@phdthesis{Guderian2004, author = {Guderian, Frank}, title = {Zellul{\"a}rer und gewebsspezifischer Nachweis von C-reaktivem Protein}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13448}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2004}, abstract = {Der Serum-CRP-Wert ist bei verschiedenen atherosklerotisch bedingten Erkrankungen und bei Nierenerkrankungen erh{\"o}ht. Ob das CRP dabei eine pathophysiologische Rolle spielt oder eher nur als Marker fungiert, ist bisher nicht bekannt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Bildung von CRP auf zellul{\"a}rer Ebene und der Nachweis von CRP bei diabetischen Patienten mit chronischer Nierenerkrankung untersucht.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Timmermann2005, author = {Timmermann, Meike}, title = {Zellul{\"a}re Regulation und klinische Aspekte des monocyten-/macrophagenspezifischen Proteins CD163}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-16028}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2005}, abstract = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die zellul{\"a}re Regulation des monocyten-/ macrophagenspezifischen Oberfl{\"a}chenproteins CD163 untersucht und klinische Aspekte der l{\"o}slichen Form des CD163 (sCD163) diskutiert. sCD163 wird in vivo durch einen inflammatorischen Reiz von der Zelloberfl{\"a}che abgespalten. Bislang waren jedoch noch keine Mediatoren charakterisiert worden, die immer unter Entz{\"u}ndungsbedingungen vorhanden sind. In den eigenen Untersuchungen des Shedding von CD163 konnten f{\"u}r die Generierung des sCD163 neue endogene Aktivatoren identifiziert werden. Sowohl reaktive Sauerstoffspezies, wie Wasserstoffperoxid oder Stickstoffmonoxid, als auch das Produkt von endogenen Oxidationsreaktionen mit reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies 8-iso Prostaglandin F2a erwiesen sich als potente Aktivatoren des Shedding von CD163. Neben den bekannten physiologischen Funktionen des 8-iso Prostaglandin F2a konnte erstmals eine neue Funktion bei Entz{\"u}ndungen definiert werden. Dieser Effekt wurde spezifisch durch 8-iso Prostaglandin F2a hervorgerufen, da das isomere Prostaglandin F2a unter gleichen Bedingungen keinen Einfluss auf das Shedding von CD163 aus{\"u}bte. Das Immunsuppressivum Cyclosporin A konnte ebenfalls als Induktor des Shedding von CD163 ermittelt werden. Damit konnte zus{\"a}tzlich zur bekannten immunmodulatorischen Wirkung des Cyclosporin A eine weitere antiinflammatorische Wirkung {\"u}ber Monocyten/Macrophagen aufgezeigt werden. Durch Untersuchungen der Inhibierung des Shedding von CD163 konnten Gemeinsamkeiten bez{\"u}glich der in die sCD163-Generierung involvierten Mediatoren dargestellt werden. Obwohl die untersuchten Verbindungen wahrscheinlich {\"u}ber unterschiedliche Signalwege das Shedding von CD163 induzieren, waren die Anwesenheit von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies und intrazellul{\"a}rem Calcium und die Beteiligung einer TIMP-3-sensitiven Metalloproteinase an diesem Prozess essentiell. Bei einem Vergleich zwischen dem Shedding von CD163 und Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) ergaben sich Gemeinsamkeiten durch die Induktion des Shedding beider Verbindungen durch 8-iso Prostaglandin F2a und in sehr viel geringerem Maße durch Wasserstoffperoxid. Im Gegensatz dazu waren deutliche Unterschiede in dem Ausmaß der induzierten Stimulation des Shedding durch Stickstoffmonoxid, Prostaglandin F2a und Cyclosporin A zu erkennen. Im Hinblick auf die entgegengesetzten Wirkungen von sCD163 als antiinflammatorisch wirkende Verbindung und TNF-a als proinflammatorisches Cytokin, konnte dargestellt werden, dass die Freisetzung durch unterschiedliche Aktivatoren erfolgt. Nach Bestimmung der Konzentrationen von sCD163 und 8-iso PGF2a in bronchoalveol{\"a}rer Lavage-Fl{\"u}ssigkeit von Patienten mit Cystischer Fibrose konnten keine abschließende Aussagen {\"u}ber die Eignung beider Parameter als biologische Marker f{\"u}r chronische Entz{\"u}ndungen der Lunge bei diesen Patienten getroffen werden. Weiterf{\"u}hrend zu der Kenntnis, dass sCD163 die antiinflammatorische Wirkung {\"u}ber eine Interaktion des Proteins mit humanen T-Lymphocyten und nachfolgender Hemmung der Proliferation dieser Zellen aus{\"u}bt, wurde diese Wechselwirkung genauer untersucht. In quantitativen Bestimmungen des sCD163 in isolierten T-Lymphocyten verschiedener Spender konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass sCD163 zu einem Teil konstitutiv in die T-Lymphocyten aufgenommen wird und dass diese Aufnahme durch proinflammatorische Aktivierung der T-Lymphocyten stark gesteigert werden kann. Durch fluoreszenzmikroskopische Aufnahmen unstimulierter T-Lymphocyten konnte die intrazellul{\"a}re Lokalisation des sCD163 visualisiert werden. Nach Aktivierung der Zellen mit einem proinflammatorischen Reiz fand innerhalb der Zellen eine Translokalisation des sCD163 aus dem cytoplasmatischen Bereich zur Zellmembran statt. Damit konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass abh{\"a}ngig vom Aktivierungsstatus der T-Lymphocyten eine Umverteilung des sCD163 innerhalb der Zellen erfolgt. Eine quantitative Bestimmung des sCD163 und seines Bindungspartners in T-Lymphocyten nichtmuskul{\"a}res Myosin Typ IIA gelang mittels eines neu entwickeltem ELISA, der spezifisch sCD163 und Myosin ausschließlich im Komplex erfasst. Damit konnte durch die in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Untersuchungen ein grundlegender Beitrag zur Charakterisierung der Regulation der Proteinexpression und des Shedding von CD163 in humanen Monocyten sowie der Interaktion des sCD163 mit T-Lymphocyten geleistet werden.}, subject = {Antigen CD163}, language = {de} } @article{FroehlichSerflingHiguchietal.2021, author = {Fr{\"o}hlich, Matthias and Serfling, Sebastian and Higuchi, Takahiro and Pomper, Martin G. and Rowe, Steven P. and Schmalzing, Marc and Tony, Hans-Peter and Gernert, Michael and Strunz, Patrick-Pascal and Portegys, Jan and Schwaneck, Eva-Christina and Gadeholt, Ottar and Weich, Alexander and Buck, Andreas K. and Bley, Thorsten A. and Guggenberger, Konstanze V. and Werner, Rudolf A.}, title = {Whole-Body [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT Can Alter Diagnosis in Patients with Suspected Rheumatic Disease}, series = {Diagnostics}, volume = {11}, journal = {Diagnostics}, number = {11}, issn = {2075-4418}, doi = {10.3390/diagnostics11112073}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250227}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The 2-deoxy-d-[\(^{18}\)F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is widely utilized to assess the vascular and articular inflammatory burden of patients with a suspected diagnosis of rheumatic disease. We aimed to elucidate the impact of [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT on change in initially suspected diagnosis in patients at the time of the scan. Thirty-four patients, who had undergone [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT, were enrolled and the initially suspected diagnosis prior to [18F]FDG PET/CT was compared to the final diagnosis. In addition, a semi-quantitative analysis including vessel wall-to-liver (VLR) and joint-to-liver (JLR) ratios was also conducted. Prior to [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT, 22/34 (64.7\%) of patients did not have an established diagnosis, whereas in 7/34 (20.6\%), polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) was suspected, and in 5/34 (14.7\%), giant cell arteritis (GCA) was suspected by the referring rheumatologists. After [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT, the diagnosis was GCA in 19/34 (55.9\%), combined GCA and PMR (GCA + PMR) in 9/34 (26.5\%) and PMR in the remaining 6/34 (17.6\%). As such, [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT altered suspected diagnosis in 28/34 (82.4\%), including in all unclear cases. VLR of patients whose final diagnosis was GCA tended to be significantly higher when compared to VLR in PMR (GCA, 1.01 ± 0.08 (95\%CI, 0.95-1.1) vs. PMR, 0.92 ± 0.1 (95\%CI, 0.85-0.99), p = 0.07), but not when compared to PMR + GCA (1.04 ± 0.14 (95\%CI, 0.95-1.13), p = 1). JLR of individuals finally diagnosed with PMR (0.94 ± 0.16, (95\%CI, 0.83-1.06)), however, was significantly increased relative to JLR in GCA (0.58 ± 0.04 (95\%CI, 0.55-0.61)) and GCA + PMR (0.64 ± 0.09 (95\%CI, 0.57-0.71); p < 0.0001, respectively). In individuals with a suspected diagnosis of rheumatic disease, an inflammatory-directed [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT can alter diagnosis in the majority of the cases, particularly in subjects who were referred because of diagnostic uncertainty. Semi-quantitative assessment may be helpful in establishing a final diagnosis of PMR, supporting the notion that a quantitative whole-body read-out may be useful in unclear cases.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schopf2007, author = {Schopf, Thilo}, title = {Wertigkeit von Entz{\"u}ndungsparametern in der postoperativen Phase nach Implantation von H{\"u}ft- und Kniegelenk-Totalendoprothesen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-25028}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, die Wertigkeit von Entz{\"u}ndungsparametern (CRP, BSG, Leukozyten und Temperatur) in der postoperativen Phase anhand einer retrospektiven Studie mit 531 Patienten nach Implantation von Knie- und H{\"u}ft-Totalendoprothesen zu beurteilen. Hierbei sollten zum einen die Auswirkungen von Vorerkrankungen (Asthma bronchiale, Rheumatoider Arthritis, Nikotinabusus, Gicht/Hyperurik{\"a}mie, Z. n. Thrombosen) auf den postoperativen Verlauf der Entz{\"u}ndungsparameter und zum anderen postoperative Komplikationen (Thrombosen, bronchopulmonale Infekte, Harnwegsinfekte, Wundinfekte, Protheseninfekte) anhand der Entz{\"u}ndungsparameter erfasst werden. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels SPSS f{\"u}r Windows durch den Mann-Whitney Test als nicht parametrischen Test f{\"u}r unabh{\"a}ngige Variablen. Im Durchschnitt stieg der CRP-Wert von 0,6 mg/dl pr{\"a}operativ auf etwa 8,5 mg/dl um den 3. postoperativen Tag an und fiel dann durchschnittlich auf 1,4 mg/dl um den 14. postoperativen Tag ab. Die BSG-Werte stiegen von etwa 18 mm/h pr{\"a}operativ auf 52 mm/h um den 3. postoperativen Tag an. Der h{\"o}chste BSG-Wert (56 mm/h) wurde erst um den 7. postoperativen Tag erreicht. Danach fiel der BSG-Wert leicht ab auf durchschnittlich etwa 43 mm/h um den 14. postoperativen Tag. Die Temperaturkurve verlief {\"a}hnlich: Auch hier stieg die Temperatur rasch auf einen H{\"o}chstwert von 37,1°C um den 2. postoperativen Tag. Es folgte ein langsamer Abfall der Temperatur, bis hin zu Normwerten ab dem 10. postoperativen Tag. Die Leukozyten zeigten im Durchschnitt einen geradlinigen Verlauf mit durchschnittlichen Werten zwischen 7 und 8 G/l, allerdings bei einer großen Standartabweichung. Patienten mit Asthma bronchiale zeigten pr{\"a}operativ signifikant erh{\"o}hte BSG und Leukozytenwerte. Patienten mit Gicht/Hyperurik{\"a}mie fielen durch signifikant niedrigere Temperaturwerte am 6. und 12. postoperativen Tag sowie durch Trends zu niedrigeren Werten am 10. und 16. postoperativen Tag auf. Signifikant h{\"o}here Werte fanden sich bei der CRP-AUC-Kurve vom 7.-14. postoperativen Tag. Des Weiteren fanden sich Trends zu h{\"o}heren Werten am 14. postoperativen Tag bei der BSG und am 3. postoperativen Tag bei den Leukozyten. Bei Patienten mit Z.n. Thrombose zeigte sich der postoperative BSG-Verlauf vom 3.-14. Tag signifikant erniedrigt, ebenso waren die postoperativen Temperaturwerte vom 15. und 16. Tag signifikant niedriger. Der einzig signifikante Unterschied zwischen Rauchern und Nichtrauchern fand sich in der pr{\"a}operativen BSG, wo Raucher signifikant niedrigere Werte hatten. Des Weiteren zeigten sich Trends zu h{\"o}heren Leukozytenwerten am 3. und 7. postoperativen Tag sowie Trends zu niedrigeren Temperaturen am 1., 2., 7., 8. und 14. postoperativen Tag. Patienten mit Rheumatoider Arthritis fielen durch signifikant erh{\"o}hte pr{\"a}operative CRP- und BSG-Werte auf. Zus{\"a}tzlich traten Trends zu h{\"o}heren Werten am 14. postoperativen Tag f{\"u}r CRP, BSG und Leukozyten auf. Dem Trend zur Temperaturerh{\"o}hung am 2. postoperativen Tag folgten erneute Trends am 9. und 11. postoperativen Tag sowie signifikant h{\"o}here Temperaturen am 10. und 12. postoperativen Tag. Patienten, die einen Harnwegsinfekt erlitten, hatten signifikant erh{\"o}hte Werte am 14. postoperativen Tag f{\"u}r CRP und BSG. Auch die CRP-AUC-Kurve zeigte diesen Verlauf signifikant. Bei Patienten, die an einem bronchopulmonalem Infekt erkrankten, war der CRP-Wert des 3. postoperativen Tages signifikant erh{\"o}ht. Dies ließ sich auch in der CRP-AUC-Kurve vom 0.-3. postoperativen Tag signifikant nachweisen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus lag ein Trend am 3.-7. postoperativen Tag zu h{\"o}heren Werten vor. Bei Patienten mit tiefer Beinvenenthrombose fiel eine signifikante Temperaturerh{\"o}hung am 7., 8. und 11. postoperativen Tag auf, sowie ein Trend am 9., 10. und 12. postoperativen Tag. Die CRP-Werte stiegen um den 14. postoperativen Tag signifikant an. Gleiches Verhalten zeigte die CRP-AUC-Kurve vom 7.-14. postoperativen Tag. Patienten mit Wundinfektionen fielen durch Trends zu niedrigeren Temperaturwerten am 4. und 5. postoperativen Tag auf. Außerdem stieg um den 7. postoperativen Tag die BSG trendwertig an. Die Leukozyten waren pr{\"a}operativ signifikant erh{\"o}ht. Dagegen war bei Patienten mit TEP-Infektion der CRP-Wert um den 14. postoperativen Tag signifikant erh{\"o}ht. Die Temperaturwerte des 8. postoperativen Tages zeigten einen Trend zu niedrigeren Zahlen. Die Ergebnisse entsprechen in etwa denen anderer Studien. Insgesamt l{\"a}sst sich eine Tendenz ablesen: BSG und Temperatur sind vor allem bei den erw{\"a}hnten Vorerkrankungen erh{\"o}ht, Leukozyten spielen kaum eine Rolle und die CRP-Bestimmung findet ihren Platz haupts{\"a}chlich in der Diagnostik von Komplikationen. Außerdem wird klar, dass kein Entz{\"u}ndungsparameter spezifisch f{\"u}r eine bestimmte Vorerkrankung oder Komplikation ist. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus sind nicht Einzelwerte, sondern viel mehr der Verlauf der Entz{\"u}ndungsparameter entscheidend.}, subject = {Totalendoprothese}, language = {de} } @article{GlaserSilwedelFehrholzetal.2017, author = {Glaser, Kirsten and Silwedel, Christine and Fehrholz, Markus and Waaga-Gasser, Ana M. and Henrich, Birgit and Claus, Heike and Speer, Christian P.}, title = {Ureaplasma Species Differentially Modulate Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Responses in Newborn and Adult Human Monocytes Pushing the State Toward Pro-Inflammation}, series = {Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology}, volume = {7}, journal = {Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology}, number = {484}, doi = {10.3389/fcimb.2017.00484}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169958}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Background: Ureaplasma species have been associated with chorioamnionitis and preterm birth and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neonatal short and long-term morbidity. However, being mostly commensal bacteria, controversy remains on the pro-inflammatory capacity of Ureaplasma. Discussions are ongoing on the incidence and impact of prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal infection. The present study addressed the impact of Ureaplasma isolates on monocyte-driven inflammation. Methods: Cord blood monocytes of term neonates and adult monocytes, either native or LPS-primed, were cultured with Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum) serovar 8 (Uu8) and Ureaplasma parvum serovar 3 (Up3). Using qRT-PCR, cytokine flow cytometry, and multi-analyte immunoassay, we assessed mRNA and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-12p40, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) as well as Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. Results: Uu8 and Up3 induced mRNA expression and protein release of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-8 in term neonatal and adult monocytes (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). Intracellular protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-8 in Ureaplasma-stimulated cells paralleled those results. Ureaplasma-induced cytokine levels did not significantly differ from LPS-mediated levels except for lower intracellular IL-1β in adult monocytes (Uu8: p < 0.05). Remarkably, ureaplasmas did not induce IL-12p40 response and promoted lower amounts of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and IL-1ra than LPS, provoking a cytokine imbalance more in favor of pro-inflammation (IL-1β/IL-10, IL-8/IL-10 and IL-8/IL-1ra: p < 0.01, vs. LPS). In contrast to LPS, both isolates induced TLR2 mRNA in neonatal and adult cells (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05) and suppressed TLR4 mRNA in adult monocytes (p < 0.05). Upon co-stimulation, Uu8 and Up3 inhibited LPS-induced intracellular IL-1β (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05) and IL-8 in adult monocytes (p < 0.01), while LPS-induced neonatal cytokines were maintained or aggravated (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our data demonstrate a considerable pro-inflammatory capacity of Ureaplasma isolates in human monocytes. Stimulating pro-inflammatory cytokine responses while hardly inducing immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, ureaplasmas might push monocyte immune responses toward pro-inflammation. Inhibition of LPS-induced cytokines in adult monocytes in contrast to sustained inflammation in term neonatal monocytes indicates a differential modulation of host immune responses to a second stimulus. Modification of TLR2 and TLR4 expression may shape host susceptibility to inflammation.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Leinweber2022, author = {Leinweber, Jonas}, title = {Untersuchung zur pathophysiologischen Rolle und therapeutischen Relevanz der neuen Inhibitoren der plasmatischen Blutgerinnung Agaphelin und Ixolaris im experimentellen Schlaganfallmodell der Maus}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-25292}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-252921}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Beim isch{\"a}mischen Schlaganfall f{\"u}hrt ein thrombotischer Verschluss von gehirnversorgenden Arterien zu einer akuten Durchblutungsst{\"o}rung, mit der Folge von neurologischen Defiziten. Prim{\"a}res Therapieziel ist es, diese Blutgerinnsel aufzul{\"o}sen, um die Sauerstoffversorgung des Gehirns wiederherzustellen und den isch{\"a}mischen Hirnschaden zu begrenzen. Dazu stehen die intraven{\"o}sen Thrombolyse mit rt-PA (rekombinanter Gewebe-Plasminogen-Aktivator) sowie die endovaskul{\"a}re mechanische Thrombektomie zur Verf{\"u}gung. H{\"a}ufig kann ein Schlaganfall, trotz erfolgreicher Rekanalisation der Gef{\"a}ße, zu einer weiteren Gr{\"o}ßenzunahme des Infarktes und neurologischen Defiziten bei den Patienten f{\"u}hren. Diese Gr{\"o}ßenzunahme beruht zum einen auf einem sich entwickelnden Hirn{\"o}dem und zum anderen auf entz{\"u}ndlichen Prozessen. Zahlreiche Hinweise deuten darauf hin, dass der Schlaganfall ein Zusammenspiel aus thrombotischen und entz{\"u}ndlichen Ereignissen ist, ein Ph{\"a}nomen, das als Thromboinflammation bezeichnet wird. Aufgrund der begrenzten Behandlungsm{\"o}glichkeiten ist die Entwicklung neuer Therapieans{\"a}tze f{\"u}r den isch{\"a}mischen Schlaganfall besonders wichtig. Agaphelin und Ixolaris sind Proteine aus den Speicheldr{\"u}sen von H{\"a}matophagen, f{\"u}r welche in fr{\"u}heren Studien eine starke antithrombotische Wirkung bei gleichzeitig geringem Blutungsrisiko nachgewiesen wurde. Diese m{\"o}glichen antithrombotischen Effekte wurden in dieser Studie im Hinblick auf ihre Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit im Mausmodell der zerebralen Isch{\"a}mie untersucht. Die Behandlung der M{\"a}use mit Agaphelin 1 Stunde nach transienter Okklusion der Arteria cerebri media (tMCAO) f{\"u}hrte zu kleineren Schlaganfallvolumina und geringeren neurologischen Defiziten an Tag 1 nach dem Schlaganfall. Die Mortalit{\"a}t der M{\"a}use war bis Tag 7 deutlich gesunken. Aus klinischer Sicht ist ebenfalls relevant, dass der starke antithrombotische Effekt von Agaphelin im Mausmodell nicht mit einem erh{\"o}hten Risiko f{\"u}r intrazerebrale Blutungen einherging. Diesem protektiven Effekt von Agaphelin lagen eine verminderte intrazerebrale Thrombusbildung, eine abgeschw{\"a}chte Entz{\"u}ndungsantwort und eine Stabilisierung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke sowie eine Reduzierung der Apoptose zugrunde. Nach der Gabe von Ixolaris 1 Stunde nach tMCAO waren zwar signifikant geringere Infarktgr{\"o}ßen messbar, diese f{\"u}hrten allerdings nicht zu einer Verbesserung der neurologischen Defizite. Zudem verursachte die Gabe von Ixolaris schon 24 Stunden nach tMCAO erhebliche intrazerebrale Blutungen und auch die Mortalit{\"a}t der M{\"a}use war zu diesem Zeitpunkt bereits erh{\"o}ht. Aufgrund dieser massiven Nebenwirkungen scheint Ixolaris kein geeigneter Kandidat f{\"u}r eine humane Anwendung zu sein. Bei Agaphelin hingegen k{\"o}nnte es sich um einen vielversprechenden Kandidaten f{\"u}r die Behandlung des isch{\"a}mischen Schlaganfalls handeln. Vor einer m{\"o}glichen Testung von Agaphelin in klinischen Studien, sind weitere translationale Untersuchungen notwendig, um ein noch pr{\"a}ziseres Verst{\"a}ndnis f{\"u}r die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von Agaphelin zu gewinnen. Insgesamt stellt die Hemmung thromboinflammatorischer Prozesse, ohne eine Erh{\"o}hung der Blutungskomplikationen, eine vielversprechende Option zur Behandlung des isch{\"a}mischen Schlaganfalls dar.}, subject = {Schlaganfall}, language = {de} } @article{BrodehlBelkeGarnettetal.2017, author = {Brodehl, Andreas and Belke, Darrell D. and Garnett, Lauren and Martens, Kristina and Abdelfatah, Nelly and Rodriguez, Marcela and Diao, Catherine and Chen, Yong-Xiang and Gordon, Paul M. K. and Nygren, Anders and Gerull, Brenda}, title = {Transgenic mice overexpressing desmocollin-2 (DSC2) develop cardiomyopathy associated with myocardial inflammation and fibrotic remodeling}, series = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {12}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0174019}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171084}, pages = {e0174019}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Background Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is an inherited heart muscle disorder leading to ventricular arrhythmias and heart failure, mainly as a result of mutations in cardiac desmosomal genes. Desmosomes are cell-cell junctions mediating adhesion of cardiomyocytes; however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the disease remain widely unknown. Desmocollin-2 is a desmosomal cadherin serving as an anchor molecule required to reconstitute homeostatic intercellular adhesion with desmoglein-2. Cardiac specific lack of desmoglein-2 leads to severe cardiomyopathy, whereas overexpression does not. In contrast, the corresponding data for desmocollin-2 are incomplete, in particular from the view of protein overexpression. Therefore, we developed a mouse model overexpressing desmocollin-2 to determine its potential contribution to cardiomyopathy and intercellular adhesion pathology. Methods and results We generated transgenic mice overexpressing DSC2 in cardiac myocytes. Transgenic mice developed a severe cardiac dysfunction over 5 to 13 weeks as indicated by 2D-echocardiography measurements. Corresponding histology and immunohistochemistry demonstrated fibrosis, necrosis and calcification which were mainly localized in patches near the epi- and endocardium of both ventricles. Expressions of endogenous desmosomal proteins were markedly reduced in fibrotic areas but appear to be unchanged in non-fibrotic areas. Furthermore, gene expression data indicate an early up-regulation of inflammatory and fibrotic remodeling pathways between 2 to 3.5 weeks of age. Conclusion Cardiac specific overexpression of desmocollin-2 induces necrosis, acute inflammation and patchy cardiac fibrotic remodeling leading to fulminant biventricular cardiomyopathy.}, language = {en} } @article{GrimmigMoenchKreckeletal.2016, author = {Grimmig, Tanja and Moench, Romana and Kreckel, Jennifer and Haack, Stephanie and Rueckert, Felix and Rehder, Roberta and Tripathi, Sudipta and Ribas, Carmen and Chandraker, Anil and Germer, Christoph T. and Gasser, Martin and Waaga-Gasser, Ana Maria}, title = {Toll Like Receptor 2, 4, and 9 Signaling Promotes Autoregulative Tumor Cell Growth and VEGF/PDGF Expression in Human Pancreatic Cancer}, series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, volume = {17}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, number = {12}, doi = {10.3390/ijms17122060}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165743}, pages = {2060}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Toll like receptor (TLR) signaling has been suggested to play an important role in the inflammatory microenvironment of solid tumors and through this inflammation-mediated tumor growth. Here, we studied the role of tumor cells in their process of self-maintaining TLR expression independent of inflammatory cells and cytokine milieu for autoregulative tumor growth signaling in pancreatic cancer. We analyzed the expression of TLR2, -4, and -9 in primary human cancers and their impact on tumor growth via induced activation in several established pancreatic cancers. TLR-stimulated pancreatic cancer cells were specifically investigated for activated signaling pathways of VEGF/PDGF and anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL expression as well as tumor cell growth. The primary pancreatic cancers and cell lines expressed TLR2, -4, and -9. TLR-specific stimulation resulted in activated MAP-kinase signaling, most likely via autoregulative stimulation of demonstrated TLR-induced VEGF and PDGF expression. Moreover, TLR activation prompted the expression of Bcl-xL and has been demonstrated for the first time to induce tumor cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer. These findings strongly suggest that pancreatic cancer cells use specific Toll like receptor signaling to promote tumor cell proliferation and emphasize the particular role of TLR2, -4, and -9 in this autoregulative process of tumor cell activation and proliferation in pancreatic cancer.}, language = {en} } @article{GraserLiedtkeJakob2021, author = {Graser, Stephanie and Liedtke, Daniel and Jakob, Franz}, title = {TNAP as a new player in chronic inflammatory conditions and metabolism}, series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, volume = {22}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, number = {2}, issn = {1422-0067}, doi = {10.3390/ijms22020919}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258888}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This review summarizes important information on the ectoenzyme tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and gives a brief insight into the symptoms, diagnostics, and treatment of the rare disease Hypophosphatasia (HPP), which is resulting from mutations in the TNAP encoding ALPL gene. We emphasize the role of TNAP beyond its well-known contribution to mineralization processes. Therefore, above all, the impact of the enzyme on central molecular processes in the nervous system and on inflammation is presented here.}, language = {en} } @article{HiguchiSerflingRoweetal.2022, author = {Higuchi, Takahiro and Serfling, Sebastian E. and Rowe, Steven P. and Werner, Rudolf A.}, title = {Therapeutic effects of lipid lowering medications on myocardial blood flow, inflammation, and sympathetic nerve activity using nuclear techniques}, series = {Current Cardiology Reports}, volume = {24}, journal = {Current Cardiology Reports}, number = {12}, doi = {10.1007/s11886-022-01792-4}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324599}, pages = {1849-1853}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Purpose of Review Statins are routinely applied in patients with coronary artery disease, as they allow significantly to reduce blood cholesterol levels. Although those drugs are endorsed by current guidelines and prescribed routinely, a substantial portion of patients are still statin-intolerant and image-piloted strategies may then be helpful to identify patients that need further intensified treatment, e.g., to initiate treatment with proprotein convertase subtilisin / kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i). In addition, it has also been advocated that statins exhibit nonlipid, cardio-protective effects including improved cardiac nerve integrity, blood flow, and anti-inflammatory effects in congestive heart failure (HF) patients. Recent Findings In subjects after myocardial infarction treated with statins, \(^{123}\)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy has already revealed enhanced cardiac nerve function relative to patients without statins. In addition, all of those aforementioned statin-targeted pathways in HF can be visualized and monitored using dedicated cardiac radiotracers, e.g., \(^{123}\)I-MIBG or \(^{18}\)F-AF78 (for cardiac nerve function), \(^{18}\)F-flurpiridaz (to determine coronary flow) or \(^{68}\)Ga-PentixaFor (to detect inflammation). Summary Statins exhibit various cardio-beneficial effects, including improvement of cardiac nerve function, blood flow, and reduction of inflammation, which can all be imaged using dedicated nuclear cardiac radiotracers. This may allow for in vivo monitoring of statin-induced cardioprotection beyond lipid profiling in HF patients.}, language = {en} } @article{MahmoodSchmalzingDoerneretal.2020, author = {Mahmood, Zafar and Schmalzing, Marc and D{\"o}rner, Thomas and Tony, Hans-Peter and Muhammad, Khalid}, title = {Therapeutic Cytokine Inhibition Modulates Activation and Homing Receptors of Peripheral Memory B Cell Subsets in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients}, series = {Frontiers in Immunology}, volume = {11}, journal = {Frontiers in Immunology}, issn = {1664-3224}, doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2020.572475}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-212380}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Memory B cells have known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). With the emergence of B cell-targeted therapies, the modulation of memory B cells appears to be a key therapeutic target. Human peripheral memory B cells can be distinguished based on the phenotypic expression of CD27 and IgD, characterizing the three major B cell subpopulations: CD27+IgD+ pre-switch, CD27+IgD- post-switch, and CD27-IgD- double-negative memory B cells. We evaluated different memory cell populations for activation markers (CD95 and Ki-67) and chemokine receptors (CXCR3 and 4) expressing B cells in active RA, as well as under IL6-R blockade by tocilizumab (TCZ) and TNF-α blockade by adalimumab (ADA). Memory B cells were phenotypically analyzed from RA patients at baseline, week 12, and week 24 under TCZ or ADA treatment, respectively. Using flow cytometry, surface expression of CD95, intracellular Ki-67, and surface expressions of CXCR3 and CXCR4 were determined. Compared with healthy donors (n = 40), the phenotypic analysis of RA patients (n = 80) demonstrated that all three types of memory B cells were activated in RA patients. Surface and intracellular staining of B cells showed a significantly higher percentage of CD95+ (p < 0.0001) and Ki-67+ (p < 0.0001) cells, with numerically altered CXCR3+ and CXCR4+ cells in RA. CD95 and Ki-67 expressions were highest in post-switch memory B cells, whereas CD19+CXCR3+ and CD19+CXCR4+ expressing cells were substantially higher in the pre-switch compartment. In all subsets of the memory B cells, in vivo IL-6R, and TNF-α blockade significantly reduced the enhanced expressions of CD95 and Ki-67. Based on our findings, we conclude that the three major peripheral memory B cell populations, pre-, post-switch, and double-negative B cells, are activated in RA, demonstrating enhanced CD95 and Ki-67 expressions, and varied expression of CXCR3 and CXCR4 chemokine receptors when compared with healthy individuals. This activation can be efficaciously modulated under cytokine inhibition in vivo.}, language = {en} } @article{ScheurerBrandsElMeseryetal.2019, author = {Scheurer, Mario Joachim Johannes and Brands, Roman Camillus and El-Mesery, Mohamed and Hartmann, Stefan and M{\"u}ller-Richter, Urs Dietmar Achim and K{\"u}bler, Alexander Christian and Seher, Axel}, title = {The selection of NFκB inhibitors to block inflammation and induce sensitisation to FasL-induced apoptosis in HNSCC cell lines is critical for their use as a prospective cancer therapy}, series = {International Journal of Molecular Science}, volume = {20}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Science}, number = {6}, issn = {1422-0067}, doi = {10.3390/ijms20061306}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201524}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Inflammation is a central aspect of tumour biology and can contribute significantly to both the origination and progression of tumours. The NFκB pathway is one of the most important signal transduction pathways in inflammation and is, therefore, an excellent target for cancer therapy. In this work, we examined the influence of four NFκB inhibitors — Cortisol, MLN4924, QNZ and TPCA1 — on proliferation, inflammation and sensitisation to apoptosis mediated by the death ligand FasL in the HNSCC cell lines PCI1, PCI9, PCI13, PCI52 and SCC25 and in the human dermal keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. We found that the selection of the inhibitor is critical to ensure that cells do not respond by inducing counteracting activities in the context of cancer therapy, e.g., the extreme IL-8 induction mediated by MLN4924 or FasL resistance mediated by Cortisol. However, TPCA1 was qualified by this in vitro study as an excellent therapeutic mediator in HNSCC by four positive qualities: (1) proliferation was inhibited at low μM-range concentrations; (2) TNFα-induced IL-8 secretion was blocked; (3) HNSCC cells were sensitized to TNFα-induced cell death; and (4) FasL-mediated apoptosis was not disrupted.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Karl2017, author = {Karl, Franziska}, title = {The role of miR-21 in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain using the model of B7-H1 knockout mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156004}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The impact of microRNA (miRNA) as key players in the regulation of immune and neuronal gene expression and their role as master switches in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain is increasingly recognized. miR-21 is a promising candidate that could be linked to the immune and the nociceptive system. To further investigate the pathophysiological role of miR-21 in neuropathic pain, we assesed mice deficient of B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1 ko), a protein with suppressive effect on inflammatory responses. B7-H1 ko mice and wildtype littermates (WT) of three different age-groups, young (8 weeks), middle-aged (6 months), and old (12 months) received a spared nerve injury (SNI). Thermal withdrawal latencies and mechanical withdrawal thresholds were determined. Further, we investigated anxiety-, depression-like and cognitive behavior. Quantitative real time PCR was used to determine miR-21 relative expression in peripheral nerves, dorsal root ganglia and white blood cells (WBC) at distinct time points after SNI. Na{\"i}ve B7-H1 ko mice showed mechanical hyposensitivity with increasing age. Young and middle-aged B7-H1 ko mice displayed lower mechanical withdrawal thresholds compared to WT mice. From day three after SNI both genotypes developed mechanical and heat hypersensitivity, without intergroup differences. As supported by the results of three behavioral tests, no relevant differences were found for anxiety-like behavior after SNI in B7-H1 ko and WT mice. Also, there was no indication of depression-like behavior after SNI or any effect of SNI on cognition in both genotypes. The injured nerves of B7-H1 ko and WT mice showed higher miR-21 expression and invasion of macrophages and T cells 7 days after SNI without intergroup differences. Perineurial miR-21 inhibitor injection reversed SNI-induced mechanical and heat hypersensitivity in old B7-H1 ko and WT mice. This study reveals that reduced mechanical thresholds and heat withdrawal latencies are associated with miR-21 induction in the tibial and common peroneal nerve after SNI, which can be reversed by perineurial injection of a miR-21 inhibitor. Contrary to expectations, miR-21 expression levels were not higher in B7-H1 ko compared to WT mice. Thus, the B7-H1 ko mouse may be of minor importance for the study of miR-21 related pain. However, these results spot the contribution of miR-21 in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain and emphasize the crucial role of miRNA in the regulation of neuronal and immune circuits that contribute to neuropathic pain.}, subject = {neuropathic pain}, language = {en} } @article{BuddeHassounTangosetal.2021, author = {Budde, Heidi and Hassoun, Roua and Tangos, Melina and Zhazykbayeva, Saltanat and Herwig, Melissa and Varatnitskaya, Marharyta and Sieme, Marcel and Delalat, Simin and Sultana, Innas and Kolijn, Detmar and G{\"o}m{\"o}ri, Kamilla and Jarkas, Muhammad and L{\´o}di, M{\´a}ria and Jaquet, Kornelia and Kov{\´a}cs, {\´A}rp{\´a}d and Mannherz, Hans Georg and Sequeira, Vasco and M{\"u}gge, Andreas and Leichert, Lars I. and Sossalla, Samuel and Hamdani, Nazha}, title = {The interplay between S-glutathionylation and phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I and myosin binding protein C in end-stage human failing hearts}, series = {Antioxidants}, volume = {10}, journal = {Antioxidants}, number = {7}, issn = {2076-3921}, doi = {10.3390/antiox10071134}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242701}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the antioxidant defense system and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). At low levels, ROS are involved in the regulation of redox signaling for cell protection. However, upon chronical increase in oxidative stress, cell damage occurs, due to protein, DNA and lipid oxidation. Here, we investigated the oxidative modifications of myofilament proteins, and their role in modulating cardiomyocyte function in end-stage human failing hearts. We found altered maximum Ca\(^{2+}\)-activated tension and Ca\(^{2+}\) sensitivity of force production of skinned single cardiomyocytes in end-stage human failing hearts compared to non-failing hearts, which was corrected upon treatment with reduced glutathione enzyme. This was accompanied by the increased oxidation of troponin I and myosin binding protein C, and decreased levels of protein kinases A (PKA)- and C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of both proteins. The Ca\(^{2+}\) sensitivity and maximal tension correlated strongly with the myofilament oxidation levels, hypo-phosphorylation, and oxidative stress parameters that were measured in all the samples. Furthermore, we detected elevated titin-based myocardial stiffness in HF myocytes, which was reversed by PKA and reduced glutathione enzyme treatment. Finally, many oxidative stress and inflammation parameters were significantly elevated in failing hearts compared to non-failing hearts, and corrected upon treatment with the anti-oxidant GSH enzyme. Here, we provide evidence that the altered mechanical properties of failing human cardiomyocytes are partially due to phosphorylation, S-glutathionylation, and the interplay between the two post-translational modifications, which contribute to the development of heart failure.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schwab2009, author = {Schwab, Nicholas}, title = {The importance of CD8\(^+\) T cells and antigen-presenting cells in the immune reaction of primary inflammatory versus degenerative diseases}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37330}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {The bidirectional influence of parenchymal cells and cells of the immune system, especially of antigen-presenting and CD8\(^+\) T cells, in situations of putative auto- immune pathogenicity and degeneration was the main topic of this thesis. In the first part, the influence of human muscle cells on antigen-presenting cells was investigated. In inflammatory myopathies prominent infiltrates of immune cells containing T cells and antigen-presenting cells like macrophages and dendritic cells are present. The hypothesis was that human myoblasts have an inhibiting influence on these antigen-presenting cells under homeostatic conditions. A dysfunction or impairment under inflammatory circumstances might contribute to the development of myopathic conditions. The surface analysis of dendritic cells cocultured with myoblasts showed that immature dendritic cells could be driven into a reversible semi- mature state with significantly elevated levels of CD80. These dendritic cells were additionally characterized by their inhibiting function on T-cell proliferation. It was also shown that the lysates of healthy myoblasts could strongly enhance the phagocytic ability of macrophages, which could help with muscle regeneration and which might be disturbed in myositis patients. The second part of this thesis was about the clonal specificity of CD8\(^+\) T cells in a mouse model with genetically induced over-expression of PLP in oligodendrocytes. Here, we could show that the cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which had previously been shown to be pathogenic, were clonally expanded in the CNS of the transgenic mice. The amino acid sequences of the corresponding receptor chains were not identical, yet showed some similarities, which could mean that these clones recognize similar antigens (or epitopes of the same antigen). The knockout of PD-1 in this setting allowed for an analysis of the importance of tissue immune regulation. It became evident that the absence of PD-1 induced a larger number of clonal expansions in the CNS, hinting towards a reduced threshold for clonal disturbance and activation in these T cells. The expansions were, however, not pathogenic by themselves. Only in the presence of tissue damage and an antigenic stimulus (in our case the overexpression of PLP), the PD-1 limitation exacerbated the immune pathogenicity. Therefore, only in the presence of a "tissue damage signal", the dyshomeostasis of T cells lacking PD-1 achieved high pathogenetic relevance. Finally, we investigated the pathogenetic role of CD8 T cells in Rasmussen encephalitis, a rare and chronic neurological disease mainly affecting children. The analysis of the T-cell receptor repertoire in Rasmussen encephalitis patients in the peripheral CD4\(^+\) and CD8\(^+\) T-cell compartments as well as the brain revealed the involvement of T cells in the pathogenicity of this disease. Many clonal expansions in the brain matched CD8\(^+\) T-cell expansions in the periphery on the sequence level. These putatively pathogenic clones could be visualized by immunohistochemistry in the brain and were found in close proximity to astrocytes and neurons. Additionally, the expanded clones could be found in the periphery of patients for at least one year.}, subject = {T-Lymphozyt}, language = {en} } @article{RittnerHackelPflueckeetal.2013, author = {Rittner, Heike Lydia and Hackel, Dagmar and Pfl{\"u}cke, Diana and Neumann, Annick and Viebahn, Johannes and Mousa, Shaaban and Wischmeyer, Erhard and Roewer, Norbert and Brack, Alexander}, title = {The Connection of Monocytes and Reactive Oxygen Species in Pain}, series = {PLoS ONE}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0063564}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96669}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The interplay of specific leukocyte subpopulations, resident cells and proalgesic mediators results in pain in inflammation. Proalgesic mediators like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and downstream products elicit pain by stimulation of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. The contribution of leukocyte subpopulations however is less clear. Local injection of neutrophilic chemokines elicits neutrophil recruitment but no hyperalgesia in rats. In meta-analyses the monocytic chemoattractant, CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MCP-1), was identified as an important factor in the pathophysiology of human and animal pain. In this study, intraplantar injection of CCL2 elicited thermal and mechanical pain in Wistar but not in Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which lack p47phox, a part of the NADPH oxidase complex. Inflammatory hyperalgesia after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) as well as capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia and capsaicin-induced current flow in dorsal root ganglion neurons in DA were comparable to Wistar rats. Macrophages from DA expressed lower levels of CCR2 and thereby migrated less towards CCL2 and formed limited amounts of ROS in vitro and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the tissue in response to CCL2 compared to Wistar rats. Local adoptive transfer of peritoneal macrophages from Wistar but not from DA rats reconstituted CCL2-triggered hyperalgesia in leukocyte-depleted DA and Wistar rats. A pharmacological stimulator of ROS production (phytol) restored CCL2-induced hyperalgesia in vivo in DA rats. In Wistar rats, CCL2-induced hyperalgesia was completely blocked by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase or tempol. Likewise, inhibition of NADPH oxidase by apocynin reduced CCL2-elicited hyperalgesia but not CFA-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia. In summary, we provide a link between CCL2, CCR2 expression on macrophages, NADPH oxidase, ROS and the development CCL2-triggered hyperalgesia, which is different from CFA-induced hyperalgesia. The study further supports the impact of CCL2 and ROS as potential targets in pain therapy.}, language = {en} } @article{GrohHoernerMartini2018, author = {Groh, Janos and H{\"o}rner, Michaela and Martini, Rudolf}, title = {Teriflunomide attenuates neuroinflammation-related neural damage in mice carrying human PLP1 mutations}, series = {Journal of Neuroinflammation}, volume = {15}, journal = {Journal of Neuroinflammation}, number = {194}, doi = {10.1186/s12974-018-1228-z}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176524}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Background: Genetically caused neurological disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) are mostly characterized by poor or even fatal clinical outcome and few or no causative treatments are available. Often, these disorders are associated with low-grade, disease-promoting inflammation, another feature shared by progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (PMS). We previously generated two mouse lines carrying distinct mutations in the oligodendrocytic PLP1 gene that have initially been identified in patients diagnosed with MS. These mutations cause a loss of PLP function leading to a histopathological and clinical phenotype common to both PMS and genetic CNS disorders, like hereditary spastic paraplegias. Importantly, neuroinflammation promotes disease progression in these models, suggesting that pharmacological modulation of inflammation might ameliorate disease outcome. Methods: We applied teriflunomide, an approved medication for relapsing-remitting MS targeting activated T-lymphocytes, in the drinking water (10 mg/kg body weight/day). Experimental long-term treatment of PLP mutant mice was non-invasively monitored by longitudinal optical coherence tomography and by rotarod analysis. Immunomodulatory effects were subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry and treatment effects regarding neural damage, and neurodegeneration were assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Results: Preventive treatment with teriflunomide attenuated the increase in number of CD8+ cytotoxic effector T cells and fostered the proliferation of CD8+ CD122+ PD-1+ regulatory T cells in the CNS. This led to an amelioration of axonopathic features and neuron loss in the retinotectal system, also reflected by reduced thinning of the innermost retinal composite layer in longitudinal studies and ameliorated clinical outcome upon preventive long-term treatment. Treatment of immune-incompetent PLP mutants did not provide evidence for a direct, neuroprotective effect of the medication. When treatment was terminated, no rebound of neuroinflammation occurred and histopathological improvement was preserved for at least 75 days without treatment. After disease onset, teriflunomide halted ongoing axonal perturbation and enabled a recovery of dendritic arborization by surviving ganglion cells. However, neither neuron loss nor clinical features were ameliorated, likely due to already advanced neurodegeneration before treatment onset. Conclusions: We identify teriflunomide as a possible medication not only for PMS but also for inflammation-related genetic diseases of the nervous system for which causal treatment options are presently lacking.}, language = {en} } @article{SaintFleurLominyMausVaethetal.2018, author = {Saint Fleur-Lominy, Shella and Maus, Mate and Vaeth, Martin and Lange, Ingo and Zee, Isabelle and Suh, David and Liu, Cynthia and Wu, Xiaojun and Tikhonova, Anastasia and Aifantis, Iannis and Feske, Stefan}, title = {STIM1 and STIM2 Mediate Cancer-Induced Inflammation in T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia}, series = {Cell Reports}, volume = {24}, journal = {Cell Reports}, number = {11}, doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.030}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227259}, pages = {3045-3060}, year = {2018}, abstract = {T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is commonly associated with activating mutations in the NOTCH1 pathway. Recent reports have shown a link between NOTCH1 signaling and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in T-ALL. Here, we investigate the role of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mediated by the Ca2+ channel ORAI1 and its activators STIM1 and STIM2 in T-ALL. Deletion of STIM1 and STIM2 in leukemic cells abolishes SOCE and significantly prolongs the survival of mice in a NOTCH1-dependent model of T-ALL. The survival advantage is unrelated to the leukemic cell burden but is associated with the SOCE-dependent ability of malignant T lymphoblasts to cause inflammation in leukemia-infiltrated organs. Mice with STIM1/STIM2-deficient T-ALL show a markedly reduced necroinflammatory response in leukemia-infiltrated organs and downregulation of signaling pathways previously linked to cancer-induced inflammation. Our study shows that leukemic T lymphoblasts cause inflammation of leukemia-infiltrated organs that is dependent on SOCE.}, language = {en} } @article{KoenigerKuerten2017, author = {Koeniger, Tobias and Kuerten, Stefanie}, title = {Splitting the "unsplittable": Dissecting resident and infiltrating macrophages in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis}, series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, volume = {18}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, number = {10}, issn = {1422-0067}, doi = {10.3390/ijms18102072}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285067}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Macrophages predominate the inflammatory landscape within multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, not only regarding cellularity but also with respect to the diverse functions this cell fraction provides during disease progression and remission. Researchers have been well aware of the fact that the macrophage pool during central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity consists of a mixture of myeloid cells. Yet, separating these populations to define their unique contribution to disease pathology has long been challenging due to their similar marker expression. Sophisticated lineage tracing approaches as well as comprehensive transcriptome analysis have elevated our insight into macrophage biology to a new level enabling scientists to dissect the roles of resident (microglia and non-parenchymal macrophages) and infiltrating macrophages with unprecedented precision. To do so in an accurate way, researchers have to know their toolbox, which has been filled with diverse, discriminating approaches from decades of studying neuroinflammation in animal models. Every method has its own strengths and weaknesses, which will be addressed in this review. The focus will be on tools to manipulate and/or identify different macrophage subgroups within the injured murine CNS.}, language = {en} } @article{CardaniSardiLaFerlaetal.2014, author = {Cardani, Diego and Sardi, Claudia and La Ferla, Barbara and D'Orazio, Guiseppe and Sommariva, Michele and Marcucci, Fabrizio and Olivero, Daniela and Tagliabue, Elda and Koepsell, Hermann and Nicotra, Francesco and Balsari, Andrea and Rumio, Christiano}, title = {Sodium glucose cotransporter 1 ligand BLF501 as a novel tool for management of gastrointestinal mucositis}, series = {Molecular Cancer}, volume = {13}, journal = {Molecular Cancer}, number = {23}, issn = {1476-4598}, doi = {10.1186/1476-4598-13-23}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117352}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Background: Recent studies demonstrated that engagement of sodium glucose transporter 1 (SGLT-1) by orally administered D-glucose protects the intestinal mucosa from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury. We tested whether SGLT-1 engagement might protect the intestinal mucosa from doxorubicin (DXR)- and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced injury in animal models mimicking acute or chronic mucositis. Methods: Mice were treated intraperitoneally with DXR, alone or in combination with 5-FU, and orally with BLF501, a glucose-derived synthetic compound with high affinity for SGLT-1. Intestinal mucosal epithelium integrity was assessed by histological analysis, cellular proliferation assays, real-time PCR gene expression assays and Western blot assays. Student's t-test (paired two-tailed) and X-2 analyses were used for comparisons between groups. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results: BLF501 administration in mice treated with DXR and/or 5-FU decreased the injuries to the mucosa in terms of epithelial integrity and cellular proliferative ability. Co-treatment with BLF501 led to a normal expression and distribution of both zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and beta-catenin, which were underexpressed after treatment with either chemotherapeutic agent alone. BLF501 administration also restored normal expression of caspase-3 and ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM), which were overexpressed after treatment with DXR and 5-FU. In SGLT1-/- mice, BLF501 had no detectable effects. BLF501 administration in wild-type mice with growing A431 tumors did not modify antitumor activity of DXR. Conclusions: BLF501-induced protection of the intestinal mucosa is a promising novel therapeutic approach to reducing the severity of chemotherapy-induced mucositis.}, language = {en} } @article{MaglioccaMoneDiIorioetal.2022, author = {Magliocca, Giorgia and Mone, Pasquale and Di Iorio, Biagio Raffaele and Heidland, August and Marzocco, Stefania}, title = {Short-chain fatty acids in Chronic Kidney Disease: focus on inflammation and oxidative stress regulation}, series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, volume = {23}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, number = {10}, issn = {1422-0067}, doi = {10.3390/ijms23105354}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284587}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a debilitating disease associated with several secondary complications that increase comorbidity and mortality. In patients with CKD, there is a significant qualitative and quantitative alteration in the gut microbiota, which, consequently, also leads to reduced production of beneficial bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. Evidence supports the beneficial effects of short-chain fatty acids in modulating inflammation and oxidative stress, which are implicated in CKD pathogenesis and progression. Therefore, this review will provide an overview of the current knowledge, based on pre-clinical and clinical evidence, on the effect of SCFAs on CKD-associated inflammation and oxidative stress.}, language = {en} } @article{Freitag‐WolfMunzJungeetal.2021, author = {Freitag-Wolf, Sandra and Munz, Matthias and Junge, Olaf and Graetz, Christian and Jockel-Schneider, Yvonne and Staufenbiel, Ingmar and Bruckmann, Corinna and Lieb, Wolfgang and Franke, Andre and Loos, Bruno G. and Jepsen, S{\o}ren and Dommisch, Henrik and Schaefer, Arne S.}, title = {Sex-specific genetic factors affect the risk of early-onset periodontitis in Europeans}, series = {Journal of Clinical Periodontology}, volume = {48}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Periodontology}, number = {11}, doi = {10.1111/jcpe.13538}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262445}, pages = {1404 -- 1413}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Aims Various studies have reported that young European women are more likely to develop early-onset periodontitis compared to men. A potential explanation for the observed variations in sex and age of disease onset is the natural genetic variation within the autosomal genomes. We hypothesized that genotype-by-sex (G × S) interactions contribute to the increased prevalence and severity. Materials and methods Using the case-only design, we tested for differences in genetic effects between men and women in 896 North-West European early-onset cases, using imputed genotypes from the OmniExpress genotyping array. Population-representative 6823 controls were used to verify that the interacting variables G and S were uncorrelated in the general population. Results In total, 20 loci indicated G × S associations (P < 0.0005), 3 of which were previously suggested as risk genes for periodontitis (ABLIM2, CDH13, and NELL1). We also found independent G × S interactions of the related gene paralogs MACROD1/FLRT1 (chr11) and MACROD2/FLRT3 (chr20). G × S-associated SNPs at CPEB4, CDH13, MACROD1, and MECOM were genome-wide-associated with heel bone mineral density (CPEB4, MECOM), waist-to-hip ratio (CPEB4, MACROD1), and blood pressure (CPEB4, CDH13). Conclusions Our results indicate that natural genetic variation affects the different heritability of periodontitis among sexes and suggest genes that contribute to inter-sex phenotypic variation in early-onset periodontitis.}, language = {en} } @article{HofmannBoettgerRangeetal.2017, author = {Hofmann, Sigrun Ruth and B{\"o}ttger, Fanny and Range, Ursula and L{\"u}ck, Christian and Morbach, Henner and Girschick, Hermann Joseph and Suttorp, Meinolf and Hedrich, Christian Michael}, title = {Serum interleukin-6 and CCL11/eotaxin may be suitable biomarkers for the diagnosis of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis}, series = {Frontiers in Pediatrics}, volume = {5}, journal = {Frontiers in Pediatrics}, doi = {10.3389/fped.2017.00256}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172744}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Objectives: Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), the most severe form of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO), is an autoinflammatory bone disorder. In the absence of diagnostic criteria or biomarkers, CNO/CRMO remains a diagnosis of exclusion. The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers for diagnosing multifocal disease (CRMO). Study design: Sera from 71 pediatric CRMO patients, 11 patients with osteoarticular infections, 62 patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 7 patients with para-infectious or reactive arthritis, and 43 patients with acute leukemia or lymphoma, as well as 59 healthy individuals were collected. Multiplex analysis of 18 inflammation- and/or bone remodeling-associated serum proteins was performed. Statistical analysis included univariate ANOVA, discriminant analysis, univariate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and logistic regression analyses. Results: For 14 of 18 blood serum proteins, significant differences were determined between CRMO patients, at least one alternative diagnosis, or healthy controls. Multi-component discriminant analysis delivered five biomarkers (IL-6, CCL11/eotaxin, CCL5/RANTES, collagen Iα, sIL-2R) for the diagnosis of CRMO. ROC analysis allowed further reduction to a core set of 2 biomarkers (CCL11/eotaxin, IL-6) that are sufficient to discern between CRMO, healthy controls, and alternative diagnoses. Conclusion: Serum biomarkers CCL11/eotaxin and IL-6 differentiate between patients with CRMO, healthy controls, and alternative diagnoses (leukemia and lymphoma, osteoarticular infections, para-infectious arthritis, and JIA). Easily accessible biomarkers may aid in diagnosing CRMO. Further studies testing biomarkers in larger unrelated cohorts are warranted.}, language = {en} } @article{LoefflerLoefflerKobsaretal.2015, author = {Loeffler, Claudia and Loeffler, J{\"u}rgen and Kobsar, Anna and Speer, Christian P. and Eigenthaler, Martin}, title = {Septic Vs Colonizing Group B Streptococci Differentially Regulate Inflammation and Apoptosis in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells - a Pilot Study}, series = {Journal of Pediatrics and Neonatal Care}, volume = {2}, journal = {Journal of Pediatrics and Neonatal Care}, number = {2}, doi = {10.15406/jpnc.2015.02.00064}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125596}, pages = {00064}, year = {2015}, abstract = {In this pilot study, we exemplify differences between a septic and a colonizing GBS strain during their interaction with Endothelial Cells by evaluating cytokine levels, surface and apoptosis-related molecules. These preliminary results indicate that in vitro infection using an exemplary septic GBS strain results in diminished activation of the innate immune response.}, language = {en} } @article{FrischholzBerberichBoecketal.2020, author = {Frischholz, Sebastian and Berberich, Oliver and B{\"o}ck, Thomas and Meffert, Rainer H. and Blunk, Torsten}, title = {Resveratrol counteracts IL-1β-mediated impairment of extracellular matrix deposition in 3D articular chondrocyte constructs}, series = {Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine}, volume = {14}, journal = {Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine}, number = {7}, doi = {10.1002/term.3031}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-215471}, pages = {897 -- 908}, year = {2020}, abstract = {When aiming at cell-based therapies in osteoarthritis (OA), proinflammatory conditions mediated by cytokines such as IL-1β need to be considered. In recent studies, the phytoalexin resveratrol (RSV) has exhibited potent anti-inflammatory properties. However, long-term effects on 3D cartilaginous constructs under inflammatory conditions with regard to tissue quality, especially extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, have remained unexplored. Therefore, we employed long-term model cultures for cell-based therapies in an in vitro OA environment and evaluated effects of RSV. Pellet constructs made from expanded porcine articular chondrocytes were cultured with either IL-1β (1-10 ng/ml) or RSV (50 μM) alone, or a cotreatment with both agents. Treatments were applied for 14 days, either directly after pellet formation or after a preculture period of 7 days. Culture with IL-1β (10 ng/ml) decreased pellet size and DNA amount and severely compromised glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content. Cotreatment with RSV distinctly counteracted the proinflammatory catabolism and led to partial rescue of the ECM composition in both culture systems, with especially strong effects on GAG. Marked MMP13 expression was detected in IL-1β-treated pellets, but none upon RSV cotreatment. Expression of collagen type I was increased upon IL-1β treatment and still observed when adding RSV, whereas collagen type X, indicating hypertrophy, was detected exclusively in pellets treated with RSV alone. In conclusion, RSV can counteract IL-1β-mediated degradation and distinctly improve cartilaginous ECM deposition in 3D long-term inflammatory cultures. Nevertheless, potential hypertrophic effects should be taken into account when considering RSV as cotreatment for articular cartilage repair techniques.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Frischholz2021, author = {Frischholz, Sebastian}, title = {Resveratrol Counteracts IL-1β-mediated Impairment of Extracellular Matrix Deposition in 3D Articular Chondrocyte Constructs}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-23745}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-237453}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Articular cartilage is an exceptional connective tissue which by a network of fibrillar collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) molecules allows both low- friction articulation and distribution of loads to the subchondral bone (Armiento et al., 2018, Ulrich-Vinther et al., 2003). Because of its very limited ability to self-repair, chondral defects following traumatic injury increase the risk for secondary osteoarthritis (OA) (Muthuri et al., 2011). Still, current OA treatments such as common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and joint replacement primarily address end-stage symptoms (Tonge et al., 2014). As low-grade inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of OA (Robinson et al., 2016), there is a strong demand for novel therapeutic concepts, such as integrating application of anti-inflammatory agents into cartilage cell- based therapies in order to effectively treat OA affected joints in early disease stages. The polyphenolic phytoalexin resveratrol (RSV), found in the skin of red grapes, berries, and peanuts, has been shown to have effective anti-inflammatory properties (Shen et al., 2012). However, its long-term effects on 3D chondrocyte constructs cultured in an inflammatory environment with regard to tissue quality have remained unexplored so far. Therefore, in this study, pellets made from expanded porcine articular chondrocytes were cultured for 14 days with either the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (1 - 10 ng/ml) or RSV (50 μM) alone, or a co-treatment with both agents. Constructs treated with chondrocyte medium only served as control. Treatment with IL-1β at 10 ng/ml resulted in a significantly smaller pellet size and reduced DNA content. However, RSV counteracted the IL-1β-induced decrease and significantly enhanced diameter and DNA content. Also, in terms of GAG deposition, treatment with IL-1β at 10 ng/ml resulted in a tremendous depletion of absolute GAG content and GAG/DNA. Again, RSV co-treatment counteracted the inflammatory stimulus and led to a partial recovery of GAG content. Histological analysis utilizing safranin-O staining confirmed these findings. Marked expression of the cartilage-degrading enzyme matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) was detected in IL-1β-treated pellets, but none upon RSV co- treatment. Moreover, co-treatment of IL-1β-challenged constructs with RSV significantly increased absolute collagen content. However, under non- inflammatory conditions, RSV induced gene expression and protein accumulation of collagen type X, a marker for undesirable hypertrophy. Taken together, in the present thesis, RSV was demonstrated to elicit marked beneficial effects on the extracellular matrix composition of 3D cartilaginous constructs in long-term inflammatory culture in vitro, but also induced hypertrophy under non-inflammatory conditions. Based on these findings, further experiments examining multiple concentrations of RSV under various inflammatory conditions appear desirable concerning potential therapeutic applicability in OA.}, subject = {Resveratrol}, language = {en} } @article{KarnatiGuntasRajendranetal.2022, author = {Karnati, Srikanth and Guntas, Gulcan and Rajendran, Ranjithkumar and Shityakov, Sergey and H{\"o}ring, Marcus and Liebisch, Gerhard and Kosanovic, Djuro and Erg{\"u}n, S{\"u}leyman and Nagai, Michiaki and F{\"o}rster, Carola Y.}, title = {Quantitative lipidomic analysis of Takotsubo syndrome patients' serum}, series = {Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine}, number = {797154}, issn = {2297-055X}, doi = {10.3389/fcvm.2022.797154}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270832}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as the transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome, is in contemporary times known as novel acute cardiac syndrome. It is characterized by transient left ventricular apical akinesis and hyperkinesis of the basal left ventricular portions. Although the precise etiology of TTS is unknown, events like the sudden release of stress hormones, such as the catecholamines and the increased inflammatory status might be plausible causes leading to the cardiovascular pathologies. Recent studies have highlighted that an imbalance in lipid accumulation might promote a deviant immune response as observed in TTS. However, there is no information on comprehensive profiling of serum lipids of TTS patients. Therefore, we investigated a detailed quantitative lipid analysis of TTS patients using ES-MSI. Our results showed significant differences in the majority of lipid species composition in the TTS patients compared to the control group. Furthermore, the computational analyses presented was able to link the altered lipids to the pro-inflammatory cytokines and disseminate possible mechanistic pathways involving TNFα and IL-6. Taken together, our study provides an extensive quantitative lipidome of TTS patients, which may provide a valuable Pre-diagnostic tool. This would facilitate the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of the disease and to prevent the development of TTS in the future.}, language = {en} } @article{NotzSchmalzingWedekinketal.2020, author = {Notz, Quirin and Schmalzing, Marc and Wedekink, Florian and Schlesinger, Tobias and Gernert, Michael and Herrmann, Johannes and Sorger, Lena and Weismann, Dirk and Schmid, Benedikt and Sitter, Magdalena and Schlegel, Nicolas and Kranke, Peter and Wischhusen, J{\"o}rg and Meybohm, Patrick and Lotz, Christopher}, title = {Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Responses in Severe COVID-19-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome—An Observational Pilot Study}, series = {Frontiers in Immunology}, volume = {11}, journal = {Frontiers in Immunology}, issn = {1664-3224}, doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2020.581338}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-212815}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Objectives The severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is largely determined by the immune response. First studies indicate altered lymphocyte counts and function. However, interactions of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain elusive. In the current study we characterized the immune responses in patients suffering from severe COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods This was a single-center retrospective study in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with confirmed COVID-19 between March 14th and May 28th 2020 (n = 39). Longitudinal data were collected within routine clinical care, including flow-cytometry of lymphocyte subsets, cytokine analysis and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). Antibody responses against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein were analyzed. Results All patients suffered from severe ARDS, 30.8\% died. Interleukin (IL)-6 was massively elevated at every time-point. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was concomitantly upregulated with IL-6. The cellular response was characterized by lymphocytopenia with low counts of CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) and na{\"i}ve T helper cells. CD8+ T and NK cells recovered after 8 to 14 days. The B cell system was largely unimpeded. This coincided with a slight increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike-RBD immunoglobulin (Ig) G and a decrease in anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike-RBD IgM. GDF-15 levels were elevated throughout ICU treatment. Conclusions Massively elevated levels of IL-6 and a delayed cytotoxic immune defense characterized severe COVID-19-induced ARDS. The B cell response and antibody production were largely unimpeded. No obvious imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms was observed, with elevated GDF-15 levels suggesting increased tissue resilience.}, language = {en} } @article{WillemsUrlichsSeidenspinneretal.2012, author = {Willems, Coen H. M. P. and Urlichs, Florian and Seidenspinner, Silvia and Kunzmann, Steffen and Speer, Christian P. and Kramer, Boris W.}, title = {Poractant alfa (Curosurf (R)) increases phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by alveolar macrophages in vivo}, series = {Respiratory Research}, volume = {13}, journal = {Respiratory Research}, number = {17}, doi = {10.1186/1465-9921-13-17}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130721}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Background: Clearance of apoptotic neutrophils in the lung is an essential process to limit inflammation, since they could become a pro-inflammatory stimulus themselves. The clearance is partially mediated by alveolar macrophages, which phagocytose these apoptotic cells. The phagocytosis of apoptotic immune cells by monocytes in vitro has been shown to be augmented by several constituents of pulmonary surfactant, e. g. phospholipids and hydrophobic surfactant proteins. In this study, we assessed the influence of exogenous poractant alfa (Curosurf (R)) instillation on the in vivo phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by alveolar macrophages. Methods: Poractant alfa (200 mg/kg) was instilled intratracheally in the lungs of three months old adult male C57/Black 6 mice, followed by apoptotic neutrophil instillation. Bronchoalveloar lavage was performed and alveolar macrophages and neutrophils were counted. Phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils was quantified by determining the number of apoptotic neutrophils per alveolar macrophages. Results: Exogenous surfactant increased the number of alveolar macrophages engulfing apoptotic neutrophils 2.6 fold. The phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils was increased in the presence of exogenous surfactant by a 4.7 fold increase in phagocytosed apoptotic neutrophils per alveolar macrophage. Conclusions: We conclude that the anti-inflammatory properties of surfactant therapy may be mediated in part by increased numbers of alveolar macrophages and increased phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by alveolar macrophages.}, language = {en} } @article{OehlerMohammadiPerpinaVicianoetal.2017, author = {Oehler, Beatrice and Mohammadi, Milad and Perpina Viciano, Cristina and Hackel, Dagmar and Hoffmann, Carsten and Brack, Alexander and Rittner, Heike L.}, title = {Peripheral interaction of Resolvin D1 and E1 with opioid receptor antagonists for antinociception in inflammatory pain in rats}, series = {Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience}, volume = {10}, journal = {Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience}, number = {242}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158642}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Antinociceptive pathways are activated in the periphery in inflammatory pain, for instance resolvins and opioid peptides. Resolvins are biosynthesized from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Resolvin D1 (RvD1) and resolvin E1 (RvE1) initiate the resolution of inflammation and control of hypersensitivity via induction of anti-inflammatory signaling cascades. RvD1 binds to lipoxin A4/annexin-A1 receptor/formyl-peptide receptor 2 (ALX/FPR2), RvE1 to chemerin receptor 23 (ChemR23). Antinociception of RvD1 is mediated by interaction with transient receptor potential channels ankyrin 1 (TRPA1). Endogenous opioid peptides are synthesized and released from leukocytes in the tissue and bind to opioid receptors on nociceptor terminals. Here, we further explored peripheral mechanisms of RvD1 and chemerin (Chem), the ligand of ChemR23, in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced hindpaw inflammation in male Wistar rats. RvD1 and Chem ameliorated CFA-induced hypersensitivity in early and late inflammatory phases. This was prevented by peripheral blockade of the μ-opioid peptide receptor (MOR) using low dose local naloxone or by local injection of anti-β-endorphin and anti-met-enkephalin (anti-ENK) antibodies. Naloxone also hindered antinociception by the TRPA1 inhibitor HC-030031. RvD1 did not stimulate the release of β-endorphin from macrophages and neutrophils, nor did RvD1 itself activate G-proteins coupled MOR or initiate β-arrestin recruitment to the membrane. TRPA1 blockade by HC-030031 in inflammation in vivo as well as inhibition of the TRPA1-mediated calcium influx in dorsal root ganglia neurons in vitro was hampered by naloxone. Peripheral application of naloxone alone in vivo already lowered mechanical nociceptive thresholds. Therefore, either a perturbation of the balance of endogenous pro- and antinociceptive mechanisms in early and late inflammation, or an interaction of TRPA1 and opioid receptors weaken the antinociceptive potency of RvD1 and TRPA1 blockers.}, language = {en} } @article{GlaserGradzkaLuczewskaSzymankiewiczBreborowiczetal.2019, author = {Glaser, Kirsten and Gradzka-Luczewska, Anna and Szymankiewicz-Breborowicz, Marta and Kawczynska-Leda, Natalia and Henrich, Birgit and Waaga-Gasser, Ana Maria and Speer, Christian P.}, title = {Perinatal ureaplasma exposure is associated with increased risk of late onset sepsis and imbalanced inflammation in preterm infants and may add to lung injury}, series = {Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology}, number = {68}, doi = {10.3389/fcimb.2019.00068}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201270}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Background: Controversy remains concerning the impact of Ureaplasma on preterm neonatal morbidity. Methods: Prospective single-center study in very low birth weight infants <30 weeks' gestation. Cord blood and initial nasopharyngeal swabs were screened for Ureaplasma parvum and U. urealyticum using culture technique and polymerase chain reaction. Neonatal outcomes were followed until death or discharge. Multi-analyte immunoassay provided cord blood levels of inflammatory markers. Using multivariate regression analyses, perinatal Ureaplasma exposure was evaluated as risk factor for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), other neonatal morbidities until discharge and systemic inflammation at admission. Results: 40/103 (39\%) infants were positive for Ureaplasma in one or both specimens, with U. parvum being the predominant species. While exposure to Ureaplasma alone was not associated with BPD, we found an increased risk of BPD in Ureaplasma-positive infants ventilated ≥5 days (OR 1.64; 95\% CI 0.12-22.98; p = 0.009). Presence of Ureaplasma was associated with a 7-fold risk of late onset sepsis (LOS) (95\% CI 1.80-27.39; p = 0.014). Moreover, Ureaplasma-positive infants had higher I/T ratios (b 0.39; 95\% CI 0.08-0.71; p = 0.014), increased levels of interleukin (IL)-17 (b 0.16; 95\% CI 0.02-0.30; p = 0.025) and matrix metalloproteinase 8 (b 0.77; 95\% CI 0.10-1.44; p = 0.020), decreased levels of IL-10 (b -0.77; 95\% CI -1.58 to -0.01; p = 0.043) and increased ratios of Tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-8, and IL-17 to anti-inflammatory IL-10 (p = 0.003, p = 0.012, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Positive Ureaplasma screening was not associated with BPD. However, exposure contributed to BPD in infants ventilated ≥5 days and conferred an increased risk of LOS and imbalanced inflammatory cytokine responses.}, language = {en} } @article{DresenPimientoPateletal.2023, author = {Dresen, Ellen and Pimiento, Jose M. and Patel, Jayshil J. and Heyland, Daren K. and Rice, Todd W. and Stoppe, Christian}, title = {Overview of oxidative stress and the role of micronutrients in critical illness}, series = {Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition}, volume = {47}, journal = {Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.1002/jpen.2421}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-318186}, pages = {S38 -- S49}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Inflammation and oxidative stress represent physiological response mechanisms to different types of stimuli and injury during critical illness. Its proper regulation is fundamental to cellular and organismal survival and are paramount to outcomes and recovery from critical illness. A proper maintenance of the delicate balance between inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune response is crucial for resolution from critical illness with important implications for patient outcome. The extent of inflammation and oxidative stress under normal conditions is limited by the antioxidant defense system of the human body, whereas the antioxidant capacity is commonly significantly compromised, and serum levels of micronutrients and vitamins significantly depleted in patients who are critically ill. Hence, the provision of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nutrients may help to reduce the extent of oxidative stress and therefore improve clinical outcomes in patients who are critically ill. As existing evidence of the beneficial effects of antioxidant supplementation in patients who are critically ill is still unclear, actual findings about the most promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidative candidates selenium, vitamin C, zinc, and vitamin D will be discussed in this narrative review. The existing evidence provided so far demonstrates that several factors need to be considered to determine the efficacy of an antioxidant supplementation strategy in patients who are critically ill and indicates the need for adequately designed multicenter prospective randomized control trials to evaluate the clinical significance of different types and doses of micronutrients and vitamins in selected groups of patients with different types of critical illness.}, language = {en} } @article{WeiderSchlagenhaufSeefried2022, author = {Weider, Margareta and Schlagenhauf, Ulrich and Seefried, Lothar}, title = {Oral health status of adult hypophosphatasia patients: A cross-sectional study}, series = {Journal of Clinical Periodontology}, volume = {49}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Periodontology}, number = {12}, doi = {10.1111/jcpe.13718}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-293777}, pages = {1253 -- 1261}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Aim This study evaluated the oral health status of adult patients with hypophosphatasia (HPP). Materials and Methods Parameters of oral health assessment comprised decayed/missing/filled teeth (DMFT) index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level (CAL) as well as documentation of tooth loss and periodontal health status according to CCD/AAP criteria. Findings were compared with national reference data (DMS V survey) reporting oral health status in age-related controls. Within-group comparisons were made between the HPP patients harbouring one versus two alkaline phosphatase liver/bone/kidney type (ALPL) gene variants. Results Of 80 HPP patients (64 female) with a mean age of 46.4 years (range 24-78) and one (n = 55) or two (n = 18) variants (n = 7 lacking testing) within the ALPL gene, those with two variants displayed substantially higher tooth loss rate (14.0 ± 9.3) than those affected by only one ALPL variant (4.1 ± 5.4), who did not differ substantially from healthy DMS V controls. While DMFT score and severe periodontal diseases (PDs) of HPP patients with one variant only increased with progressing age, the two-variant sub-cohort age independently exhibited increased DMFT scores and a higher rate of severe PDs. Conclusions HPP patients affected by two variants of the ALPL gene exhibited a higher risk of periodontitis and tooth loss than the general population, while patients with one variant developed clinically relevant oral disease symptoms with progressing ageing.}, language = {en} } @article{RajendranRajendranGiraldoVelasquezetal.2021, author = {Rajendran, Ranjithkumar and Rajendran, Vinothkumar and Giraldo-Velasquez, Mario and Megalofonou, Fevronia-Foivi and Gurski, Fynn and Stadelmann, Christine and Karnati, Srikanth and Berghoff, Martin}, title = {Oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of FGFR1 reduces cerebellar inflammation and neurodegeneration in MOG\(_{35-55}\)-induced EAE}, series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, volume = {22}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, number = {17}, issn = {1422-0067}, doi = {10.3390/ijms22179495}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284296}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS commonly affects the cerebellum causing acute and chronic symptoms. Cerebellar signs significantly contribute to clinical disability, and symptoms such as tremor, ataxia, and dysarthria are difficult to treat. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are involved in demyelinating pathologies such as MS. In autopsy tissue from patients with MS, increased expression of FGF1, FGF2, FGF9, and FGFR1 was found in lesion areas. Recent research using mouse models has focused on regions such as the spinal cord, and data on the expression of FGF/FGFR in the cerebellum are not available. In recent EAE studies, we detected that oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of FGFRs results in a milder disease course, less cellular infiltrates, and reduced neurodegeneration in the spinal cord. The objective of this study was to characterize the role of FGFR1 in oligodendrocytes in the cerebellum. Conditional deletion of FGFR1 in oligodendrocytes (Fgfr1\(^{ind-/-}\) was achieved by tamoxifen application, EAE was induced using the MOG\(_{35-55}\) peptide. The cerebellum was analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and western blot. At day 62 p.i., Fgfr1\(^{ind-/-}\) mice showed less myelin and axonal degeneration compared to FGFR1-competent mice. Infiltration of CD3(+) T cells, Mac3(+) cells, B220(+) B cells and IgG(+) plasma cells in cerebellar white matter lesions (WML) was less in Fgfr1\(^{ind-/-}\)mice. There were no effects on the number of OPC or mature oligodendrocytes in white matter lesion (WML). Expression of FGF2 and FGF9 associated with less myelin and axonal degeneration, and of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and CD200 was downregulated in Fgfr1\(^{ind-/-}\) mice. The FGF/FGFR signaling protein pAkt, BDNF, and TrkB were increased in Fgfr1\(^{ind-/-}\) mice. These data suggest that cell-specific deletion of FGFR1 in oligodendrocytes has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the cerebellum in the EAE disease model of MS.}, language = {en} } @article{HeitmannFringsGeieretal.2021, author = {Heitmann, Johanna and Frings, Verena G. and Geier, Andreas and Goebeler, Matthias and Kerstan, Andreas}, title = {Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and psoriasis - is there a shared proinflammatory network?}, series = {Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft}, volume = {19}, journal = {Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1111/ddg.14425}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258424}, pages = {517-528}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Psoriasis is an immune-mediated systemic inflammatory disease that is not limited to the skin but may be associated with arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome including diabetes and obesity and, as identified more recently, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that occurs in approximately 50 \% of all patients with psoriasis. NAFLD is characterized by accumulation of fat in hepatocytes in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption. Over the last two decades, NAFLD has developed to the most common chronic liver disease with an estimated prevalence of 25 \% in the Western population. NAFLD ranges from non-inflammatory or bland hepatic steatosis to inflammation of hepatic tissue (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) and consecutive liver fibrosis. It is controversial whether the underlying systemic inflammation of psoriasis is contributing to development of NAFLD or if comorbid diseases such as obesity enhance NAFLD development. Recent findings indicate that cytokine-mediated inflammation through TNFα, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17 might be the common link between psoriasis and NAFLD. Considering the shared inflammatory pathways, IL-17 pharmacological blockade, which is already well-established for psoriasis, may be a promising strategy to treat both psoriasis and NAFLD. Therefore, early detection of NAFLD and a better understanding of its pathophysiology in the context of the systemic inflammation in psoriasis is important with regard to individualized treatment approaches.}, language = {en} } @article{AlrefaiMuhammadRudolfetal.2016, author = {Alrefai, Hani and Muhammad, Khalid and Rudolf, Ronald and Pham, Duong Anh Thuy and Klein-Hessling, Stefan and Patra, Amiya K. and Avots, Andris and Bukur, Valesca and Sahin,, Ugur and Tenzer, Stefan and Goebeler, Matthias and Kerstan, Andreas and Serfling, Edgar}, title = {NFATc1 supports imiquimod-induced skin inflammation by suppressing IL-10 synthesis in B cells}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {7}, journal = {Nature Communications}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms11724}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173053}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Epicutaneous application of Aldara cream containing the TLR7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ) to mice induces skin inflammation that exhibits many aspects of psoriasis, an inflammatory human skin disease. Here we show that mice depleted of B cells or bearing interleukin (IL)-10-deficient B cells show a fulminant inflammation upon IMQ exposure, whereas ablation of NFATc1 in B cells results in a suppression of Aldara-induced inflammation. In vitro, IMQ induces the proliferation and IL-10 expression by B cells that is blocked by BCR signals inducing NFATc1. By binding to HDAC1, a transcriptional repressor, and to an intronic site of the Il10 gene, NFATc1 suppresses IL-10 expression that dampens the production of tumour necrosis factor-α and IL-17 by T cells. These data indicate a close link between NFATc1 and IL-10 expression in B cells and suggest NFATc1 and, in particular, its inducible short isoform, NFATc1/αA, as a potential target to treat human psoriasis.}, language = {en} } @article{WeilandBeezWestermaieretal.2021, author = {Weiland, Judith and Beez, Alexandra and Westermaier, Thomas and Kunze, Ekkehard and Sir{\´e}n, Anna-Leena and Lilla, Nadine}, title = {Neuroprotective strategies in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH)}, series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, volume = {22}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, number = {11}, issn = {1422-0067}, doi = {10.3390/ijms22115442}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260755}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) remains a disease with high mortality and morbidity. Since treating vasospasm has not inevitably led to an improvement in outcome, the actual emphasis is on finding neuroprotective therapies in the early phase following aSAH to prevent secondary brain injury in the later phase of disease. Within the early phase, neuroinflammation, thromboinflammation, disturbances in brain metabolism and early neuroprotective therapies directed against delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) came into focus. Herein, the role of neuroinflammation, thromboinflammation and metabolism in aSAH is depicted. Potential neuroprotective strategies regarding neuroinflammation target microglia activation, metalloproteases, autophagy and the pathway via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), NF-κB and finally the release of cytokines like TNFα or IL-1. Following the link to thromboinflammation, potential neuroprotective therapies try to target microthrombus formation, platelets and platelet receptors as well as clot clearance and immune cell infiltration. Potential neuroprotective strategies regarding metabolism try to re-balance the mismatch of energy need and supply following aSAH, for example, in restoring fuel to the TCA cycle or bypassing distinct energy pathways. Overall, this review addresses current neuroprotective strategies in aSAH, hopefully leading to future translational therapy options to prevent secondary brain injury.}, language = {en} } @article{HowangyinZlatanovaPintoetal.2016, author = {Howangyin, Kiave-Yune and Zlatanova, Ivana and Pinto, Cristina and Ngkelo, Anta and Cochain, Cl{\´e}ment and Rouanet, Marie and Vilar, Jos{\´e} and Lemitre, Mathilde and Stockmann, Christian and Fleischmann, Bernd K. and Mallat, Ziad and Silvestre, Jean-S{\´e}bastien}, title = {Myeloid-epithelial-reproductive receptor tyrosine kinase and milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 coordinately improve remodeling after myocardial infarction via local delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor}, series = {Circulation}, volume = {133}, journal = {Circulation}, number = {9}, doi = {10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020857}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190755}, pages = {826-839}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Background: In infarcted heart, improper clearance of dying cells by activated neighboring phagocytes may precipitate the transition to heart failure. We analyzed the coordinated role of 2 major mediators of efferocytosis, the myeloid-epithelial-reproductive protein tyrosine kinase (Mertk) and the milk fat globule epidermal growth factor (Mfge8), in directing cardiac remodeling by skewing the inflammatory response after myocardial infarction. Methods and Results: We generated double-deficient mice for Mertk and Mfge8 (Mertk\(^{-/-}\)/Mfge8\(^{-/-}\)) and challenged them with acute coronary ligature. Compared with wild-type, Mertk-deficient (Mertk\(^{-/-}\)), or Mfge8-deficient (Mfge8\(^{-/-}\)) animals, Mertk\(^{-/-}\)/Mfge8\(^{-/-}\) mice displayed greater alteration in cardiac function and remodeling. Mertk and Mfge8 were expressed mainly by cardiac Ly6C\(^{High and Low}\) monocytes and macrophages. In parallel, Mertk\(^{-/-}\)/Mfge8\(^{-/-}\) bone marrow chimeras manifested increased accumulation of apoptotic cells, enhanced fibrotic area, and larger infarct size, as well as reduced angiogenesis. We found that the abrogation of efferocytosis affected neither the ability of circulating monocytes to infiltrate cardiac tissue nor the number of resident Ly6C\(^{High}\) and Ly6C\(^{Low}\) monocytes/macrophages populating the infarcted milieu. In contrast, combined Mertk and Mfge8 deficiency in Ly6C\(^{High}\)/Ly6C\(^{Low}\) monocytes/macrophages either obtained from in vitro differentiation of bone marrow cells or isolated from infarcted hearts altered their capacity of efferocytosis and subsequently blunted vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) release. Using LysMCre\(^+\)/VEGFA\(^{fl/fl}\) mice, we further identified an important role for myeloid-derived VEGFA in improving cardiac function and angiogenesis. Conclusions: After myocardial infarction, Mertk- and Mfge8-expressing monocyte/macrophages synergistically engage the clearance of injured cardiomyocytes, favoring the secretion of VEGFA to locally repair the dysfunctional heart.}, language = {en} } @article{HungDreherDiessneretal.2022, author = {Hung, Sophia and Dreher, Liane and Diessner, Joachim and Schwarz, Stefan and Ohlsen, Knut and Hertlein, Tobias}, title = {MRSA infection in the thigh muscle leads to systemic disease, strong inflammation, and loss of human monocytes in humanized mice}, series = {Frontiers in Immunology}, volume = {13}, journal = {Frontiers in Immunology}, issn = {1664-3224}, doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2022.892053}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-278050}, year = {2022}, abstract = {MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is the second-leading cause of deaths by antibiotic-resistant bacteria globally, with more than 100,000 attributable deaths annually. Despite the high urgency to develop a vaccine to control this pathogen, all clinical trials with pre-clinically effective candidates failed so far. The recent development of "humanized" mice might help to edge the pre-clinical evaluation closer to the clinical situation and thus close this gap. We infected humanized NSG mice (huNSG: (NOD)-scid IL2R\(_γ\)\(^{null}\) mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells) locally with S. aureus USA300 LAC* lux into the thigh muscle in order to investigate the human immune response to acute and chronic infection. These mice proved not only to be more susceptible to MRSA infection than wild-type or "murinized" mice, but displayed furthermore inferior survival and signs of systemic infection in an otherwise localized infection model. The rate of humanization correlated directly with the severity of disease and survival of the mice. Human and murine cytokine levels in blood and at the primary site of infection were strongly elevated in huNSG mice compared to all control groups. And importantly, differences in human and murine immune cell lineages surfaced during the infection, with human monocyte and B cell numbers in blood and bone marrow being significantly reduced at the later time point of infection. Murine monocytes in contrast behaved conversely by increasing cell numbers. This study demonstrates significant differences in the in vivo behavior of human and murine cells towards S. aureus infection, which might help to sharpen the translational potential of pre-clinical models for future therapeutic approaches.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Partheil2013, author = {Partheil, Anna}, title = {Monozyten und Prostaglandine in der Schmerzentstehung}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85091}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Schmerz ist eine klassische Komponente von Entz{\"u}ndungsreaktionen. Im Rahmen des Entz{\"u}ndungsgeschehens werden Zytokine und Chemokine freigesetzt, die Leukozyten zum Entz{\"u}ndungsort rekrutieren. {\"U}ber die Freisetzung weiterer proalgetischer Mediatoren tragen diese zur Aktivierung und Sensitivierung von Nozizeptoren und damit zur Schmerzentstehung bei. Das Monozyten-rekrutierende Chemokin CCL2 verursachte in Verhaltensexperimenten eine Hyperalgesie bei Ratten. Die Hyperalgesie war durch den Cox-2 Inhibitor Parecoxib vollst{\"a}ndig reversibel. Daher wurde in dieser Arbeit die Rolle von Monozyten und Prostaglandinen in der Entstehung dieser Hyperalgesie untersucht. Dazu wurde in vitro die Cox-2 Expression und die Prostaglandin-Bildung in humanen Monozyten und Peritonealmakrophagen der Ratte nach CCL2 Stimulation bestimmt. Zudem wurde in vivo die Cox-2 Expression im R{\"u}ckenmark und in der Rattenpfote nach CCL2 Injektion in die Pfote untersucht.}, subject = {Schmerz}, language = {de} } @article{WernerWakabayashiBaueretal.2018, author = {Werner, Rudolf and Wakabayashi, Hiroshi and Bauer, Jochen and Sch{\"u}tz, Claudia and Zechmeister, Christina and Hayakawa, Nobuyuki and Javadi, Mehrbod S. and Lapa, Constantin and Jahns, Roland and Erg{\"u}n, S{\"u}leyman and Jahns, Valerie and Higuchi, Takahiro}, title = {Longitudinal \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET imaging in a Rat Model of Autoimmune Myocarditis}, series = {European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging}, journal = {European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging}, issn = {2047-2404}, doi = {10.1093/ehjci/jey119}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165601}, pages = {1-8}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Aims: Although mortality rate is very high, diagnosis of acute myocarditis remains challenging with conventional tests. We aimed to elucidate the potential role of longitudinal 2-Deoxy-2-\(^{18}\)F-fluoro-D-glucose (\(^{18}\)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) inflammation monitoring in a rat model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Methods and results: Autoimmune myocarditis was induced in Lewis rats by immunizing with porcine cardiac myosin emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Time course of disease was assessed by longitudinal \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET imaging. A correlative analysis between in- and ex vivo \(^{18}\)F-FDG signalling and macrophage infiltration using CD68 staining was conducted. Finally, immunohistochemistry analysis of the cell-adhesion markers CD34 and CD44 was performed at different disease stages determined by longitudinal \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET imaging. After immunization, myocarditis rats revealed a temporal increase in 18F-FDG uptake (peaked at week 3), which was followed by a rapid decline thereafter. Localization of CD68 positive cells was well correlated with in vivo \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET signalling (R\(^2\) = 0.92) as well as with ex vivo 18F-FDG autoradiography (R\(^2\) = 0.9, P < 0.001, respectively). CD44 positivity was primarily observed at tissue samples obtained at acute phase (i.e. at peak 18F-FDG uptake), while CD34-positive staining areas were predominantly identified in samples harvested at both sub-acute and chronic phases (i.e. at \(^{18}\)F-FDG decrease). Conclusion: \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET imaging can provide non-invasive serial monitoring of cardiac inflammation in a rat model of acute myocarditis.}, subject = {Myokarditis}, language = {en} } @article{GarciaFernandezReinholdUeceyleretal.2023, author = {Garc{\´i}a-Fern{\´a}ndez, Patricia and Reinhold, Colette and {\"U}{\c{c}}eyler, Nurcan and Sommer, Claudia}, title = {Local inflammatory mediators involved in neuropathic pain}, series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, volume = {24}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, number = {9}, issn = {1422-0067}, doi = {10.3390/ijms24097814}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313613}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Polyneuropathy (PNP) is a term to describe diseases of the peripheral nervous system, 50\% of which present with neuropathic pain. In some types of PNP, pain is restricted to the skin distally in the leg, suggesting a local regulatory process leading to pain. In this study, we proposed a pro-inflammatory pathway mediated by NF-κB that might be involved in the development of pain in patients with painful PNP. To test this hypothesis, we have collected nerve and skin samples from patients with different etiologies and levels of pain. We performed RT-qPCR to analyze the gene expression of the proposed inflammatory pathway components in sural nerve and in distal and proximal skin samples. In sural nerve, we showed a correlation of TLR4 and TNFα to neuropathic pain, and an upregulation of TNFα in patients with severe pain. Patients with an inflammatory PNP also presented a lower expression of TRPV1 and SIRT1. In distal skin, we found a reduced expression of TLR4 and miR-146-5p, in comparison to proximal skin. Our findings thus support our hypothesis of local inflammatory processes involved in pain in PNP, and further show disturbed anti-inflammatory pathways involving TRPV1 and SIRT1 in inflammatory PNP.}, language = {en} } @article{SchreweLillLiuetal.2015, author = {Schrewe, L. and Lill, C. M. and Liu, T. and Salmen, A. and Gerdes, L. A. and Guillot-Noel, L. and Akkad, D. A. and Blaschke, P. and Graetz, C. and Hoffjan, S. and Kroner, A. and Demir, S. and B{\"o}hme, A. and Rieckmann, P. and El Ali, A. and Hagemann, N. and Hermann, D. M. and Cournu-Rebeix, I. and Zipp, F. and K{\"u}mpfel, T. and Buttmann, M. and Zettl, U. K. and Fontaine, B. and Bertram, L. and Gold, R. and Chan, A.}, title = {Investigation of sex-specific effects of apolipoprotein E on severity of EAE and MS}, series = {Journal of Neuroinflammation}, volume = {12}, journal = {Journal of Neuroinflammation}, number = {234}, doi = {10.1186/s12974-015-0429-y}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136252}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Background: Despite pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects of apolipoprotein E (apoE) in vitro, its effects on the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are still controversial. As sex hormones modify immunomodulatory apoE functions, they may explain contentious findings. This study aimed to investigate sex-specific effects of apoE on disease course of EAE and MS. Methods: MOG\(_{35-55}\) induced EAE in female and male apoE-deficient mice was assessed clinically and histopathologically. apoE expression was investigated by qPCR. The association of the MS severity score (MSSS) and APOE rs429358 and rs7412 was assessed across 3237 MS patients using linear regression analyses. Results: EAE disease course was slightly attenuated in male apoE-deficient (apoE\(^{-/-}\)) mice compared to wildtype mice (cumulative median score: apoE\(^{-/-}\) = 2 [IQR 0.0-4.5]; wildtype = 4 [IQR 1.0-5.0]; n = 10 each group, p = 0.0002). In contrast, EAE was more severe in female apoE\(^{-/-}\) mice compared to wildtype mice (cumulative median score: apoE\(^{-/-}\) = 3 [IQR 2.0-4.5]; wildtype = 3 [IQR 0.0-4.0]; n = 10, p = 0.003). In wildtype animals, apoE expression during the chronic EAE phase was increased in both females and males (in comparison to naive animals; p < 0.001). However, in MS, we did not observe a significant association between MSSS and rs429358 or rs7412, neither in the overall analyses nor upon stratification for sex. Conclusions: apoE exerts moderate sex-specific effects on EAE severity. However, the results in the apoE knock-out model are not comparable to effects of polymorphic variants in the human APOE gene, thus pinpointing the challenge of translating findings from the EAE model to the human disease.}, language = {en} } @article{BauneKonradGrotegerdetal.2012, author = {Baune, Bernhard T. and Konrad, Carsten and Grotegerd, Dominik and Suslow, Thomas and Birosova, Eva and Ohrmann, Patricia and Bauer, Jochen and Arolt, Volker and Heindel, Walter and Domschke, Katharina and Sch{\"o}ning, Sonja and Rauch, Astrid V. and Uhlmann, Christina and Kugel, Harald and Dannlowski, Udo}, title = {Interleukin-6 gene (IL-6): a possible role in brain morphology in the healthy adult brain}, series = {Journal of Neuroinflammation}, volume = {9}, journal = {Journal of Neuroinflammation}, number = {125}, doi = {10.1186/1742-2094-9-125}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130804}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Background: Cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) have been implicated in dual functions in neuropsychiatric disorders. Little is known about the genetic predisposition to neurodegenerative and neuroproliferative properties of cytokine genes. In this study the potential dual role of several IL-6 polymorphisms in brain morphology is investigated. Methodology: In a large sample of healthy individuals (N = 303), associations between genetic variants of IL-6 (rs1800795; rs1800796, rs2069833, rs2069840) and brain volume (gray matter volume) were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Selection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) followed a tagging SNP approach (e. g., Stampa algorigthm), yielding a capture 97.08\% of the variation in the IL-6 gene using four tagging SNPs. Principal findings/results In a whole-brain analysis, the polymorphism rs1800795 (-174 C/G) showed a strong main effect of genotype (43 CC vs. 150 CG vs. 100 GG; x = 24, y = -10, z = -15; F(2,286) = 8.54, p(uncorrected) = 0.0002; p(AlphaSim-corrected) = 0.002; cluster size k = 577) within the right hippocampus head. Homozygous carriers of the G-allele had significantly larger hippocampus gray matter volumes compared to heterozygous subjects. None of the other investigated SNPs showed a significant association with grey matter volume in whole-brain analyses. Conclusions/significance: These findings suggest a possible neuroprotective role of the G-allele of the SNP rs1800795 on hippocampal volumes. Studies on the role of this SNP in psychiatric populations and especially in those with an affected hippocampus (e.g., by maltreatment, stress) are warranted.}, language = {en} } @article{BaumToykaBlueheretal.2021, author = {Baum, Petra and Toyka, Klaus V. and Bl{\"u}her, Matthias and Kosacka, Joanna and Nowicki, Marcin}, title = {Inflammatory mechanisms in the pathophysiology of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DN) — new aspects}, series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, volume = {22}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, number = {19}, issn = {1422-0067}, doi = {10.3390/ijms221910835}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284556}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy is complex, and various pathogenic pathways have been proposed. A better understanding of the pathophysiology is warranted for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize recent evidence from experiments using animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes showing that low-grade intraneural inflammation is a facet of diabetic neuropathy. Our experimental data suggest that these mild inflammatory processes are a likely common terminal pathway in diabetic neuropathy associated with the degeneration of intraepidermal nerve fibers. In contrast to earlier reports claiming toxic effects of high-iron content, we found the opposite, i.e., nutritional iron deficiency caused low-grade inflammation and fiber degeneration while in normal or high non-heme iron nutrition no or only extremely mild inflammatory signs were identified in nerve tissue. Obesity and dyslipidemia also appear to trigger mild inflammation of peripheral nerves, associated with neuropathy even in the absence of overt diabetes mellitus. Our finding may be the experimental analog of recent observations identifying systemic proinflammatory activity in human sensorimotor diabetic neuropathy. In a rat model of type 1 diabetes, a mild neuropathy with inflammatory components could be induced by insulin treatment causing an abrupt reduction in HbA1c. This is in line with observations in patients with severe diabetes developing a small fiber neuropathy upon treatment-induced rapid HbA1c reduction. If the inflammatory pathogenesis could be further substantiated by data from human tissues and intervention studies, anti-inflammatory compounds with different modes of action may become candidates for the treatment or prevention of diabetic neuropathy.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Rodenberg2011, author = {Rodenberg, Hella Katharina}, title = {Inflammation und Mangelern{\"a}hrung bei Dialysepatienten mit Diabetes Mellitus Typ 2}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71145}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einfluss von hs-CRP und Albumin auf die kardiovaskul{\"a}re Ereignisrate und das {\"U}berleben von Patienten mit Diabetes Mellitus Typ 2 an der H{\"a}modialyse untersucht. Grundlagen f{\"u}r die hier dargestellte Auswertung sind die in der 4D Studie erhobenen Daten. Die 4D Studie hat prospektiv, randomisiert, doppelblind und placebo-kontrolliert untersucht, ob die Behandlung mit Atorvastatin bei Patienten mit Diabetes Mellitus Typ 2 an der H{\"a}modialyse den prim{\"a}ren Endpunkt bestehend aus Herzinfarkt, kardialem Tod und Schlaganfall zu senken vermag. Die Daten zum hs-CRP und Albumin wurden bei Studienbeginn und nach sechs Monaten erhoben. In einer post-hoc Analyse mit Hilfe eines multivariaten Cox Regressionsmodels konnte best{\"a}tigt werden, dass ein erh{\"o}hter Spiegel an hs-CRP und ein verminderter Spiegel an Albumin im Zusammenhang mit einer vermehrten kardiovaskul{\"a}ren Ereignisrate und Mortalit{\"a}t stehen. Eine Behandlung mit Atorvastatin f{\"u}hrte zwar nicht zu einer Risikosenkung f{\"u}r den prim{\"a}ren Endpunkt oder die Mortalit{\"a}t, hatte aber einen stabilisierenden Effekt auf des hs-CRP Spiegel.}, subject = {H{\"a}modialyse}, language = {de} } @article{RapaDiIorioCampigliaetal.2019, author = {Rapa, Shara Francesca and Di Iorio, Biagio Raffaele and Campiglia, Pietro and Heidland, August and Marzocco, Stefania}, title = {Inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease — Potential therapeutic role of minerals, vitamins and plant-derived metabolites}, series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, volume = {21}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, number = {1}, issn = {1422-0067}, doi = {10.3390/ijms21010263}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284998}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a debilitating pathology with various causal factors, culminating in end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. The progression of CKD is closely associated with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, which are responsible for the manifestation of numerous complications such as malnutrition, atherosclerosis, coronary artery calcification, heart failure, anemia and mineral and bone disorders, as well as enhanced cardiovascular mortality. In addition to conventional therapy with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative agents, growing evidence has indicated that certain minerals, vitamins and plant-derived metabolites exhibit beneficial effects in these disturbances. In the current work, we review the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of various agents which could be of potential benefit in CKD/ESRD. However, the related studies were limited due to small sample sizes and short-term follow-up in many trials. Therefore, studies of several anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents with long-term follow-ups are necessary.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Panjwani2015, author = {Panjwani, Priyadarshini}, title = {Induction, Imaging, Histo-morphological and Molecular Characterization of Myocarditis in the Rat to Explore Novel Diagnostic Strategies for the Detection of Myocardial Inflammation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122469}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Fulminant myocarditis is rare but a potentially life-threatening disease. Acute or mild myocarditis following acute ischemia is generally associated with a profound activation of the host's immune system. On one hand this is mandatory to protect the host's heart by fighting the invading agents (i.e., bacteria, viruses or other microbial agents) and/or to induce healing and repair processes in the damaged myocardium. On other hand, uncontrolled activation of the immune system may result in the generation of auto-reactive (not always beneficial) immune cells. Myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy is characterized by focal or diffuse infiltrates, myocyte necrosis and/or apoptosis and subsequent fibrotic replacement of the heart muscle. In humans, about 30\% of the myocarditis-patients develop dilated cardiomyopathy. As the clinical picture of myocarditis is multifaceted, it is difficult to diagnose the disease. Therefore, the main goal of the present work was to test and further develop novel non-invasive methods for the detection of myocardial inflammation by employing both contrast enhanced MRI techniques as well as novel nuclear tracers that are suitable for in vivo PET/ SPECT imaging. As a part of this thesis, a pre-clinical animal model was successfully established by immunizing female Lewis rats with whole-porcine cardiac myosin (CM). Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis (EAM) is considered successful when anti-myosin antibody titers are increased more than 100-fold over control animals and pericardial effusion develops. In addition, cardiac tissues from EAM-rats versus controls were analyzed for the expression of various pro-inflammatory and fibrosis markers. To further exploit non-invasive MRI techniques for the detection of myocarditis, our EAM-rats were injected either with (1) ultra-small Paramagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIO's; Feraheme®), allowing for in vivo imaging , (2) micron sized paramagnetic iron oxide particles (MPIO) for ex vivo inflammatory cell-tracking by cMRI, or (3) with different radioactive nuclear tracers (67gallium citrate, 68gallium-labeled somatostatin analogue, and 68gallium-labeled cyclic RGD-peptide) which in the present work have been employed for autoradiographic imaging, but in principle are also suitable for in vivo nuclear imaging (PET/SPECT). In order to compare imaging results with histology, consecutive heart sections were stained with hematoxylin \& eosin (HE, for cell infiltrates) and Masson Goldner trichrome (MGT, for fibrosis); in addition, immuno-stainings were performed with anti-CD68 (macrophages), anti-SSRT2A (somatostatin receptor type 2A), anti-CD61 (β3-integrins) and anti-CD31 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1). Sera from immunized rats strongly reacted with cardiac myosin. In immunized rats, echocardiography and subsequent MRI revealed huge amounts of pericardial effusion (days 18-21). Analysis of the kinetics of myocardial infiltrates revealed maximal macrophage invasion between days 14 and 28. Disappearance of macrophages resulted in replacement-fibrosis in formerly cell-infiltrated myocardial areas. This finding was confirmed by the time-dependent differential expression of corresponding cytokines in the myocardium. Immunized animals reacted either with an early or a late pattern of post-inflammation fibrosis. Areas with massive cellular infiltrates were easily detectible in autoradiograms showing a high focal uptake of 67gallium-citrate and 68gallium labeled somatostatin analogues (68Ga DOTA-TATE). Myocardium with a loss of cardiomyocytes presented a high uptake of 68gallium labeled cyclic RGD-peptide (68Ga NOTA-RGD). MRI cell tracking experiments with Feraheme® as the contrast-agent were inconclusive; however, strikingly better results were obtained when MPIOs were used as a contrast-agent: histological findings correlated well with in vivo and ex vivo MPIO-enhanced MRI images. Imaging of myocardial inflammatory processes including the kinetics of macrophage invasion after microbial or ischemic damage is still a major challenge in, both animal models and in human patients. By applying a broad panel of biochemical, histological, molecular and imaging methods, we show here that different patterns of reactivity may occur upon induction of myocarditis using one and the same rat strain. In particular, immunized Lewis rats may react either with an early or a late pattern of macrophage invasion and subsequent post-inflammation fibrosis. Imaging results achieved in the acute inflammatory phase of the myocarditis with MPIOs, 67gallium citrate and 68gallium linked to somatostatin will stimulate further development of contrast agents and radioactive-nuclear tracers for the non-invasive detection of acute myocarditis and in the near future perhaps even in human patients.}, subject = {Ratte}, language = {en} } @article{SulimanSunPedersenetal.2016, author = {Suliman, Salwa and Sun, Yang and Pedersen, Torbjorn O. and Xue, Ying and Nickel, Joachim and Waag, Thilo and Finne-Wistrand, Anna and Steinm{\"u}ller-Nethl, Doris and Krueger, Anke and Costea, Daniela E. and Mustafa, Kamal}, title = {In vivo host response and degradation of copolymer scaffolds functionalized with nanodiamonds and bone morphogenetic protein 2}, series = {Advanced Healthcare Materials}, volume = {5}, journal = {Advanced Healthcare Materials}, number = {6}, doi = {10.1002/adhm.201500723}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189764}, pages = {730-742}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The aim is to evaluate the effect of modifying poly[(L-lactide)-co-(epsilon-caprolactone)] scaffolds (PLCL) with nanodiamonds (nDP) or with nDP+physisorbed BMP-2 (nDP+BMP-2) on in vivo host tissue response and degradation. The scaffolds are implanted subcutaneously in Balb/c mice and retrieved after 1, 8, and 27 weeks. Molecular weight analysis shows that modified scaffolds degrade faster than the unmodified. Gene analysis at week 1 shows highest expression of proinflammatory markers around nDP scaffolds; although the presence of inflammatory cells and foreign body giant cells is more prominent around the PLCL. Tissue regeneration markers are highly expressed in the nDP+BMP-2 scaffolds at week 8. A fibrous capsule is detectable by week 8, thinnest around nDP scaffolds and at week 27 thickest around PLCL scaffolds. mRNA levels of ALP, COL1 alpha 2, and ANGPT1 are signifi cantly upregulating in the nDP+BMP-2 scaffolds at week 1 with ectopic bone seen at week 8. Even when almost 90\% of the scaffold is degraded at week 27, nDP are observable at implantation areas without adverse effects. In conclusion, modifying PLCL scaffolds with nDP does not aggravate the host response and physisorbed BMP-2 delivery attenuates infl ammation while lowering the dose of BMP-2 to a relatively safe and economical level.}, language = {en} } @article{HuettenDhanasinghHessleretal.2014, author = {H{\"u}tten, Mareike and Dhanasingh, Anandhan and Hessler, Roland and St{\"o}ver, Timo and Esser, Karl-Heinz and M{\"o}ller, Martin and Lenarz, Thomas and Jolly, Claude and Groll, J{\"u}rgen and Scheper, Verena}, title = {In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of a Hydrogel Reservoir as a Continuous Drug Delivery System for Inner Ear Treatment}, series = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, number = {8}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0104564}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119375}, pages = {e104564}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Fibrous tissue growth and loss of residual hearing after cochlear implantation can be reduced by application of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone-21-phosphate-disodium-salt (DEX). To date, sustained delivery of this agent to the cochlea using a number of pharmaceutical technologies has not been entirely successful. In this study we examine a novel way of continuous local drug application into the inner ear using a refillable hydrogel functionalized silicone reservoir. A PEG-based hydrogel made of reactive NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) prepolymers was evaluated as a drug conveying and delivery system in vitro and in vivo. Encapsulating the free form hydrogel into a silicone tube with a small opening for the drug diffusion resulted in delayed drug release but unaffected diffusion of DEX through the gel compared to the free form hydrogel. Additionally, controlled DEX release over several weeks could be demonstrated using the hydrogel filled reservoir. Using a guinea-pig cochlear trauma model the reservoir delivery of DEX significantly protected residual hearing and reduced fibrosis. As well as being used as a device in its own right or in combination with cochlear implants, the hydrogel-filled reservoir represents a new drug delivery system that feasibly could be replenished with therapeutic agents to provide sustained treatment of the inner ear.}, language = {en} }