@phdthesis{Tscharn2019,
  author    = {Tscharn, Robert},
  title     = {Innovative And Age-Inclusive Interaction Design with Image-Schematic Metaphors},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17576},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175762},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The field of human-computer interaction (HCI) strives for innovative user interfaces. Innovative and novel user interfaces are a challenge for a growing population of older users and endanger older adults to be excluded from an increasingly digital world. This is because older adults often have lower cognitive abilities and little prior experiences with technology. This thesis aims at resolving the tension between innovation and age-inclusiveness by developing user interfaces that can be used regardless of cognitive abilities and technology-dependent prior knowledge. The method of image-schematic metaphors holds promises for innovative and age-inclusive interaction design. Image-schematic metaphors represent a form of technology-independent prior knowledge. They reveal basic mental models and can be gathered in language (e.g. bank account is container from "I put money into my bank account"). Based on a discussion of previous applications of image-schematic metaphors in HCI, the present work derives three empirical research questions regarding image-schematic metaphors for innovative and age-inclusive interaction design. The first research question addresses the yet untested assumption that younger and older adults overlap in their technology-independent prior knowledge and, therefore, their usage of image-schematic metaphors. In study 1, a total of 41 participants described abstract concepts from the domains of online banking and everyday life. In study 2, ten contextual interviews were conducted. In both studies, younger and older adults showed a substantial overlap of 70\% to 75\%, indicating that also their mental models overlap substantially. The second research question addresses the applicability and potential of image-schematic metaphors for innovative design from the perspective of designers. In study 3, 18 student design teams completed an ideation process with either an affinity diagram as the industry standard, image-schematic metaphors or both methods in combination and created paper prototypes. The image-schematic metaphor method alone, but not the combination of both methods, was readily adopted and applied just as a well as the more familiar standard method. In study 4, professional interaction designers created prototypes either with or without image-schematic metaphors. In both studies, the method of image-schematic metaphors was perceived as applicable and creativity stimulating. The third research question addresses whether designs that explicitly follow image-schematic metaphors are more innovative and age-inclusive regarding differences in cognitive abilities and prior technological knowledge. In two experimental studies (study 5 and 6) involving a total of 54 younger and 53 older adults, prototypes that were designed with image-schematic metaphors were perceived as more innovative compared to those who were designed without image-schematic metaphors. Moreover, the impact of prior technological knowledge on interaction was reduced for prototypes that had been designed with image-schematic metaphors. However, participants' cognitive abilities and age still influenced the interaction significantly. The present work provides empirical as well as methodological findings that can help to promote the method of image-schematic metaphors in interaction design. As a result of these studies it can be concluded that the image-schematic metaphors are an applicable and effective method for innovative user interfaces that can be used regardless of prior technological knowledge.},
  subject      = {Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Campion2015,
  author    = {Campion, Marie-Genevi{\`e}ve},
  title     = {Competition between Originators and Generics: Public Regulation and Incentives to Innovate},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-111701},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The aim of this thesis is to examine the competition patterns that exist between originators and generics by focusing on the articulations between regulation and incentives to innovate. Once the characteristics of regulation in pharmaceutical markets is reviewed in the first chapter and an analysis of some current challenges related to cost-containment measures and innovation issues is performed, then in the second chapter, an empirical study is performed to investigate substitution patterns. Based on the EC´s merger decisions in the pharmaceutical sector from 1989 to 2011, this study stresses the key criteria to define the scope of the relevant product market based on substitution patterns and shows the trend towards a narrower market in time. Chapters three and four aim to analyse in depth two widespread measures, the internal reference pricing system in off-patent markets, and risk-sharing schemes in patent-protected markets. By taking into account informational advantages of originators over generics, the third chapter shows the extent to which the implementation of a reference price for off-patent markets can contribute in promoting innovation. Finally, in the fourth chapter, the modeling of risk-sharing schemes explains how such schemes can help in solving moral hazard and adverse selection issues by continuously giving pharmaceutical companies incentives to innovate and supplying medicinal products of a higher quality.},
  subject      = {Pharmazeutische Industrie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Zidorn2012,
  author    = {Zidorn, Wilfried},
  title     = {Alliances and R\&D activites in the Biotechnology Industry},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75483},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {This dissertation is divided into three studies by addressing the following constitutive research questions in the context of the biotechnology industry: (1) How do different types of inter-firm alliances influence a firm's R\&D activity? (2) How does an increasing number and diversity of alliances in a firm's alliance portfolio affect its R\&D activity? (3) What is the optimal balance between exploration and exploitation? (1) To answer these research questions the first main chapter analyzes the impact of different types of alliances on the R\&D activities of successful firms in the biotechnology industry. Following the use of a new approach to measuring changes in research activities, the results show that alliances are used to specialize in a certain research field, rather than to enter a completely new market. This effect becomes smaller when the equity involvement of the partners in the alliance project increases. (2) The second main chapter analyzes the impact on innovation output of having heterogeneous partners in a biotechnology firm's alliance portfolio. Previous literature has stressed that investment in the heterogeneity of partners in an alliance portfolio is more important than merely engaging in multiple collaborative agreements. The analysis of a unique panel dataset of 20 biotechnology firms and their 8,602 alliances suggests that engaging in many alliances generally has a positive influence on a firm's innovation output. Furthermore, maintaining diverse alliance portfolios has an inverted U-shaped influence on a firm's innovation output, as managerial costs and complexity levels become too high. (3) And the third main chapter investigates whether there is an optimal balance to be found between explorative and exploitative innovation strategies. Previous literature states that firms that are ambidextrous (i.e., able to focus on exploration and exploitation simultaneously) tend to be more successful. Using a unique panel dataset of 20 leading biotechnology firms and separating their explorative and exploitative research, the chapter suggests that firms seeking to increase their innovation output should avoid imbalances between their explorative and exploitative innovation strategies. Furthermore, an inverted U-shaped relationship between a firm's relative research attention on exploration and its innovation output is found. This dissertation concludes with the results of the dissertation, combines the findings, gives managerial implications and proposes areas for potential further research.},
  subject      = {Biotechnologische Industrie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kleer2008,
  author    = {Kleer, Robin},
  title     = {Three Essays on Competition Policy and Innovation Incentives},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-34763},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit dem Thema Innovations{\"o}konomik. In einer allgemeinen Einf{\"u}hrung werden wettbewerbspolitische Gesichtspunkte, die Innovationsanreize von Firmen beeinflussen, dargestellt. In drei einzelnen Arbeiten werden dann spezielle Fragestellungen intensiver analysiert. Die erste Arbeit behandelt die Wechselwirkungen von Firmenzusammenschl{\"u}ssen und Innovationen, zwei zentrale Elemente der Wettbewerbsstrategie von Unternehmen. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt dabei auf dem Einfluss von Firmenzusammenschl{\"u}ssen auf die Innovationsaktivit{\"a}ten und den Wettbewerb im Produktmarkt. Dabei werden auch m{\"o}gliche Ineffizienzen, die sich durch Probleme bei der Integration der Firmen nach dem Zusammenschluss ergeben, untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass die optimale Investitionsaktivit{\"a}t sehr stark von der sich ergebenden Marktstruktur abh{\"a}ngt und es signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Insider und Outsider des Firmenzusammenschlusses gibt. In dem Modell mit linearer Nachfragefunktion und konstanten Grenzkosten steigern Zusammenschl{\"u}sse die soziale Wohlfahrt. Die zweite Arbeit betrachtet die unterschiedlichen Vorteile von kleinen und großen Firmen im Innovationswettbewerb. W{\"a}hrend große Firmen typischerweise {\"u}ber einen besseren Zugang zu Produktm{\"a}rkten verf{\"u}gen, weisen kleine Firmen h{\"a}ufig eine bessere Forschungseffizienz auf. Diese verschiedenen Vorteile werfen unmittelbar die Frage nach Kooperationen auf. Im dargestellten Modell mit vier Unternehmen haben große Firmen die M{\"o}glichkeit kleine Firmen zu kaufen. Innovationen werden mittels Patentwettbewerb modelliert. Sequentielles Bieten erm{\"o}glicht es der ersten großen Firma strategisch zu handeln um eine Reaktion der zweiten großen Firma hervorzurufen. Ergeben sich hohe Effizienzen durch den Firmenzusammenschluss, so bevorzugen die großen Firmen eine unmittelbare Akquisition und es entsteht eine symmetrische Marktstruktur. Bei geringen Effizienzen wartet die erste Firma dagegen ab und zwingt die zweite Firma dadurch zum Kauf. Somit entsteht trotz symmetrischer Ausgangssituation eine asymmetrische Marktstruktur. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass Akquisitionen die Chancen f{\"u}r eine erfolgreiche Innovation erh{\"o}hen. Die dritte Arbeit befasst sich mit Forschungssubventionen. Dabei wird neben dem eigentlichen Ziel der Subvention -- der F{\"o}rderung sozial erw{\"u}nschter Projekte, die nicht gen{\"u}gend private Anreize zur Durchf{\"u}hrung bieten -- die Signalwirkung einer Subvention betrachtet. Eine Staatsbeh{\"o}rde untersucht dabei die Projekte auf Risiken und Wohlfahrtswirkungen und entscheidet daraufhin {\"u}ber eine F{\"o}rderung. Dies wird in einem einfachen Signalisierungsspiel mit zwei Risikoklassen von Forschungsprojekten modelliert. Die Staatsbeh{\"o}rde bevorzugt dabei riskante Projekte, die hohe erwartete soziale Gewinne versprechen, w{\"a}hrend Banken wenig riskante Projekte mit hohen privaten Gewinnen bevorzugen. Erm{\"o}glicht die Subvention lediglich die Unterscheidung von riskanten und weniger riskanten Projekten, so ist das Signal der Beh{\"o}rde wenig hilfreich f{\"u}r die Investitionsenscheidung der Banken. Bietet das Signal jedoch zus{\"a}tzlich einen Hinweis auf die Qualit{\"a}t der Projekte, so k{\"o}nnen sich erh{\"o}hte, bzw. effizienter ausgew{\"a}hlte, private Investitionen ergeben. Im letzten Kapitel werden die wichtigsten Aussagen zusammengefasst sowie in abschließenden Bemerkungen der Zusammenhang der Ergebnisse erl{\"a}utert.},
  subject      = {Wettbewerbspolitik},
  language  = {en}
}