 in T cells. Ca2+ is an essential second messenger that facilitates activation of platelets and diverse functions in different eukaryotic cell types. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) represents the major mechanism leading to rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in non-excitable cells. The Ca2+ sensor STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) and the SOC channel subunit protein Orai1 are established mediators of SOCE in platelets. STIM2 is the major STIM isoform in neurons, but the role of the SOC channel subunit protein Orai2 in platelets and neurons has remained elusive. In the third part of this thesis, Orai2 deficient mice were generated and analyzed. Orai2 was dispensable for platelet function, however, Orai2 deficient mice were protected from ischemic neurodegeneration and this phenotype was attributed to defective SOCE in neurons.},
  subject      = {Thrombozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{May2011,
  author    = {May, Frauke},
  title     = {The role of the (hem)ITAM-coupled receptors C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) and Glycoprotein (GP) VI for platelet function: in vitro and in vivo studies in mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65383},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Die Thrombozytenaktivierung und -adh{\"a}sion sowie die nachfolgende Thrombusbildung ist ein essentieller Prozess in der prim{\"a}ren H{\"a}mostase, der aber auch irreversible Gef{\"a}ßverschl{\"u}sse und damit Herzinfarkt oder Schlaganfall verursachen kann. Erst k{\"u}rzlich wurde beschrieben, dass der C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) auf der Thrombozytenoberfl{\"a}che exprimiert wird, jedoch wurde f{\"u}r diesen Rezeptor noch keine Funktion in den Prozessen der H{\"a}mostase und Thrombose gezeigt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Rolle von CLEC-2 in der Thrombozytenfunktion und Thrombusbildung im Mausmodel untersucht. In dem ersten Teil dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Behandlung von M{\"a}usen mit dem neu generierten monoklonalen Antik{\"o}rper INU1, der gegen murines CLEC-2 gerichtet ist, zu dem vollst{\"a}ndigen und hochspezifischen Verlust des Rezeptors in zirkulierenden Thrombozyten f{\"u}hrte, ein Prozess, der als „Immundepletion" bezeichnet wird. Die CLEC-2-defizienten Thrombozyten waren nicht mehr durch den CLEC-2-spezifischen Agonisten Rhodozytin aktivierbar, w{\"a}hrend die Aktivierung durch alle anderen getesteten Agonisten nicht beeintr{\"a}chtigt war. Dieser selektive Defekt f{\"u}hrte unter Flussbedingungen ex vivo zu stark verminderter Aggregatbildung der Thrombozyten. Außerdem zeigten in vivo-Thrombosestudien, dass die gebildeten Thromben instabil waren und vermehrt embolisierten. Infolgedessen war die CLEC-2 Defizienz mit einem deutlichen Schutz vor arterieller Thrombose verbunden. Außerdem ließ die in INU1-behandelten M{\"a}usen beobachtete variable Verl{\"a}ngerung der Blutungszeit auf einen moderaten h{\"a}mostatischen Defekt schließen. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen zum ersten Mal, dass CLEC-2 in vitro und in vivo signifikant zur Thrombusstabilit{\"a}t beitr{\"a}gt und eine essentielle Rolle in der H{\"a}mostase und arteriellen Thrombose spielt. Daher stellt CLEC-2 eine potentiell neue antithrombotische Zielstruktur dar, die in vivo inaktiviert werden kann. Diese in vivo-Herabregulierung von Thrombozytenoberfl{\"a}chenrezeptoren k{\"o}nnte einen vielversprechenden Ansatz f{\"u}r zuk{\"u}nftige antithrombotische Therapien darstellen. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit behandelte den Effekt einer Doppelimmundepletion der immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motiv (ITAM)- und hemITAM-gekoppelten Rezeptoren Glykoprotein (GP) VI und CLEC-2 auf H{\"a}mostase und Thrombose mittels einer Kombination der GPVI- beziehungsweise CLEC-2-spezifischen Antik{\"o}rper JAQ1 und INU1. Eine Einzeldepletion von GPVI oder CLEC-2 in vivo beeintr{\"a}chtigte nicht die Expression und Funktion des jeweils anderen Rezeptors. Eine gleichzeitige Behandlung mit beiden Antik{\"o}rpern f{\"u}hrte jedoch zu dem nachhaltigen Verlust der GPVI- und CLEC-2-vermittelten Signale in Thrombozyten, w{\"a}hrend andere Signalwege nicht betroffen waren. Im Gegensatz zu den Einzeldefizienzen, wiesen die GPVI/CLEC-2 doppeldefizienten M{\"a}use einen schwerwiegenden Blutungsph{\"a}notyp auf. Außerdem f{\"u}hrte die Behandlung zu einer starken Beeintr{\"a}chtigung der arteriellen Thrombusbildung, die die Effekte der Einzeldefizienzen weit {\"u}bertraf. Von Bedeutung ist auch, dass gleiche Ergebnisse in Gp6-/- M{\"a}usen gefunden wurden, die mittels INU1-Behandlung CLEC-2-depletiert wurden. Dies veranschaulicht, dass der Blutungsph{\"a}notyp nicht durch Sekund{\"a}reffekte der kombinierten Antik{\"o}rperbehandlung hervorgerufen wurde. Diese Daten deuten darauf hin, dass GPVI und CLEC-2 sowohl unabh{\"a}ngig voneinander als auch gleichzeitig in vivo von der Thrombozytenoberfl{\"a}che herabreguliert werden k{\"o}nnen und lassen unerwartete redundante Funktionen der beiden Rezeptoren in H{\"a}mostase und Thrombose erkennen. Da beide Rezeptoren, GPVI und CLEC-2, als neue antithrombotische Zielstrukturen diskutiert werden, k{\"o}nnten diese Ergebnisse wichtige Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung von anti-GPVI oder anti-CLEC-2-basierenden Antithrombotika haben.},
  subject      = {Thrombozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Pleines2009,
  author    = {Pleines, Irina},
  title     = {The role of the Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 for platelet function and formation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48572},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Platelet activation induces cytoskeletal rearrangements involving a change from discoid to spheric shape, secretion, and eventually adhesion and spreading on immobilized ligands. Small GTPases of the Rho family, such as Rac1 and Cdc42, are known to be involved in these processes by facilitating the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, respectively. This thesis focuses on the role Rac1 and Cdc42 for platelet function and formation from their precursor cells, the megakaryocytes (MKs), using conditional knock-out mice. In the first part of the work, the involvement of Rac1 in the activation of the enzyme phospholipase (PL) C2 in the signaling pathway of the major platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI was investigated. It was found that Rac1 is essential for PLC2 activation independently of tyrosine phosphorylation of the enzyme, resulting in a specific platelet activation defect downstream of GPVI, whereas signaling of other activating receptors remains unaffected. Since Rac1-deficient mice were protected from arterial thrombosis in two different in vivo models, the GTPase might serve as a potential target for the development of new drugs for the treatment and prophylaxis of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. The second part of the thesis deals with the first characterization of MK- and platelet-specific Cdc42 knock-out mice. Cdc42-deficient mice displayed mild thrombo-cytopenia and platelet production from mutant MKs was markedly reduced. Unexpectedly, Cdc42-deficient platelets showed increased granule content and release upon activation, leading to accelerated thrombus formation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Cdc42 was not generally required for filopodia formation upon platelet activation. Thus, these results indicate that Cdc42, unlike Rac1, is involved in multiple signaling pathways essential for proper platelet formation and function. Finally, the outcome of combined deletion of Rac1 and Cdc42 was studied. In contrast to single deficiency of either GTPase, platelet production from double-deficient MKs was virtually abrogated, resulting in dramatic macrothrombocytopenia in the animals. Formed platelets were largely non-functional leading to a severe hemostatic defect and defective thrombus formation in double-deficient mice in vivo. These results demonstrate for the first time a functional redundancy of Rac1 and Cdc42 in the hematopoietic system.},
  subject      = {Thrombose},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bender2009,
  author    = {Bender, Markus},
  title     = {Studies on platelet cytoskeletal dynamics and receptor regulation in genetically modified mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48390},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Blutpl{\"a}ttchen werden von Megakaryozyten im Knochenmark in einem Prozess produziert, an dem Aktin beteiligt ist. Aktin-Depolymerisierungsfaktor (ADF) und Cofilin sind Aktin-bindende Proteine, die als entscheidende Regulatoren im Aktinumsatz agieren, indem sie das Schneiden und Depolymerisieren von Filamenten unterst{\"u}tzen. Die Bedeutung von ADF/Cofilin und des Aktinumsatzes in der Bildung von Blutpl{\"a}ttchen ist gegenw{\"a}rtig nicht bekannt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden M{\"a}use untersucht, die eine konstitutive ADF-Defizienz und/oder die eine konditionale n-Cofilin Defizienz (Cre/loxP) aufweisen. Um Cofilin nur in Megakaryozyten und Blutpl{\"a}ttchen auszuschalten, wurden Cofilinfl/fl M{\"a}use mit PF4-Cre M{\"a}usen verpaart. ADF- oder n-Cofilin-defiziente M{\"a}use hatten keinen oder nur einen geringen Ph{\"a}notyp in Blutpl{\"a}ttchen. Eine Defizienz von ADF und n-Cofilin f{\"u}hrte hingegen zu einem beinahe kompletten Verlust der Blutpl{\"a}ttchen, was mit Defekten in der Bildung von Pl{\"a}ttchenzonen in Knochenmark-Megakaryozyten einherging. Weitere Untersuchungen an in vitro und ex vivo kultivierten Megakaryozyten zeigten eine Reduzierung der Bildung von Propl{\"a}ttchen und das Fehlen der typischen Verdickungen der Propl{\"a}ttchen. Diese Daten zeigen redundante aber essentielle Funktionen von ADF und n-Cofilin im terminalen Schritt der Pl{\"a}ttchenbildung in vitro und in vivo, und belegen erstmals eine wichtige Rolle des Aktinumsatzes in diesem Prozess. Im zweiten Teil dieser Dissertation wurden die Mechanismen untersucht, die f{\"u}r die zellul{\"a}re Regulierung des Hauptkollagenrezeptors auf Blutpl{\"a}ttchen, Glykoprotein VI (GPVI), verantwortlich sind. Nach einer Gef{\"a}ßwandverletzung wird subendotheliales Kollagen freigelegt, wodurch GPVI die Aktivierung von Blutpl{\"a}ttchen vermittelt, und damit zur Blutstillung (H{\"a}mostase), aber auch zum Verschluss eines verletzten Gef{\"a}ßes beitragen kann, was letztendlich zu einem Myokardinfarkt oder einem Schlaganfall f{\"u}hren kann. Deshalb ist GPVI ein attraktives Zielprotein f{\"u}r eine anti-thrombotische Therapie, insbesondere weil fr{\"u}here Studien gezeigt haben, dass anti-GPVI Antik{\"o}rper eine irreversible Herunterregulierung des Rezeptors auf zirkulierenden Blutpl{\"a}ttchen mittels Internalisierung und Abspaltung induzieren. Es wird vermutet, dass Metalloproteinasen der ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain) - Familie das Abspalten vermitteln, jedoch fehlt in vivo der Beweis daf{\"u}r. Um die Mechanismen des Abspaltungsprozesses des GPVI Rezeptors in vivo besser verstehen zu k{\"o}nnen, wurden zwei Mauslinien, GPVI- und konditionale ADAM10-defiziente M{\"a}use, generiert und zus{\"a}tzlich sogenannte „low TACE (TNFalpha converting enzyme)" M{\"a}use analysiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass GPVI in vitro von ADAM10 oder TACE in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Signalwege, die zum Abspalten des Rezeptors f{\"u}hren, geschnitten werden kann. Dar{\"u}berhinaus wurde GPVI in vivo nach Antik{\"o}rperverabreichung in ADAM10-defizienten M{\"a}usen und „low TACE" M{\"a}usen herunterreguliert, was vermuten l{\"a}sst, dass entweder beide Metalloproteinasen an diesem Prozess beteiligt sind oder noch eine zus{\"a}tzliche Metalloproteinase f{\"u}r die GPVI Regulation in vivo verantwortlich ist.},
  subject      = {Zellskelett},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Erro2009,
  author    = {Erro, Alejandro Berna},
  title     = {Generation and Characterization of Stromal Interaction Molecule 2 (STIM2)-deficient Mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47301},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {An increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) is a key event that occurs downstream of many signaling cascades in response to an external stimulus and regulates a wide range of cellular processes, including platelet activation. Eukaryotic cells increase their basal [Ca2+]i allowing extracellular Ca2+ influx into the cell, which involves different mechanisms. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is considered the main mechanism of extracellular Ca2+ influx in electrically non-excitable cells and platelets, and comprises an initial Ca2+ depletion from intracellular Ca2+ stores prior to activation of extracellular Ca2+ influx. Although the close relation between Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and extracellular Ca2+ influx was clear, the nature of the signal that linked both events remained elusive until 2005, when Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 (STIM1) was identified as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ sensor essential for inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate (IP3)-mediated SOCE in vitro. However, the function of its homologue STIM2 in Ca2+ homeostasis was in general unknown. Therefore, mice lacking STIM2 (Stim2-/-) were generated in this work to study initially STIM2 function in platelets and in cells of the immune system. Stim2-/- mice developed normally in size and weight to adulthood and were fertile. However, for unknown reasons, they started to die spontaneously at the age of 8 weeks. Unexpectedly, Stim2-/- mice did not show relevant differences in platelets, revealing that STIM2 function is not essential in these cells. However, STIM2 seems to be involved in mammary gland development during pregnancy and is essential for mammary gland function during lactation. CD4+ T cells lacking STIM2 showed decreased SOCE. Our data suggest that STIM2 has a very specific function in the immune system and is involved in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) at early stages of the disease progression. Stim2-/- neurons were also defective in SOCE. Surprisingly, our results evidenced that STIM2 participates in mechanisms of neuronal damage after ischemic events in brain. This is the first time that the involvement of SOCE in ischemic neuronal damage has been reported. This finding may serve as a basis for the development of novel neuroprotective agents for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders in which disturbances in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis are considered a major pathophysiological component.},
  subject      = {Calcium-bindende Proteine},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Strehl2006,
  author    = {Strehl, Amrei},
  title     = {Studies on regulation and signaling of the platelet glycoproteins GPV and GPVI},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-22283},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Bei Verletzung einer Gef{\"a}ßwand kommen Blutpl{\"a}ttchen in Kontakt mit den Substanzen des Subendothels; Die Pl{\"a}ttchen werden dadurch aktiviert, sie aggregieren und verschließen die Wunde, wodurch ein hoher Blutverlust verhindert wird. Unter pathologischen Bedingungen, bei Aufbrechen eines artherosklerotischen Plaques an der Gef{\"a}ßwand, k{\"o}nnen sich jedoch große Pl{\"a}ttchenaggregate, die Thromben, formen, die das Gef{\"a}ß verschließen, den Blutfluss stoppen und somit zu Schlaganfall und Herzinfarkt f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen. Die kontrollierte Regulation und Signaltransduktion von bzw. durch Pl{\"a}ttchenoberfl{\"a}chenrezeptoren ist wesentlich f{\"u}r das Funktionieren der Zellen und die intakte Balance zwischen physiologischer Pl{\"a}ttchen-Aktivierung und der pathologischen Bildung eines Thrombus. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird {\"u}ber wichtige Aspekte dieser Signalwege, die in drei Unterprojekten untersucht worden sind, berichtet. In dem ersten Unterprojekt wurde die Regulation von Pl{\"a}ttchenoberfl{\"a}chenrezeptoren, den Glykoproteinen (GP) V und VI, bei M{\"a}usen analysiert. Hier wird beschrieben, dass GPV und GPVI von der Pl{\"a}ttchenoberfl{\"a}che durch Metalloproteinasen geschnitten werden. W{\"a}hrend physiologischer Stress, wie das Entkoppeln der oxidativen Phosphorylierung in den Mitochondrien, das Schneiden von GPVI durch eine unbekannte Proteinase ausl{\"o}st, verursacht die Aktivierung von Pl{\"a}ttchen mit bestimmten Agonisten das Schneiden von GPV. Die daf{\"u}r verantwortliche Metalloproteinase wurde als ADAM17 identifiziert. In dem zweiten Unterprojekt wurde die Rolle der Protein Kinase C (PKC) in der Pl{\"a}ttchenaktivierung einerseits und in der Pl{\"a}ttchen pro-koagulanten Aktivit{\"a}t andereseits untersucht. Die Konformations{\"a}nderung/Aktivierung von alphaIIbeta3-Integrinen und Sekretion von Granula sind charakteristisch f{\"u}r die Pl{\"a}ttchenaktivierung. Calcium-(Ca2+)-abh{\"a}ngige Phosphatidylserin (PS)- Expression auf der Pl{\"a}ttchenoberfl{\"a}che hingegen ist kennzeichnend f{\"u}r die pro-koagulante Aktivit{\"a}t. Der Beitrag von PKC zu den beschriebenen Pl{\"a}ttchenzust{\"a}nden war bisher unklar. In diesem Projekt wurde zum ersten Mal gezeigt, dass PKC eine doppelte Funktion in den Pl{\"a}ttchen besitzt: einerseits f{\"o}rdert PKC die Pl{\"a}ttchen-Aktivierung und -Aggregation, andererseits unterdr{\"u}ckt PKC die pro-koagulant Aktivit{\"a}t. In dem dritten Unterprojekt wurde die Rolle der kleinen GTPase Rac1 in der Pl{\"a}ttchen- Aktivierung und -Aggregation in vitro und in vivo an konditionalen Rac1 M{\"a}usen analysiert. Es wird berichtet, dass Rac1 f{\"u}r die GPVI abh{\"a}ngige Aktivierung von alphaIIbbeta3-Integrinen und dem Freisetzen von Ca2+ in der Zelle, notwendig ist, sowie f{\"u}r GPVI abh{\"a}ngige Pl{\"a}ttchen-Aggregation und Thrombus Bildung. Hiermit wird die GTPase Rac1 zum ersten Mal in den Signalweg unterhalb von GPVI eingeordnet und ihr zudem dort eine essentielle Rolle zugeteilt.},
  subject      = {Thrombozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Rabie2005,
  author    = {Rabie, Tamer},
  title     = {Cellular regulation of platelet glycoprotein VI : in vivo and in vitro studies in mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-14267},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Platelet interaction with the subendothelium is essential to limit blood loss after tissue injury. However, upon rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, this interaction may result in blood vessel occlusion leading to life threatening diseases such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Among the subendothelial matrix proteins, collagen is considered to be the most thrombogenic component as it directly activates platelets. Platelets interact with collagen, either indirectly through glycoprotein (GP) Ib-V-IX receptor complex, or directly through the major collagen receptor on the platelet surface, GPVI. The work presented here focused on studying the cellular regulation of GPVI. In addition, a possible role for GPVI in thrombus formation induced by atherosclerotic plaque material was investigated and it was found that GPVI plays an important role in this process. Using a recently published mitochondrial injury model, it was found that GPVI contains a cleavage site for a platelet-expressed metalloproteinase. Further studies showed that platelet activation by CRP, or thrombin induced down-regulation of GPIb\&\#61537;, but not GPVI. In parallel, cellular regulation of GPV was studied and it was found that GPV is cleaved in vitro by the metalloproteinase ADAM17. In previous studies it was shown that injection of mice with the anti-GPVI mAb, JAQ1, induces GPVI down-regulation, which is associated with a strong, but transient, thrombocytopenia. Using new anti-GPVI mAbs, which bind different epitopes on the receptor, it is shown in this study that GPVI down-regulation occurs in an epitope-independent manner. Further experiments showed that antibody treatment induces a transient, but significant increase in bleeding time. Using different genetically modified mice, it is shown that, upon antibody injection, GPVI is both, shed from the platelet surface and internalized into the platelet. Signaling through the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) of the FcR\&\#61543; chain is essential for both processes, while LAT and PLC\&\#61543;2 are essential for the shedding process only. Antibody-induced increase in bleeding time and thrombocytopenia were absent in LAT deficient mice, showing that it is possible to uncouple the associated side effects from the down-regulation process. As antibody-induced GPVI internalization still occurs in LAT and PLC\&\#61543;2 deficient mice, this suggests a novel signaling pathway downstream of GPVI that has not been described so far.},
  subject      = {Maus},
  language  = {en}
}