@article{IotzovWeissWindmannetal.2023,
  author    = {Iotzov, Vassil and Weiß, Martin and Windmann, Sabine and Hein, Grit},
  title     = {Valence framing induces cognitive bias},
  series = {Current Psychology},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Current Psychology},
  number    = {34},
  issn      = {1046-1310},
  doi       = {10.1007/s12144-022-03797-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324824},
  pages     = {30381-30392},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Valence framing effects refer to inconsistent choice preferences in response to positive versus negative formulation of mathematically equivalent outcomes. Here, we manipulate valence framing in a two-alternative forced choice dictator game using gains and losses as frames to investigate the cognitive mechanisms underlying valence framing. We applied a Drift-Diffusion Model (DDM) to examine whether gain (i.e., "take" money) and loss (i.e., "give" money) frames evoke a cognitive bias as previous research did not consistently reveal framing effects using reaction times and response frequency as dependent variables. DDMs allow decomposing the decision process into separate cognitive mechanisms, whereby a cognitive bias was repeatedly associated with a shift in the starting point of the model. Conducting both a laboratory (N = 62) and an online study (N = 109), female participants allocated money between themselves and another person in a prosocial or selfish way. In each study, one group was instructed to give money (give frame), the other to take money (take frame). Consistent with previous studies, no differences were found in response times and response frequencies. However, in both studies, substantial bias towards the selfish option was found in the take frame groups, captured by the starting point of the DDM. Thus, our results suggest that valence framing induces a cognitive bias in decision processing in women, even when no behavioral differences are present.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeissIotzovZhouetal.2022,
  author    = {Weiß, Martin and Iotzov, Vassil and Zhou, Yuqing and Hein, Grit},
  title     = {The bright and dark sides of egoism},
  series = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},
  issn      = {1664-0640},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1054065},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-297183},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Despite its negative reputation, egoism - the excessive concern for one's own welfare - can incite prosocial behavior. So far, however, egoism-based prosociality has received little attention. Here, we first provide an overview of the conditions under which egoism turns into a prosocial motive, review the benefits and limitations of egoism-based prosociality, and compare them with empathy-driven prosocial behavior. Second, we summarize studies investigating the neural processing of egoism-based prosocial decisions, studies investigating the neural processing of empathy-based prosocial decisions, and the small number of studies that compared the neural processing of prosocial decisions elicited by the different motives. We conclude that there is evidence for differential neural networks involved in egoism and empathy-based prosocial decisions. However, this evidence is not yet conclusive, because it is mainly based on the comparison of different experimental paradigms which may exaggerate or overshadow the effect of the different motivational states. Finally, we propose paradigms and research questions that should be tackled in future research that could help to specify how egoism can be used to enhance other prosocial behavior and motivation, and the how it could be tamed.},
  language  = {en}
}