@phdthesis{Hau2010, author = {Hau, Katja}, title = {"Gesund und fit mit Lasse Leichtfuß" : Vernetztes, f{\"a}cher{\"u}bergreifendes Handlungsforschungsprojekt der ganzheitlichen Gesundheitserziehung in zwei ausgew{\"a}hlten Klassen der zweiten Grundschul - Jahrgangsstufe}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53353}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Der Gesundheitszustand vieler Kinder hat sich in den letzten Jahren bedenklich verschlechtert. Als urs{\"a}chliche Krankheitsfaktoren gelten Fehlern{\"a}hrung und Bewegungsmangel. Die Schulung eines gesunden Ern{\"a}hrungs- und Bewegungsverhaltens muss deshalb bereits im Kindergarten und in der Grundschule erfolgen, um dauerhaft in die Eigenverantwortung der Kinder {\"u}berzugehen. Kinder, Familie und Schule m{\"u}ssen dabei miteinander vernetzt werden. Aufgrund dessen wurde ein sehr praxisnahes Konzept f{\"u}r die Grundschule entwickelt (abgestimmt auf die zweite Jahrgangstufe), mit dessen Anregungen und Materialien sich die Kinder handlungsorientiert auseinandersetzten. Im Zentrum standen dabei Ern{\"a}hrung, Bewegung, Bewusstseinsentwicklung f{\"u}r Ver{\"a}nderungen im K{\"o}rper und Sensibilisierung f{\"u}r die eigene Gesundheit. Die Sch{\"u}ler sollten ganzheitlich angesprochen werden. Dabei m{\"u}ssen K{\"o}rper und Geist in enger Verbindung stehen. Gesteuert wurde das Projekt im Sinne der Aktionsforschung. Ein ausf{\"u}hrlicher Theorieblock f{\"u}hrt in die Arbeit ein, indem er terminologische Grundlagen und wichtige Inhalte der Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung darlegt. Der praktische Teil liefert dem interessierten Grundschullehrer die n{\"o}tigen Sachinformationen und Hintergr{\"u}nde, die Zuordnung zu den Lernzielen, anschauliches, konkretes Material f{\"u}r die beteiligten Unterrichtsf{\"a}cher (Sporterziehung, Heimat- und Sachunterricht, Deutsch), Anleitung f{\"u}r gesundheitsorientiertes Ausdauertraining, methodisch-didaktische Aspekte, vorbereitete Elternabende etc. Die Sch{\"u}ler und die Eltern wurden zu Beginn, w{\"a}hrend und am Ende des Projekts schriftlich befragt. Die Effektivit{\"a}t des Projekts sollte damit {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft und Verhaltensver{\"a}nderungen herausgefunden werden. Zur Datenanalyse wurden Operationen der deskriptiven und der analytischen Statistik verwendet. Die Untersuchung aus dem Bereich der empirischen Sozialforschung l{\"a}sst keine allgemeing{\"u}ltigen Aussagen zu, da die zwei ausgew{\"a}hlten Klassen nur eine Stichprobe darstellen.}, subject = {Gesundheitserziehung}, language = {de} } @article{WallmannSperlichFroboeseSchantz2014, author = {Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit and Froboese, Ingo and Schantz, Peter}, title = {Physical Activity and the Perceived Neighbourhood Environment - Looking at the Association the Other Way Around}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {11}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, number = {8}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph110808093}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119441}, pages = {8093-8111}, year = {2014}, abstract = {The association between physical activity (PA) and variables of the perceived environment mainly originate from cross-sectional studies that introduced the idea that the environment influences the PA level of residents. However, the direction of cause and effect has not been solved with finality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether residents' perception of their proximate environment differs depending on their level of PA in transport and recreation. We conducted a cross-sectional survey with residents of six different parts of the city of Cologne, Germany. The sample of 470 adults (52.8\% females; mean age = 35.5 ± 13.8 years) filled in the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), as well as the European Environmental Questionnaire ALPHA. To distinguish between residents with "low" and "high" PA, we split the samples into two on the basis of the specific median in transport- and recreation-related PA. In the "high" vs. "low" PA group of the overall sample, we noted 4\%-16\% more "PA favourable" environmental perceptions in seven of the 15 environmental variables. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to investigate associations of socio-demographic correlates and transport- and recreation-related PA on the dependent variables of the environmental perception. In this case, levels of PA were significant predictors for eight of the 15 items concerning environmental perceptions. Thus, the present study introduces the idea that residents with higher levels of transport and recreational PA may perceive their environment in a more "PA-favourable" way than residents with lower levels.}, language = {en} } @article{BornHolmbergGoernetetal.2014, author = {Born, Dennis-Peter and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Goernet, Florian and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {A novel compression garment with adhesive silicone stripes improves repeated sprint performance - a multi-experimental approach on the underlying mechanisms}, series = {BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation}, volume = {6}, journal = {BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation}, number = {21}, issn = {2052-1847}, doi = {10.1186/2052-1847-6-21}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120591}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Background Repeated sprint performance is determined by explosive production of power, as well as rapid recovery between successive sprints, and there is evidence that compression garments and sports taping can improve both of these factors. Methods In each of two sub-studies, female athletes performed two sets of 30 30-m sprints (one sprint per minute), one set wearing compression garment with adhesive silicone stripes (CGSS) intended to mimic taping and the other with normal clothing, in randomized order. Sub-study 1 (n = 12) focused on cardio-respiratory, metabolic, hemodynamic and perceptual responses, while neuronal and biomechanical parameters were examined in sub-study 2 (n = 12). Results In both sub-studies the CGSS improved repeated sprint performance during the final 10 sprints (best P < 0.01, d = 0.61). None of the cardio-respiratory or metabolic variables monitored were altered by wearing this garment (best P = 0.06, d = 0.71). Also during the final 10 sprints, rating of perceived exertion by the upper leg muscles was reduced (P = 0.01, d = 1.1), step length increased (P = 0.01, d = 0.91) and activation of the m. rectus femoris elevated (P = 0.01, d = 1.24), while the hip flexion angle was lowered throughout the protocol (best P < 0.01, d = 2.28) and step frequency (best P = 0.34, d = 0.2) remained unaltered. Conclusion Although the physiological parameters monitored were unchanged, the CGSS appears to improve performance during 30 30-m repeated sprints by reducing perceived exertion and altering running technique.}, language = {en} } @article{BornHolmbergGoernertetal.2014, author = {Born, Dennis-Peter and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Goernert, Florian and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {A novel compression garment with adhesive silicone stripes improves repeated sprint performance - a multi-experimental approach on the underlying mechanisms}, series = {BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation}, volume = {6}, journal = {BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation}, number = {21}, doi = {doi:10.1186/2052-1847-6-21}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116995}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Background Repeated sprint performance is determined by explosive production of power, as well as rapid recovery between successive sprints, and there is evidence that compression garments and sports taping can improve both of these factors. Methods In each of two sub-studies, female athletes performed two sets of 30 30-m sprints (one sprint per minute), one set wearing compression garment with adhesive silicone stripes (CGSS) intended to mimic taping and the other with normal clothing, in randomized order. Sub-study 1 (n = 12) focused on cardio-respiratory, metabolic, hemodynamic and perceptual responses, while neuronal and biomechanical parameters were examined in sub-study 2 (n = 12). Results In both sub-studies the CGSS improved repeated sprint performance during the final 10 sprints (best P < 0.01, d = 0.61). None of the cardio-respiratory or metabolic variables monitored were altered by wearing this garment (best P = 0.06, d = 0.71). Also during the final 10 sprints, rating of perceived exertion by the upper leg muscles was reduced (P = 0.01, d = 1.1), step length increased (P = 0.01, d = 0.91) and activation of the m. rectus femoris elevated (P = 0.01, d = 1.24), while the hip flexion angle was lowered throughout the protocol (best P < 0.01, d = 2.28) and step frequency (best P = 0.34, d = 0.2) remained unaltered. Conclusion Although the physiological parameters monitored were unchanged, the CGSS appears to improve performance during 30 30-m repeated sprints by reducing perceived exertion and altering running technique.}, language = {en} } @article{StoegglSperlich2014, author = {St{\"o}ggl, Thomas and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Polarized training has greater impact on key endurance variables than threshold, high intensity, or high volume training}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {5}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {33}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2014.00033}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117007}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Endurance athletes integrate four conditioning concepts in their training programs: high-volume training (HVT), "threshold-training" (THR), high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and a combination of these aforementioned concepts known as polarized training (POL). The purpose of this study was to explore which of these four training concepts provides the greatest response on key components of endurance performance in well-trained endurance athletes. Methods: Forty eight runners, cyclists, triathletes, and cross-country skiers (peak oxygen uptake: (VO2peak): 62.6 ± 7.1 mL·min-1·kg-1) were randomly assigned to one of four groups performing over 9 weeks. An incremental test, work economy and a VO2peak tests were performed. Training intensity was heart rate controlled. Results: POL demonstrated the greatest increase in VO2peak (+6.8 ml·min·kg-1 or 11.7\%, P < 0.001), time to exhaustion during the ramp protocol (+17.4\%, P < 0.001) and peak velocity/power (+5.1\%, P < 0.01). Velocity/power at 4 mmol·L-1 increased after POL (+8.1\%, P < 0.01) and HIIT (+5.6\%, P < 0.05). No differences in pre- to post-changes of work economy were found between the groups. Body mass was reduced by 3.7\% (P < 0.001) following HIIT, with no changes in the other groups. With the exception of slight improvements in work economy in THR, both HVT and THR had no further effects on measured variables of endurance performance (P > 0.05). Conclusion: POL resulted in the greatest improvements in most key variables of endurance performance in well-trained endurance athletes. THR or HVT did not lead to further improvements in performance related variables.}, language = {en} } @article{WallmannSperlichFroboese2014, author = {Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit and Froboese, Ingo}, title = {Physical Activity during Work, Transport and Leisure in Germany - Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Correlates}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0112333}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113648}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Background This study aimed 1) to provide data estimates concerning overall moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) as well as MVPA during work, transport and leisure in Germany and 2) to investigate MVPA and possible associations with socio-demographic correlates. Methods A cross-sectional telephone survey interviewed 2248 representative participants in the age of 18-65 years (1077 men; 42.4±13.4 years; body mass index: 25.3±4.5kg•m-2) regarding their self-reported physical activity across Germany. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire was applied to investigate MVPA during work, transport and leisure and questions were answered concerning their demographics. MVPA was stratified by gender, age, body mass index, residential setting, educational and income level. To identify socio-demographic correlates of overall MVPA as well as in the domains, we used a series of linear regressions. Results 52.8\% of the sample achieved physical activity recommendations (53.7\% men/52.1\% women). Overall MVPA was highest in the age group 18-29 years (p<.05), in participants with 10 years of education (p<.05) and in participants with lowest income levels <1.500€ (p<.05). Regression analyses revealed that age, education and income were negatively associated with overall and work MVPA. Residential setting and education was positively correlated with transport MVPA, whereas income level was negatively associated with transport MVPA. Education was the only correlate for leisure MVPA with a positive association. Conclusions The present data underlines the importance of a comprehensive view on physical activity engagement according to the different physical activity domains and discloses a need for future physical activity interventions that consider socio-demographic variables, residential setting as well as the physical activity domain in Germany.}, language = {en} } @article{WallmannSperlichBuckschSchneideretal.2014, author = {Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit and Bucksch, Jens and Schneider, Sven and Froboese, Ingo}, title = {Socio-demographic, behavioural and cognitive correlates of work-related sitting time in German men and women}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-14-1259}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-111017}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Background: Sitting time is ubiquitous for most adults in developed countries and is most prevalent in three domains: in the workplace, during transport and during leisure time. The correlates of prolonged sitting time in workplace settings are not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the gender-specific associations between the socio-demographic, behavioural and cognitive correlates of work-related sitting time. Methods: A cross-sectional sample of working German adults (n = 1515; 747 men; 43.5 ± 11.0 years) completed questionnaires regarding domain-specific sitting times and physical activity (PA) and answered statements concerning beliefs about sitting. To identify gender-specific correlates of work-related sitting time, we used a series of linear regressions. Results: The overall median was 2 hours of work-related sitting time/day. Regression analyses showed for men (β = -.43) and for women (β = -.32) that work-related PA was negatively associated with work-related sitting time, but leisure-related PA was not a significant correlate. For women only, transport-related PA (β = -.07) was a negative correlate of work-related sitting time, suggesting increased sitting times during work with decreased PA in transport. Education and income levels were positively associated, and in women only, age (β = -.14) had a negative correlation with work-related sitting time. For both genders, TV-related sitting time was negatively associated with work-related sitting time. The only association with cognitive correlates was found in men for the belief 'Sitting for long periods does not matter to me' (β = .10) expressing a more positive attitude towards sitting with increasing sitting durations. Conclusions: The present findings show that in particular, higher educated men and women as well as young women are high-risk groups to target for reducing prolonged work-related sitting time. In addition, our findings propose considering increasing transport-related PA, especially in women, as well as promoting recreation-related PA in conjunction with efforts to reduce long work-related sitting times.}, language = {en} } @article{SperlichHolmbergReedetal.2015, author = {Sperlich, Paula F. and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Reed, Jennifer L. and Zinner, Christoph and Mester, Joachim and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Individual versus standardized running protocols in the determination of VO\(_{2max}\)}, series = {Journal of Sports Science and Medicine}, volume = {14}, journal = {Journal of Sports Science and Medicine}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151890}, pages = {386-393}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to determine whether an individually designed incremental exercise protocol results in greater rates of oxygen uptake VO\(_{2max}\) than standardized testing. Fourteen well-trained, male runners performed five incremental protocols in randomized order to measure their VO\(_{2max}\): i) an incremental test (INC\(_{S+I}\)) with pre-defined increases in speed (2 min at 8.64 km.h\(^{-1}\), then a rise of 1.44 km.h\(^{-1}\) every 30 s up to 14.4 km.h\(^{-1}\)) and thereafter inclination (0.5.every 30 s); ii) an incremental test (INC\(_{I}\)) at constant speed (14.4 km.h\(^{-1}\)) and increasing inclination (2 degrees every 2 min from the initial 0 degrees); iii) an incremental test (INC\(_{S}\)) at constant inclination (0 degrees) and increasing speed (0.5 km.h\(^{-1}\) every 30 s from the initial 12.0 km.h\(^{-1}\)); iv) a graded exercise protocol (GXP) at a 1 degrees incline with increasing speed (initially 8.64 km.h\(^{-1}\) + 1.44 km.h\(^{-1}\) every 5 min); v) an individual exercise protocol (INDXP) in which the runner chose the inclination and speed. VO\(_{2max}\) was lowest (-4.2\%) during the GXP (p = 0.01; d = 0.06 - 0.61) compared to all other tests. The highest rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, ventilation and end-exercise blood lactate concentration were similar between the different protocols (p < 0.05). The time to exhaustion ranged from 7 min 18 sec (INC\(_{S}\)) to 25 min 30 sec (GXP) (p = 0.01). The VO\(_{2max}\) attained by employing an individual treadmill protocol does not differ from the values derived from various standardized incremental protocols.}, language = {en} } @article{ZinnerSperlichKruegeretal.2015, author = {Zinner, Christoph and Sperlich, Billy and Krueger, Malte and Focke, Tim and Reed, Jennifer and Mester, Joachim}, title = {Strength, Endurance, Throwing Velocity and in-Water Jump Performance of Elite German Water Polo Players}, series = {Journal of Human Kinetics}, volume = {45}, journal = {Journal of Human Kinetics}, doi = {10.1515/hukin-2015-0015}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148812}, pages = {149-156}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was threefold: 1) to assess the eggbeater kick and throwing performance using a number of water polo specific tests, 2) to explore the relation between the eggbeater kick and throwing performance, and 3) to investigate the relation between the eggbeater kick in the water and strength tests performed in a controlled laboratory setting in elite water polo players. Fifteen male water polo players of the German National Team completed dynamic and isometric strength tests for muscle groups (adductor, abductor, abdominal, pectoralis) frequently used during water polo. After these laboratory strength tests, six water polo specific in-water tests were conducted. The eggbeater kick assessed leg endurance and agility, maximal throwing velocity and jump height. A 400 m test and a sprint test examined aerobic and anaerobic performance. The strongest correlation was found between jump height and arm length (p < 0.001, r = 0.89). The laboratory diagnostics of important muscles showed positive correlations with the results of the in-water tests (p < 0.05, r = 0.52-0.70). Muscular strength of the adductor, abdominal and pectoralis muscles was positively related to in-water endurance agility as assessed by the eggbeater kick (p < 0.05; r = 0.53-0.66). Findings from the current study emphasize the need to assess indices of water polo performance both in and out of the water as well as the relation among these parameters to best assess the complex profile of water polo players.}, language = {en} } @article{ZinnerSperlichWahletal.2015, author = {Zinner, Christoph and Sperlich, Billy and Wahl, Patrick and Mester, Joachim}, title = {Classification of selected cardiopulmonary variables of elite athletes of different age, gender, and disciplines during incremental exercise testing}, series = {SpringerPlus}, volume = {4}, journal = {SpringerPlus}, number = {544}, doi = {10.1186/s40064-015-1341-8}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126275}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Incremental exercise testing is frequently used as a tool for evaluating determinants of endurance performance. The available reference values for the peak oxygen uptake \((VO_{2peak})\), \% of \(VO_{2peak}\) , running speed at the lactate threshold \((v_{LT})\), running economy (RE), and maximal running speed \((v_{peak})\) for different age, gender, and disciplines are not sufficient for the elite athletic population. The key variables of 491 young athletes (age range 12-21 years; 250 males, 241 females) assessed during a running step test protocol \((2.4 m s^{-1} ; increase 0.4 m s^{-1} 5 min^{-1})\) were analysed in five subgroups, which were related to combat-, team-, endurance-, sprint- and power-, and racquet-related disciplines. Compared with female athletes, male athletes achieved a higher \(v_{peak}\) (P = 0.004). The body mass, lean body mass, height, abs. \(VO_{2peak} (ml min^{-1})\), rel. \(VO_{2peak} (ml kg^{-1} min^{-1})\), rel. \(VO_{2peak} (ml min^{-1} kg^{-0.75})\), and RE were higher in the male participants compared with the females (P < 0.01). The \% of \(VO_2\) at \(v_{LT}\) was lower in the males compared with the females (P < 0.01). No differences between gender were detected for the \(v_{LT}\) (P = 0.17) and \% of \(VO_2\) at \(v_{LT}\) (P = 0.42). This study is one of the first to provide a broad spectrum of data to classify nearly 500 elite athletes aged 12-21 years of both gender and different disciplines.}, language = {en} } @article{ZinnerHauserBornetal.2015, author = {Zinner, Christoph and Hauser, Anna and Born, Dennis-Peter and Wehrlin, Jon P. and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Influence of Hypoxic Interval Training and Hyperoxic Recovery on Muscle Activation and Oxygenation in Connection with Double-Poling Exercise}, series = {PLoS One}, volume = {10}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {10}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0140616}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126299}, pages = {e0140616}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Here, we evaluated the influence of breathing oxygen at different partial pressures during recovery from exercise on performance at sea-level and a simulated altitude of 1800 m, as reflected in activation of different upper body muscles, and oxygenation of the m. triceps brachii. Ten well-trained, male endurance athletes (25.3±4.1 yrs; 179.2±4.5 cm; 74.2±3.4 kg) performed four test trials, each involving three 3-min sessions on a double-poling ergometer with 3-min intervals of recovery. One trial was conducted entirely under normoxic (No) and another under hypoxic conditions \((Ho; F_iO_2 = 0.165)\). In the third and fourth trials, the exercise was performed in normoxia and hypoxia, respectively, with hyperoxic recovery \((HOX; F_iO_2 = 1.00)\) in both cases. Arterial hemoglobin saturation was higher under the two HOX conditions than without HOX (p<0.05). Integrated muscle electrical activity was not influenced by the oxygen content (best d = 0.51). Furthermore, the only difference in tissue saturation index measured via near-infrared spectroscopy observed was between the recovery periods during the NoNo and HoHOX interventions (P<0.05, d = 0.93). In the case of HoHo the athletes' \(P_{mean}\) declined from the first to the third interval (P < 0.05), whereas Pmean was unaltered under the HoHOX, NoHOX and NoNo conditions. We conclude that the less pronounced decline in \(P_{mean}\) during 3 x 3-min double-poling sprints in normoxia and hypoxia with hyperoxic recovery is not related to changes in muscle activity or oxygenation. Moreover, we conclude that hyperoxia \((F_iO_2 = 1.00)\) used in conjunction with hypoxic or normoxic work intervals may serve as an effective aid when inhaled during the subsequent recovery intervals.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Born2015, author = {Born, Dennis Peter}, title = {Effekte von Kompressionsbekleidung in Training und Wettkampf - Analyse zugrunde liegender physiologischer und biomechanischer Mechanismen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121872}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Einleitung: Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Applikation von Kompressionsbekleidung zu einem erh{\"o}hten Blutfluss bei Patienten mit ven{\"o}ser Insuffizienz f{\"u}hrt und das Thromboserisiko bei bettl{\"a}gerigen und postoperativen Patienten reduziert. Davon ausgehend, dass Kompressionsbekleidung auch bei gesunden und trainierten Athlet/innen zu einer verbesserten H{\"a}mdynamik f{\"u}hrt, wurde eine Vielzahl an Studien durchgef{\"u}hrt, die nach einer Leistungssteigerung durch das Tragen von Kompressionsbekleidung w{\"a}hrend sportlicher Belastung gesucht haben. Die Ergebnisse der bisher ver{\"o}ffentlichten Studien widersprechen sich jedoch h{\"a}ufig und lassen kein abschließendes Fazit bez{\"u}glich ergogener Effekte von Kompressionsbekleidung auf die Leistung w{\"a}hrend k{\"o}rperlicher Belastung zu. Auch ist unklar, welche physiologischen und/oder biomechanischen Mechanismen bei gesunden und trainierten Athlet/innen zu einer potentiellen Leistungssteigerung f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnten. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher: 1) Belastungsarten und -intensit{\"a}ten zu identifizieren, bei denen das Tragen von Kompressionsbekleidung leistungssteigernde Effekte verspricht, 2) die identifizierten Potentiale anhand empirischer Datenerhebung zu evaluieren und 3) die physiologischen und biomechanischen Mechanismen zu untersuchen, die einer m{\"o}glichen Leistungssteigerung mit Kompressionsbekleidung bei gesunden und trainierten Athlet/innen zugrunde liegen k{\"o}nnten. Methodik: Mittels eines {\"U}bersichtsartikels und Berechnung von Effektst{\"a}rken wurden verschiedene Belastungsarten und -intensit{\"a}ten identifiziert, bei denen das Tragen von Kompressionsbekleidung leistungssteigernde Effekte verspricht (Studie 1). Auch wurden die m{\"o}glichen Mechanismen zusammengetragen, die einer Leistungssteigerung zugrunde liegen k{\"o}nnten. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurden die Untersuchungsprotokolle f{\"u}r die weiteren Studien entwickelt. In Studie 2 absolvierten hoch-trainierte Eisschnelll{\"a}ufer/innen eine 3000 m Wettkampfsimulation mit und ohne Kompressionsbekleidung in randomisierter Reihenfolge. Physiologische Daten wurden mittels mobiler Spirometrie und Nahinfrarotspektroskopie (NIRS) erhoben. Des Weiteren wurden Athletinnen aus Mannschaftssport und Leichtathletik einer intermittierenden Sprintbelastung mit dreißig 30 m Sprints und einer Abgangszeit von einer Minute mit und ohne Kompressionsbekleidung in randomisierter Reihenfolge unterzogen (Studie 3). Neben mobiler Spirometrie und NIRS wurden biomechanische Daten mittels kinematischer Bewegungsanalyse und Elektromyographie erhoben. Ergebnisse:Studie 1 zeigte ein leistungssteigerndes Potential mit der Applikation von Kompressionsbekleidung bei hoch-intensiver und weniger bei submaximaler Belastungsintensit{\"a}t. Insbesondere hoch-intensive Ausdauer- (> 3 Minuten), Sprint- und Sprungbelastung als auch die Erholungsf{\"a}higkeit von Kraft- und Schnellkraft scheinen durch Kompressionsbekleidung verbessert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass bisher nur wenige Daten bei weiblichen Sportlern erhoben wurden. Auch evaluierten nur wenige Studien die Effekte von Kompressionsbekleidung bei Athlet/innen auf h{\"o}chstem Leistungsniveau. In Studie 2 zeigte die Applikation von Kompressionsbekleidung w{\"a}hrend der 3000 m Wettkampfsimulation bei hoch-trainierten Eisschnelll{\"a}ufer/innen keinen Effekt auf die Laufleistung. Auch blieben mittels NIRS gemessenes Blutvolumen und Muskeloxygenierung im m. quadrizeps femoris sowie alle weiteren kardio-respiratorischen, metabolischen und subjektiven Parameter unbeeinflusst. Dagegen war die Laufleistung w{\"a}hrend eines intermittierenden (30 x 30 m) Sprintprotokolls mit Kompressionsbekleidung signifikant verbessert (Studie 3). Auch in dieser Untersuchung blieben alle gemessenen h{\"a}modynamischen, kardio-respiratorischen und metabolischen Parameter unbeeinflusst. Die kinematische Bewegungsanalyse zeigte jedoch, dass Kompressionsbekleidung zu ver{\"a}nderter Lauftechnik f{\"u}hrt und die Schrittl{\"a}nge bei gleichbleibender Schrittfrequenz vergr{\"o}ßert. Auch wurde die Sprintbelastung lokal an der Oberschenkelmuskulatur subjektiv weniger anstrengend empfunden. Zusammenfassung und Fazit: Die Applikation von Kompressionsbekleidung zeigte keine generelle leistungssteigernde Wirkung w{\"a}hrend k{\"o}rperlicher Belastung bei gesunden und trainierten Athlet/innen. Abh{\"a}ngig von Belastungsart und -intensit{\"a}t manifestieren sich ergogene Effekte w{\"a}hrend hoch-intensiver Lauf- insbesondere intermittierender Sprintbelastungen. Im Zusammenhang mit weiteren Untersuchungen scheinen die ergogenen Effekte jedoch nicht auf ver{\"a}nderter H{\"a}modynamik zu basieren. Der blutflusssteigernde Effekt von Kompressionsbekleidung, der in klinischen Studien bei Patienten mit ven{\"o}ser Insuffizienz gezeigt wurde, l{\"a}sst sich nicht in gleichem Maße bei gesunden und trainierten Athlet/innen nachweisen. Vielmehr scheinen kinematische und subjektive Parameter, wie eine ver{\"a}nderte Lauftechnik und verringertes Belastungsempfinden, die intermittierende Sprintleistung verbessert zu haben.}, subject = {Kompression}, language = {de} } @article{StoegglSperlich2015, author = {St{\"o}ggl, Thomas L. and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {The training intensity distribution among well-trained and elite endurance athletes}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {6}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {295}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2015.00295}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-138883}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Researchers have retrospectively analyzed the training intensity distribution (TID) of nationally and internationally competitive athletes in different endurance disciplines to determine the optimal volume and intensity for maximal adaptation. The majority of studies present a "pyramidal" TID with a high proportion of high volume, low intensity training (HVLIT). Some world-class athletes appear to adopt a so-called "polarized" TID (i.e., significant \% of HVLIT and high intensity training) during certain phases of the season. However, emerging prospective randomized controlled studies have demonstrated superior responses of variables related to endurance when applying a polarized TID in well-trained and recreational individuals when compared with a TID that emphasizes HVLIT or threshold training. The aims of the present review are to: (1) summarize the main responses of retrospective and prospective studies exploring TID; (2) provide a systematic overview on TIDs during preparation, pre-competition, and competition phases in different endurance disciplines and performance levels; (3) address whether one TID has demonstrated greater efficacy than another; and (4) highlight research gaps in an effort to direct future scientific studies.}, language = {en} } @article{ZinnerKruegerReedetal.2016, author = {Zinner, C. and Krueger, M. and Reed, J. L. and Kohl-Bareis, M. and Holmberg, H. C. and Sperlich, B.}, title = {Exposure to a combination of heat and hyperoxia during cycling at submaximal intensity does not alter thermoregulatory responses}, series = {Biology of Sport}, volume = {33}, journal = {Biology of Sport}, number = {1}, doi = {10.5604/20831862.1192041}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-160993}, pages = {71-76}, year = {2016}, abstract = {In this study, we tested the hypothesis that breathing hyperoxic air (F\(_{in}\)O\(_2\) = 0.40) while exercising in a hot environment exerts negative effects on the total tissue level of haemoglobin concentration (tHb); core (T\(_{core}\)) and skin (T\(_{skin}\)) temperatures; muscle activity; heart rate; blood concentration of lactate; pH; partial pressure of oxygen (P\(_a\)O\(_2\)) and carbon dioxide; arterial oxygen saturation (S\(_a\)O\(_2\)); and perceptual responses. Ten well-trained male athletes cycled at submaximal intensity at 21°C or 33°C in randomized order: first for 20 min while breathing normal air (FinO\(_2\) = 0.21) and then 10 min with F\(_{in}\)O\(_2\) = 0.40 (HOX). At both temperatures, S\(_a\)O\(_2\) and P\(_a\)O\(_2\), but not tHb, were increased by HOX. Tskin and perception of exertion and thermal discomfort were higher at 33°C than 21°C (p < 0.01), but independent of F\(_{in}\)O\(_2\). T\(_{core}\) and muscle activity were the same under all conditions (p > 0.07). Blood lactate and heart rate were higher at 33°C than 21°C. In conclusion, during 30 min of submaximal cycling at 21°C or 33°C, T\(_{core}\), T\(_{skin}\) and T\(_{body}\), tHb, muscle activity and ratings of perceived exertion and thermal discomfort were the same under normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. Accordingly, breathing hyperoxic air (F\(_{in}\)O\(_2\) = 0.40) did not affect thermoregulation under these conditions.}, language = {en} } @article{KilianWehmeierWahletal.2016, author = {Kilian, Yvonne and Wehmeier, Udo F. and Wahl, Patrick and Mester, Joachim and Hilberg, Thomas and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Acute Response of Circulating Vascular Regulating MicroRNAs during and after High-Intensity and High-Volume Cycling in Children}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {7}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {92}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2016.00092}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165261}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze the response of vascular circulating microRNAs (miRNAs; miR-16, miR-21, miR-126) and the VEGF mRNA following an acute bout of HIIT and HVT in children. Methods: Twelve healthy competitive young male cyclists (14.4 ± 0.8 years; 57.9 ± 9.4 ml•min-1•kg-1 peak oxygen uptake) performed one session of high intensity 4 × 4 min intervals (HIIT) at 90-95\% peak power output (PPO), each interval separated by 3 min of active recovery, and one high volume session (HVT) consisting of a constant load exercise for 90 min at 60\% PPO. Capillary blood from the earlobe was collected under resting conditions, during exercise (d1 = 20 min, d2 = 30 min, d3 = 60 min), and 0, 30, 60, 180 min after the exercise to determine miR-16, -21, -126, and VEGF mRNA. Results: HVT significantly increased miR-16 and miR-126 during and after the exercise compared to pre-values, whereas HIIT showed no significant influence on the miRNAs compared to pre-values. VEGF mRNA significantly increased during and after HIIT (d1, 30′, 60′, 180′) and HVT (d3, 0′, 60′). Conclusion: Results of the present investigation suggest a volume dependent exercise regulation of vascular regulating miRNAs (miR-16, miR-21, miR-126) in children. In line with previous data, our data show that acute exercise can alter circulating miRNAs profiles that might be used as novel biomarkers to monitor acute and chronic changes due to exercise in various tissues.}, language = {en} } @article{ZinnerMoralesAlamoOrtenbladetal.2016, author = {Zinner, Christoph and Morales-Alamo, David and {\O}rtenblad, Niels and Larsen, Filip J. and Schiffer, Tomas A. and Willis, Sarah J. and Gelabert-Rebato, Miriam and Perez-Valera, Mario and Boushel, Robert and Calbet, Jose A. L. and Holmberg, Hans-Christer}, title = {The Physiological Mechanisms of Performance Enhancement with Sprint Interval Training Differ between the Upper and Lower Extremities in Humans}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {7}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {426}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2016.00426}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165257}, year = {2016}, abstract = {To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences in adaptation of arm and leg muscles to sprint training, over a period of 11 days 16 untrained men performed six sessions of 4-6 × 30-s all-out sprints (SIT) with the legs and arms, separately, with a 1-h interval of recovery. Limb-specific VO2peak, sprint performance (two 30-s Wingate tests with 4-min recovery), muscle efficiency and time-trial performance (TT, 5-min all-out) were assessed and biopsies from the m. vastus lateralis and m. triceps brachii taken before and after training. VO2peak and Wmax increased 3-11\% after training, with a more pronounced change in the arms (P < 0.05). Gross efficiency improved for the arms (+8.8\%, P < 0.05), but not the legs (-0.6\%). Wingate peak and mean power outputs improved similarly for the arms and legs, as did TT performance. After training, VO2 during the two Wingate tests was increased by 52 and 6\% for the arms and legs, respectively (P < 0.001). In the case of the arms, VO2 was higher during the first than second Wingate test (64 vs. 44\%, P < 0.05). During the TT, relative exercise intensity, HR, VO2, VCO2, VE, and Vt were all lower during arm-cranking than leg-pedaling, and oxidation of fat was minimal, remaining so after training. Despite the higher relative intensity, fat oxidation was 70\% greater during leg-pedaling (P = 0.017). The aerobic energy contribution in the legs was larger than for the arms during the Wingate tests, although VO2 for the arms was enhanced more by training, reducing the O2 deficit after SIT. The levels of muscle glycogen, as well as the myosin heavy chain composition were unchanged in both cases, while the activities of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase and citrate synthase were elevated only in the legs and capillarization enhanced in both limbs. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the variables that predict TT performance differ for the arms and legs. The primary mechanism of adaptation to SIT by both the arms and legs is enhancement of aerobic energy production. However, with their higher proportion of fast muscle fibers, the arms exhibit greater plasticity.}, language = {en} } @article{SchmittLindner2016, author = {Schmitt, Joachim and Lindner, Nathalie}, title = {A 3-week multimodal intervention involving high-intensity interval training in female cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial}, series = {Physiological Reports}, volume = {4}, journal = {Physiological Reports}, number = {3}, doi = {10.14814/phy2.12693}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146455}, pages = {e12693}, year = {2016}, abstract = {To compare the effects of a 3-week multimodal rehabilitation involving supervised high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on female breast cancer survivors with respect to key variables of aerobic fitness, body composition, energy expenditure, cancer-related fatigue, and quality of life to those of a standard multimodal rehabilitation program. A randomized controlled trial design was administered. Twenty-eight women, who had been treated for cancer were randomly assigned to either a group performing exercise of low-to-moderate intensity (LMIE; n = 14) or a group performing high-intensity interval training (HIIT; n = 14) as part of a 3-week multimodal rehabilitation program. No adverse events related to the exercise were reported. Work economy improved following both HIIT and LMIE, with improved peak oxygen uptake following LMIE. HIIT reduced mean total body fat mass with no change in body mass, muscle or fat-free mass (best P < 0.06). LMIE increased muscle and total fat-free body mass. Total energy expenditure (P = 0.45) did not change between the groups, whereas both improved quality of life to a similar high extent and lessened cancer-related fatigue. This randomized controlled study demonstrates that HIIT can be performed by female cancer survivors without adverse health effects. Here, HIIT and LMIE both improved work economy, quality of life and cancer-related fatigue, body composition or energy expenditure. Since the outcomes were similar, but HIIT takes less time, this may be a time-efficient strategy for improving certain aspects of the health of female cancer survivors.}, language = {en} } @article{BornZinnerDuekingetal.2016, author = {Born, Dennis-Peter and Zinner, Christoph and D{\"u}king, Peter and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Multi-Directional Sprint Training Improves Change-Of-Direction Speed and Reactive Agility in Young Highly Trained Soccer Players}, series = {Journal of Sports Science and Medicine}, volume = {15}, journal = {Journal of Sports Science and Medicine}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146866}, pages = {314-319}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a repeated sprint training with multi-directional change-of-direction (COD) movements (RSmulti) compared to repeated shuttle sprints (RSS) on variables related to COD speed and reactive agility. Nineteen highly-trained male U15 soccer players were assigned into two groups performing either RSmulti or RSS. For both groups, each training session involved 20 repeated 15 s sprints interspersed with 30 s recovery. With RSmulti the COD movements were randomized and performed in response to a visual stimulus, while the RSS involved predefined 180° COD movements. Before and following the six training sessions, performance in the Illinois agility test (IAT), COD speed in response to a visual stimulus, 20 m linear sprint time and vertical jumping height were assessed. Both groups improved their performance in the IAT (p < 0.01, ES = 1.13; p = 0.01, ES = 0.55). The COD speed in response to a visual stimulus improved with the RSmulti (p < 0.01, ES = 1.03), but not the RSS (p = 0.46, ES = 0.28). No differences were found for 20 m sprint time (P=0.73, ES = 0.07; p = 0.14, ES = 0.28) or vertical jumping height (p = 0.46, ES = 0.11; p = 0.29, ES = 0.12) for the RSmulti and RSS, respectively. In conclusion, performance in the IAT improved with the RSmulti as well as RSS. With the RSmulti however, the COD movements are performed in response to a visual stimulus, which may result in specific adaptations that improve COD speed and reactive agility in young highly trained soccer players.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingHothoHolmbergetal.2016, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Hotho, Andreas and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Fuss, Franz Konstantin and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Comparison of Non-Invasive Individual Monitoring of the Training and Health of Athletes with Commercially Available Wearable Technologies}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {7}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {71}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2016.00071}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165516}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Athletes adapt their training daily to optimize performance, as well as avoid fatigue, overtraining and other undesirable effects on their health. To optimize training load, each athlete must take his/her own personal objective and subjective characteristics into consideration and an increasing number of wearable technologies (wearables) provide convenient monitoring of various parameters. Accordingly, it is important to help athletes decide which parameters are of primary interest and which wearables can monitor these parameters most effectively. Here, we discuss the wearable technologies available for non-invasive monitoring of various parameters concerning an athlete's training and health. On the basis of these considerations, we suggest directions for future development. Furthermore, we propose that a combination of several wearables is most effective for accessing all relevant parameters, disturbing the athlete as little as possible, and optimizing performance and promoting health.}, language = {en} } @article{SperlichAchtzehndeMareesetal.2016, author = {Sperlich, Billy and Achtzehn, Silvia and de Mar{\´e}es, Markus and von Papen, Henning and Mester, Joachim}, title = {Load management in elite German distance runners during 3-weeks of high-altitude training}, series = {Physiological Reports}, volume = {4}, journal = {Physiological Reports}, number = {12}, doi = {10.14814/phy2.12845}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171294}, pages = {e12845}, year = {2016}, abstract = {There is a debate on the optimal way of monitoring training loads in elite endurance athletes especially during altitude training camps. In this case report, including nine members of the German national middle distance running team, we describe a practical approach to monitor the psychobiological stress markers during 21 days of altitude training (~2100 m above sea-level) to estimate the training load and to control muscle damage, fatigue, and/or chronic overreaching. Daily examination included: oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, resting heart rate, body mass, body and sleep perception, capillary blood concentration of creatine kinase. Every other day, venous serum concentration of blood urea nitrogen, venous blood concentration of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell were measured. If two or more of the above-mentioned stress markers were beyond or beneath the athlete's normal individual range, the training load of the subsequent training session was reduced. Running speed at 3 mmol L\(^{-1}\) blood lactate (V\(_{3}\)) improved and no athlete showed any signs of underperformance, chronic muscle damage, decrease body and sleep perception as well as activated inflammatory process during the 21 days. The dense screening of biomarkers in the present case study may stimulate further research to identify candidate markers for load monitoring in elite middle- and long-distance runners during a training camp at altitude.}, language = {en} } @article{SperlichWallmannSperlichZinneretal.2017, author = {Sperlich, Billy and Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit and Zinner, Christoph and Von Stauffenberg, Valerie and Losert, Helena and Holmberg, Hans-Christer}, title = {Functional High-intensity Circuit Training Improves Body Composition,Peak Oxygen Uptake, Strength, and Alters Certain Dimensions of Quality of Life in Overweight Women}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {172}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2017.00172}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171015}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The effects of circuit-like functional high-intensity training (Circuit\(_{HIIT}\)) alone or in combination with high-volume low-intensity exercise (Circuit\(_{combined}\)) on selected cardio-respiratory and metabolic parameters, body composition, functional strength and the quality of life of overweight women were compared. In this single-center, two-armed randomized, controlled study, overweight women performed 9-weeks (3 sessions·wk\(^{-1}\)) of either Circuit\(_{HIIT}\) (n = 11), or Circuit\(_{combined}\) (n = 8). Peak oxygen uptake and perception of physical pain were increased to a greater extent (p < 0.05) by Circuit\(_{HIIT}\), whereas Circuit\(_{combined}\) improved perception of general health more (p < 0.05). Both interventions lowered body mass, body-mass-index, waist-to-hip ratio, fat mass, and enhanced fat-free mass; decreased ratings of perceived exertion during submaximal treadmill running; improved the numbers of push-ups, burpees, one-legged squats, and 30-s skipping performed, as well as the height of counter-movement jumps; and improved physical and social functioning, role of physical limitations, vitality, role of emotional limitations, and mental health to a similar extent (all p < 0.05). Either forms of these multi-stimulating, circuit-like, multiple-joint training can be employed to improve body composition, selected variables of functional strength, and certain dimensions of quality of life in overweight women. However, Circuit\(_{HIIT}\) improves peak oxygen uptake to a greater extent, but with more perception of pain, whereas Circuit\(_{Combined}\) results in better perception of general health.}, language = {en} } @article{WallmannSperlichBippBuckschetal.2017, author = {Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit and Bipp, Tanja and Bucksch, Jens and Froboese, Ingo}, title = {Who uses height-adjustable desks? - Sociodemographic, health-related, and psycho-social variables of regular users}, series = {International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity}, volume = {14}, journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity}, number = {26}, doi = {10.1186/s12966-017-0480-4}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157888}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Background: Sit-to-stand height-adjustable desks (HAD) may promote workplace standing, as long as workers use them on a regular basis. The aim of this study was to investigate (i) how common HAD in German desk-based workers are, and how frequently HADs are used, (ii) to identify sociodemographic, health-related, and psycho-social variables of workday sitting including having a HAD, and (iii) to analyse sociodemographic, health-related, and psycho-social variables of users and non-users of HADs. Methods: A cross-sectional sample of 680 participants (51.9\% men; 41.0 ± 13.1 years) in a desk-based occupation was interviewed by telephone about their occupational sitting and standing proportions, having and usage of a HAD, and answered questions concerning psycho-social variables of occupational sitting. The proportion of workday sitting was calculated for participants having an HAD (n = 108) and not-having an HAD (n = 573), as well as for regular users of HAD (n = 54), and irregular/non-users of HAD (n = 54). Linear regressions were conducted to calculate associations between socio-demographic, health-related, psychosocial variables and having/not having an HAD, and the proportion of workday sitting. Logistic regressions were executed to examine the association of mentioned variables and participants' usage of HADs. Results: Sixteen percent report that they have an HAD, and 50\% of these report regular use of HAD. Having an HAD is not a correlate of the proportion of workday sitting. Further analysis restricted to participants having available a HAD highlights that only the 'perceived advantages of sitting less' was significantly associated with HAD use in the fully adjusted model (OR 1.75 [1.09; 2.81], p < 0.05). Conclusions: The present findings indicate that accompanying behavioral action while providing an HAD is promising to increase the regular usage of HAD. Hence, future research needs to address the specificity of behavioral actions in order to enhance regular HAD use, and needs to give more fundamental insights into these associations.}, language = {en} } @article{BornKunzSperlich2017, author = {Born, Dennis-Peter and Kunz, Philipp and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Reliability and validity of an agility-like incremental exercise test with multidirectional change-of-direction movements in response to a visual stimulus}, series = {Physiological Reports}, volume = {5}, journal = {Physiological Reports}, number = {9}, doi = {10.14814/phy2.13275}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158265}, pages = {e13275}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables, that is, peak oxygen uptake (V'O\(_{2peak}\)) and heart rate (HR\(_{peak}\)), obtained from an agility-like incremental exercise test for team sport athletes. To investigate the test-retest reliability, 25 team sport athletes (age: 22 ± 3 years, body mass: 75 ± 7 kg, height: 182 ± 6 cm) performed an agility-like incremental exercise test on the SpeedCourt (SC) system incorporating multidirectional change-of-direction (COD) movements twice. For each step of the incremental SC test, the athletes covered a 40-m distance interspersed with a 10-sec rest period. Each 40 m distance was split into short sprints (2.25-6.36 m) separated by multidirectional COD movements (0°-180°), which were performed in response to an external visual stimulus. All performance and physiological data were validated with variables obtained from a ramp-like treadmill and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2 test (Yo-Yo IR2). The incremental SC test revealed high test-retest reliability for the time to exhaustion (ICC = 0.85, typical error [TE] = 0.44, and CV\% = 3.88), V'O\(_{2peak}\), HR\(_{peak}\), ventilation, and breathing frequency (ICC = 0.84, 0.72, 0.89, 0.77, respectively). The time to exhaustion (r = 0.50, 0.74) of the incremental SC test as well as the peak values for V'O\(_{2}\) (r = 0.59, 0.52), HR (r = 0.75, 0.78), ventilation (r = 0.57, 0.57), and breathing frequency (r = 0.68, 0.68) were significantly correlated (P ≤ 0.01) with the ramp-like treadmill test and the Yo-Yo IR2, respectively. The incremental SC test represents a reliable and valid method to assess peak values for V'O\(_{2}\) and HR with respect to the specific demand of team sport match play by incorporating multidirectional COD movements, decision making, and cognitive components.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingHolmbergSperlich2017, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Instant Biofeedback Provided by Wearable Sensor Technology Can Help to Optimize Exercise and Prevent Injury and Overuse}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {167}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2017.00167}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158044}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @article{SperlichBeckerHothoetal.2017, author = {Sperlich, Billy and Becker, Martin and Hotho, Andreas and Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit and Sareban, Mahdi and Winkert, Kay and Steinacker, J{\"u}rgen M. and Treff, Gunnar}, title = {Sedentary behavior among national elite rowers during off-training — a pilot study}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {655}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2017.00655}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158753}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the off-training physical activity (PA) profile in national elite German U23 rowers during 31 days of their preparation period. The hours spent in each PA category (i.e., sedentary: <1.5 metabolic equivalents (MET); light physical activity: 1.5-3 MET; moderate physical activity: 3-6 MET and vigorous intense physical activity: >6 MET) were calculated for every valid day (i.e., >480 min of wear time). The off-training PA during 21 weekdays and 10 weekend days of the final 11-week preparation period was assessed by the wrist-worn multisensory device Microsoft Band II (MSBII). A total of 11 rowers provided valid data (i.e., >480 min/day) for 11.6 week days and 4.8 weekend days during the 31 days observation period. The average sedentary time was 11.63 ± 1.25 h per day during the week and 12.49 ± 1.10 h per day on the weekend, with a tendency to be higher on the weekend compared to weekdays (p = 0.06; d = 0.73). The average time in light, moderate and vigorous PA during the weekdays was 1.27 ± 1.15, 0.76 ± 0.37, 0.51 ± 0.44 h per day, and 0.67 ± 0.43, 0.59 ± 0.37, 0.53 ± 0.32 h per weekend day. Light physical activity was higher during weekdays compared to the weekend (p = 0.04; d = 0.69). Based on our pilot study of 11 national elite rowers we conclude that rowers display a considerable sedentary off-training behavior of more than 11.5 h/day.}, language = {en} } @article{BornZinnerSperlich2017, author = {Born, Dennis-Peter and Zinner, Christoph and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {The mucosal immune function is not compromised during a period of high-intensity interval training. Is it time to reconsider an old assumption?}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {485}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2017.00485}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158025}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the mucosal immune function and circadian variation of salivary cortisol, Immunoglobin-A (sIgA) secretion rate and mood during a period of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) compared to long-slow distance training (LSD). Methods: Recreational male runners (n = 28) completed nine sessions of either HIIT or LSD within 3 weeks. The HIIT involved 4 × 4 min of running at 90-95\% of maximum heart rate interspersed with 3 min of active recovery while the LSD comprised of continuous running at 70-75\% of maximum heart rate for 60-80 min. The psycho-immunological stress-response was investigated with a full daily profile of salivary cortisol and immunoglobin-A (sIgA) secretion rate along with the mood state on a baseline day, the first and last day of training and at follow-up 4 days after the last day of training. Before and after the training period, each athlete's running performance and peak oxygen uptake (V·O\(_{2peak}\)) was determined with an incremental exercise test. Results: The HIIT resulted in a longer time-to-exhaustion (P = 0.02) and increased V·O\(_{2peak}\) compared to LSD (P = 0.01). The circadian variation of sIgA secretion rate showed highest values in the morning immediately after waking up followed by a decrease throughout the day in both groups (P < 0.05). With HIIT, the wake-up response of sIgA secretion rate was higher on the last day of training (P < 0.01) as well as the area under the curve (AUC\(_{G}\)) higher on the first and last day of training and follow-up compared to the LSD (P = 0.01). Also the AUC\(_{G}\) for the sIgA secretion rate correlated with the increase in V·O\(_{2peak}\) and running performance. The AUC\(_{G}\) for cortisol remained unaffected on the first and last day of training but increased on the follow-up day with both, HIIT and LSD (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The increased sIgA secretion rate with the HIIT indicates no compromised mucosal immune function compared to LSD and shows the functional adaptation of the mucosal immune system in response to the increased stress and training load of nine sessions of HIIT.}, language = {en} } @article{ZinnerBornSperlich2017, author = {Zinner, Christoph and Born, Dennis-Peter and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Ischemic preconditioning does not alter performance in multidirectional high-intensity intermittent exercise}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2017.01029}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159348}, pages = {1029}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Purpose: Research dealing with ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has primarily focused on variables associated to endurance performance with little research about the acute responses of IPC on repeated multidirectional running sprint performance. Here we aimed to investigate the effects of IPC of the arms and the legs on repeated running sprint performance with changes-of-direction (COD) movements. Methods: Thirteen moderately-to-well-trained team-sport athletes (7 males; 6 females; age: 24 ± 2 years, size: 175 ± 8 cm, body mass: 67.9 ± 8.1 kg) performed 16 × 30 m all-out sprints (15 s rest) with multidirectional COD movements on a Speedcourt\(^{©}\) with IPC (3 × 5 min) of the legs (IPC\(_{leg}\); 240 mm Hg) or of the arms (remote IPC: IPC\(_{remote}\); 180-190 mm Hg) 45 min before the sprints and a control trial (CON; 20 mm Hg). Results: The mean (±SD) time for the 16 × 30 m multidirectional COD sprints was similar between IPC\(_{leg}\) (Mean t: 16.0 ± 1.8 s), IPC\(_{remote}\) (16.2 ± 1.7 s), and CON (16.0 ± 1.6 s; p = 0.50). No statistical differences in oxygen uptake (mean difference: 0\%), heart rate (1.1\%) nor muscle oxygen saturation of the vastus lateralis (4.7\%) and biceps brachii (7.8\%) between the three conditions were evident (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: IPC (3 × 5 min) of the legs (220 mm Hg) or arms (180-190 mm Hg; remote IPC) applied 45 min before 16 × 30 m repeated multidirectional running sprint exercise does not improve sprint performance, oxygen uptake, heart rate nor muscle oxygen saturation of the vastus lateralis muscle when compared to a control trial.}, language = {en} } @article{SperlichHolmberg2017, author = {Sperlich, Billy and Holmberg, Hans-Christer}, title = {The responses of elite athletes to exercise: an all-day, 24-h integrative view is required!}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {564}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2017.00564}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158655}, year = {2017}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, language = {en} } @article{SperlichDuekingHolmberg2017, author = {Sperlich, Billy and D{\"u}king, Peter and Holmberg, Hans-Christer}, title = {A SWOT analysis of the use and potential misuse of implantable monitoring devices by athletes}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {629}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2017.00629}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158742}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Kein Abstract vorhanden.}, language = {en} } @article{SarebanWinkertSperlichetal.2018, author = {Sareban, Mahdi and Winkert, Kay and Sperlich, Billy and Berger, Marc M. and Niebauer, Josef and Steinacker, J{\"u}rgen M. and Treff, Gunnar}, title = {Speckle tracking-derived bi-atrial strain before and after eleven weeks of training in elite rowers}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {8}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-32542-8}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227362}, pages = {14300, 1-9}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The left (LA) and right (RA) atria undergo adaptive remodeling in response to hemodynamic stress not only induced by endurance exercise but also as part of several cardiovascular diseases thereby confounding differential diagnosis. Echocardiographic assessment of the atria with novel speckle tracking (STE)-derived variables broadens the diagnostic spectrum compared to conventional analyses and has the potential to differentiate physiologic from pathologic changes. The purpose of this study was to assess and categorize baseline values of bi-atrial structure and function in elite rowers according to recommended cutoffs, and to assess the cardiac changes occurring with endurance training. Therefore, fifteen elite rowers underwent 2D-echocardiographic analysis of established variables of cardiac structure and function as well as STE-derived variables of bi-atrial function. Measurements were performed at baseline and after eleven weeks of extensive training. 40\% of athletes displayed mildly enlarged LA and 47\% mildly enlarged RA at baseline, whereas no athlete fell below the lower reference values of LA and RA reservoir strain. Average power during a 2000 m ergometer rowing test (P2000 m) improved from 426 +/- 39 W to 442 +/- 34 W (p = 0.010) but there were no changes of echocardiographic variables following training. In elite rowers, longitudinal bi-atrial strain assessment indicates normal resting function of structurally enlarged atria and thereby may assist to differentiate between exercise-induced versus disease-associated structural cardiac changes in which function is commonly impaired.}, language = {en} } @article{EngelAckermannChtourouetal.2018, author = {Engel, Florian Azad and Ackermann, Alexander and Chtourou, Hamdi and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {High-Intensity Interval Training Performed by Young Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, issn = {1664-042X}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2018.01012}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189173}, pages = {1012}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is as a time-efficient alternative to moderate- or low-intensity continuous exercise for improving variables related to endurance and anaerobic performance in young and adolescent athletes. Objectives: To assess original research about enhancement of endurance and anaerobic exercise performance in young and adolescent athletes performing HIIT. Method: Relevant articles published in peer-reviewed journals were retrieved from the electronic databases PubMed and SPORTDiscus in December 2017. Inclusion criteria were: (i) controlled trials (HIIT vs. alternative training protocol) with pre-post design; (ii) healthy young athletes (≤18 years); (iii) assessing variables related to endurance and exercise performance. Hedges' g effect size (ES), and associated 95\% confidence intervals were calculated for comparison of any outcome between experimental (HIIT) and alternative training protocol. Results: Twenty four studies, involving 577 athletes (mean age: 15.5 ± 2.2 years), were included in this review. HIIT exerted no or small positive mean ES on peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), running performance, repeated sprint ability, jumping performance and submaximal heart rate. Although the mean ES for changes in VO2peak with HIIT is small (mean g = 0.10±0.28), the average increase in VO2peak from pre to post HIIT-interventions were 7.2 ± 6.9\% vs. 4.3 ± 6.9\% with any other alternative intervention. HIIT largely and positively affected running speed and oxygen consumption at various lactate- or ventilatory-based thresholds, as well as for sprint running performance. Calculations showed negative mean ES for change-of-direction ability (large), and peak blood lactate concentrations (small). Mean duration per training session for HIIT was shorter than for control interventions (28 ± 15 min vs. 38 ± 24 min). Conclusion: The present findings suggest that young athletes performing HIIT may improve certain important variables related to aerobic, as well as anaerobic, performance. With HIIT, most variables related to endurance improved to a higher extent, compared to alternative training protocols. However, based on ES, HIIT did not show clear superiority to the alternative training protocols. Nevertheless, young athletes may benefit from HIIT as it requires less time per training session leaving more time for training sport specific skills.}, language = {en} } @article{ChtourouEngelFakhfakhetal.2018, author = {Chtourou, Hamdi and Engel, Florian Azad and Fakhfakh, Hassen and Fakhfakh, Hazem and Hammouda, Omar and Ammar, Achraf and Trabelsi, Khaled and Souissi, Nizar and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Diurnal Variation of Short-Term Repetitive Maximal Performance and Psychological Variables in Elite Judo Athletes}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, issn = {1664-042X}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2018.01499}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189269}, pages = {1409}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of time of day on short-term repetitive maximal performance and psychological variables in elite judo athletes. Methods: Fourteen Tunisian elite male judokas (age: 21 ± 1 years, height:172 ± 7 cm, body-mass: 70.0 ± 8.1 kg) performed a repeated shuttle sprint and jump ability (RSSJA) test (6 m × 2 m × 12.5 m every 25-s incorporating one countermovement jump (CMJ) between sprints) in the morning (7:00 a.m.) and afternoon (5:00 p.m.). Psychological variables (Profile of mood states (POMS-f) and Hooper questionnaires) were assessed before and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) immediately after the RSSJA. Results: Sprint times (p > 0.05) of the six repetition, fatigue index of sprints (p > 0.05) as well as mean (p > 0.05) jump height and fatigue index (p > 0.05) of CMJ did not differ between morning and afternoon. No differences were observed between the two times-of-day for anxiety, anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, interpersonal relationship, sleep, and muscle soreness (p > 0.05). Jump height in CMJ 3 and 4 (p < 0.05) and RPE (p < 0.05) and vigor (p < 0.01) scores were higher in the afternoon compared to the morning. Stress was higher in the morning compared to the afternoon (p < 0.01). Conclusion: In contrast to previous research, repeated sprint running performance and mood states of the tested elite athletes showed no-strong dependency of time-of-day of testing. A possible explanation can be the habituation of the judo athletes to work out early in the morning.}, language = {en} } @article{FussDuekingWeizman2018, author = {Fuss, Franz Konstantin and D{\"u}king, Peter and Weizman, Yehuda}, title = {Discovery of a Sweet Spot on the Foot with a Smart Wearable Soccer Boot Sensor That Maximizes the Chances of Scoring a Curved Kick in Soccer}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, issn = {1664-042X}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2018.00063}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189126}, pages = {63}, year = {2018}, abstract = {This paper provides the evidence of a sweet spot on the boot/foot as well as the method for detecting it with a wearable pressure sensitive device. This study confirmed the hypothesized existence of sweet and dead spots on a soccer boot or foot when kicking a ball. For a stationary curved kick, kicking the ball at the sweet spot maximized the probability of scoring a goal (58-86\%), whereas having the impact point at the dead zone minimized the probability (11-22\%). The sweet spot was found based on hypothesized favorable parameter ranges (center of pressure in x/y-directions and/or peak impact force) and the dead zone based on hypothesized unfavorable parameter ranges. The sweet spot was rather concentrated, independent of which parameter combination was used (two- or three-parameter combination), whereas the dead zone, located 21 mm from the sweet spot, was more widespread.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingAchtzehnHolmbergetal.2018, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Achtzehn, Silvia and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Integrated framework of load monitoring by a combination of smartphone applications, wearables and point-of-care testing provides feedback that allows individual responsive adjustments to activities of daily living}, series = {Sensors}, volume = {18}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {5}, doi = {10.3390/s18051632}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176506}, pages = {1632}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Athletes schedule their training and recovery in periods, often utilizing a pre-defined strategy. To avoid underperformance and/or compromised health, the external load during training should take into account the individual's physiological and perceptual responses. No single variable provides an adequate basis for planning, but continuous monitoring of a combination of several indicators of internal and external load during training, recovery and off-training as well may allow individual responsive adjustments of a training program in an effective manner. From a practical perspective, including that of coaches, monitoring of potential changes in health and performance should ideally be valid, reliable and sensitive, as well as time-efficient, easily applicable, non-fatiguing and as non-invasive as possible. Accordingly, smartphone applications, wearable sensors and point-of-care testing appear to offer a suitable monitoring framework allowing responsive adjustments to exercise prescription. Here, we outline 24-h monitoring of selected parameters by these technologies that (i) allows responsive adjustments of exercise programs, (ii) enhances performance and/or (iii) reduces the risk for overuse, injury and/or illness.}, language = {en} } @article{SperlichDeClerckZinneretal.2018, author = {Sperlich, Billy and De Clerck, Ine and Zinner, Christoph and Holmberg,, Hans-Christer and Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit}, title = {Prolonged sitting interrupted by 6-min of high-intensity exercise: circulatory, metabolic, hormonal, thermal, cognitive, and perceptual responses}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {1279}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2018.01279}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177307}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The aim was to examine certain aspects of circulatory, metabolic, hormonal, thermoregulatory, cognitive, and perceptual responses while sitting following a brief session of high-intensity interval exercise. Twelve students (five men; age, 22 ± 2 years) performed two trials involving either simply sitting for 180 min (SIT) or sitting for this same period with a 6-min session of high-intensity exercise after 60 min (SIT+HIIT). At T\(_0\) (after 30 min of resting), T\(_1\) (after a 20-min breakfast), T\(_2\) (after sitting for 1 h), T\(_3\) (immediately after the HIIT), T\(_4\), T\(_5\), T\(_6\), and T\(_7\) (30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the HIIT), circulatory, metabolic, hormonal, thermoregulatory, cognitive, and perceptual responses were assessed. The blood lactate concentration (at T\(_3\)-T\(_5\)), heart rate (at T\(_3\)-T\(_6\)), oxygen uptake (at T\(_3\)-T\(_7\)), respiratory exchange ratio, and sensations of heat (T\(_3\)-T\(_5\)), sweating (T\(_3\), T\(_4\)) and odor (T\(_3\)), as well as perception of vigor (T\(_3\)-T\(_6\)), were higher and the respiratory exchange ratio (T\(_4\)-T\(_7\)) and mean body and skin temperatures (T\(_3\)) lower in the SIT+HIIT than the SIT trial. Levels of blood glucose and salivary cortisol, cerebral oxygenation, and feelings of anxiety/depression, fatigue or hostility, as well as the variables of cognitive function assessed by the Stroop test did not differ between SIT and SIT+HIIT. In conclusion, interruption of prolonged sitting with a 6-min session of HIIT induced more pronounced circulatory and metabolic responses and improved certain aspects of perception, without affecting selected hormonal, thermoregulatory or cognitive functions.}, language = {en} } @article{SperlichHahnEdeletal.2018, author = {Sperlich, Billy and Hahn, Lea-Sofie and Edel, Antonia and Behr, Tino and Helmprobst, Julian and Leppich, Robert and Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit and Holmberg, Hans-Christer}, title = {A 4-week intervention involving mobile-based daily 6-minute micro-sessions of functional high-intensity circuit training improves strength and quality of life, but not cardio-respiratory fitness of young untrained adults}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {423}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2018.00423}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176565}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The present study was designed to assess the psycho-physiological responses of physically untrained individuals to mobile-based multi-stimulating, circuit-like, multiple-joint conditioning (Circuit\(_{HIIT}\)) performed either once (1xCircuitHIIT) or twice (2xCircuit\(_{HIIT}\)) daily for 4 weeks. In this single-center, two-arm randomized, controlled study, 24 men and women (age: 25 ± 5 years) first received no training instructions for 4 weeks and then performed 4 weeks of either 1xCircuitHIIT or 2xCircuit\(_{HIIT}\) (5 men and 7 women in each group) daily. The 1xCircuitHIIT and 2xCircuit\(_{HIIT}\) participants carried out 90.7 and 85.7\% of all planned training sessions, respectively, with average heart rates during the 6-min sessions of 74.3 and 70.8\% of maximal heart rate. Body, fat and fat-free mass, and metabolic rate at rest did not differ between the groups or between time-points of measurement. Heart rate while running at 6 km⋅h\(^{-1}\) declined after the intervention in both groups. Submaximal and peak oxygen uptake, the respiratory exchange ratio and heart rate recovery were not altered by either intervention. The maximal numbers of push-ups, leg-levers, burpees, 45°-one-legged squats and 30-s skipping, as well as perception of general health improved in both groups. Our 1xCircuit\(_{HIIT}\) or 2xCircuit\(_{HIIT}\) interventions improved certain parameters of functional strength and certain dimensions of quality of life in young untrained individuals. However, they were not sufficient to enhance cardio-respiratory fitness, in particular peak oxygen uptake.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingFussHolmbergetal.2018, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Fuss, Franz Konstantin and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Recommendations for assessment of the reliability, sensitivity, and validity of data provided by wearable sensors designed for monitoring physical activity}, series = {JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth}, volume = {6}, journal = {JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth}, number = {4}, doi = {10.2196/mhealth.9341}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176202}, pages = {e102}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Although it is becoming increasingly popular to monitor parameters related to training, recovery, and health with wearable sensor technology (wearables), scientific evaluation of the reliability, sensitivity, and validity of such data is limited and, where available, has involved a wide variety of approaches. To improve the trustworthiness of data collected by wearables and facilitate comparisons, we have outlined recommendations for standardized evaluation. We discuss the wearable devices themselves, as well as experimental and statistical considerations. Adherence to these recommendations should be beneficial not only for the individual, but also for regulatory organizations and insurance companies.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingHolmbergSperlich2018, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {The potential usefulness of virtual reality systems for athletes: a short SWOT analysis}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {128}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2018.00128}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176178}, year = {2018}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, language = {en} } @article{KunzZinnerHolmbergetal.2019, author = {Kunz, Philipp and Zinner, Christoph and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Intra- and post-match time-course of indicators related to perceived and performance fatigability and recovery in elite youth soccer players}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {10}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {1383}, issn = {1664-042X}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2019.01383}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-195657}, year = {2019}, abstract = {PurposeOur aims were to examine (i) the internal load during simulated soccer match-play by elite youth players; and (ii) the time-course of subsequent recovery from perceived and performance fatigability. MethodsEleven male youth players (16 ± 1 years, 178 ± 7 cm, 67 ± 7 kg) participated in a 2 × 40-min simulated soccer match, completing 30 rounds (160 s each) with every round including multidirectional and linear sprinting (LS20m), jumping (CMJ) and running at different intensities. During each round, LS20m, CMJ, agility, heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), energy expenditure (EE), substrate utilization and perceived exertion RPE were assessed. In addition, the blood level of lactate (Lac) was obtained after each of the five rounds. Creatine kinase (CK) concentration, maximal voluntary isometric knee extension and flexion, CMJ, number of skippings in 30 s, and subjective ratings on the Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS) were examined before and immediately, 24 and 48 h after the simulation. Results: During the game \%HR\(_{peak}\) (p < 0.05, d = 1.08), \%VO2\(_{peak}\) (p < 0.05; d = 0.68), Lac (p < 0.05, d = 2.59), RPE\(_{total}\) (p < 0.05, d = 4.59), and RPE\(_{legs}\) (p < 0.05, d = 4.45) all increased with time during both halves (all p < 0.05). Agility improved (p < 0.05, d = 0.70) over the time-course of the game, with no changes in LS20m (p ≥ 0.05, d = 0.34) or CMJ (p ≥ 0.05, d = 0.27). EE was similar during both halves (528 ± 58 vs. 514 ± 61 kcal; p = 0.60; d = 0.23), with 62\% (second half: 65\%) carbohydrate, 9\% (9\%) protein and 26\% (27\%) fat utilization. With respect to recovery, maximal voluntary knee extension (p ≥ 0.05, d = 0.50) and flexion force (p ≥ 0.05, d = 0.19), CMJ (p ≥ 0.05, d = 0.13), number of ground contacts (p ≥ 0.05, d = 0.57) and average contact time (p ≥ 0.05, d = 0.39) during 30-s of skipping remained unaltered 24 and 48 h after the game. Most ARSS dimensions of load (p < 0.05, d = 3.79) and recovery (p < 0.05, d = 3.22) returned to baseline levels after 24 h of recovery. Relative to baseline values, CK was elevated immediately and 24 h after (p < 0.05, d = 2.03) and normalized 48 h later. ConclusionIn youth soccer players the simulated match evoked considerable circulatory, metabolic and perceptual load, with an EE of 1042 ± 118 kcal. Among the indicators of perceived and performance fatigability examined, the level of CK and certain subjective ratings differed considerably immediately following or 24-48 h after a 2 × 40-min simulated soccer match in comparison to baseline. Accordingly, monitoring these variables may assist coaches in assessing a U17 player's perceived and performance fatigability in connection with scheduling training following a soccer match.}, language = {en} } @article{WallmannSperlichHoffmannSaldittetal.2019, author = {Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit and Hoffmann, Sophie and Salditt, Anne and Bipp, Tanja and Froboese, Ingo}, title = {Moving to an "active" biophilic designed office workplace: a pilot study about the effects on sitting time and sitting habits of office-based workers}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {16}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, number = {9}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph16091559}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197371}, pages = {1559}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Promising initial insights show that offices designed to permit physical activity (PA) may reduce workplace sitting time. Biophilic approaches are intended to introduce natural surroundings into the workplace, and preliminary data show positive effects on stress reduction and elevated productivity within the workplace. The primary aim of this pilot study was to analyze changes in workplace sitting time and self-reported habit strength concerning uninterrupted sitting and PA during work, when relocating from a traditional office setting to "active" biophilic-designed surroundings. The secondary aim was to assess possible changes in work-associated factors such as satisfaction with the office environment, work engagement, and work performance, among office staff. In a pre-post designed field study, we collected data through an online survey on health behavior at work. Twelve participants completed the survey before (one-month pre-relocation, T1) and twice after the office relocation (three months (T2) and seven months post-relocation (T3)). Standing time per day during office hours increased from T1 to T3 by about 40 min per day (p < 0.01). Other outcomes remained unaltered. The results suggest that changing office surroundings to an active-permissive biophilic design increased standing time during working hours. Future larger-scale controlled studies are warranted to investigate the influence of office design on sitting time and work-associated factors during working hours in depth.}, language = {en} } @article{KunzAzadEngelHolmbergetal.2019, author = {Kunz, Philipp and Azad Engel, Florian and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {A meta-comparison of the effects of high-intensity interval training to those of small-sided games and other training protocols on parameters related to the physiology and performance of youth soccer players}, series = {Sports Medicine - Open}, volume = {5}, journal = {Sports Medicine - Open}, doi = {10.1186/s40798-019-0180-5}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200332}, pages = {7}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Background High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is frequently employed to improve the endurance of various types of athletes. To determine whether youth soccer players may benefit from the intermittent load and time efficiency of HIIT, we performed a meta-analysis of the relevant scientific literature. Objectives Our primary objective was to compare changes in various physiological parameters related to the performance of youth soccer players in response to running-based HIIT to the effects of other common training protocols (i.e., small-sided games, technical training and soccer-specific training, or high-volume endurance training). A secondary objective was to compare specifically running-based HIIT to a soccer-specific form of HIIT known as small-sided games (SSG) in this same respect, since this latter type of training is being discussed extensively by coaches. Method A systematic search of the PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed in August of 2017 and updated during the review process in December of 2018. The criteria for inclusion of articles for analysis were as follows: (1) comparison of HIIT to SSG or some other training protocol employing a pre-post design, (2) involvement of healthy young athletes (≤ 18 years old), and (3) assessment of variables related to endurance or soccer performance. Hedges' g effect size (dppc2) and associated 95\% confidence intervals for the comparison of the responses to HIIT and other interventions were calculated. Results Nine studies, involving 232 young soccer players (mean age 16.2 ± 1.6 years), were examined. Endurance training in the form of HIIT or SSG produced similar positive effects on most parameters assessed, including peak oxygen uptake and maximal running performance during incremental running (expressed as Vmax or maximal aerobic speed (MAS)), shuttle runs (expressed as the distance covered or time to exhaustion), and time-trials, as well as submaximal variables such as running economy and running velocity at the lactate threshold. HIIT induced a moderate improvement in soccer-related tests involving technical exercises with the soccer ball and other game-specific parameters (i.e., total distance covered, number of sprints, and number of involvements with the ball). Neuromuscular parameters were largely unaffected by HIIT or SSG. Conclusion The present meta-analysis indicates that HIIT and SSG have equally beneficial impacts on variables related to the endurance and soccer-specific performance of youth soccer players, but little influence on neuromuscular performance.}, language = {en} } @article{EngelWagnerSchelhornetal.2019, author = {Engel, Florian A. and Wagner, Matthias Oliver and Schelhorn, Franziska and Deubert, Felix and Leutzsch, Sascha and Stolz, Alexander and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Classroom-Based Micro-Sessions of Functional High-Intensity Circuit Training Enhances Functional Strength but Not Cardiorespiratory Fitness in School Children — A Feasibility Study}, series = {Frontiers in Public Health}, volume = {7}, journal = {Frontiers in Public Health}, number = {291}, issn = {2296-2565}, doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2019.00291}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-195669}, year = {2019}, abstract = {The present study assessed the short-term effect of 6 min classroom-based micro-sessions of multi-joint functional high-intensity circuit training (FunctionalHIIT) performed by students during regular classes on parameters related to functional strength and cardiorespiratory fitness. In this randomized controlled 4-week study, 17 students (11 male; 6 female; age: 11.6 ± 0.2 years) performed 6 min of FunctionalHIIT (targeting >17 on the Borg scale) 4 days per week during regular school classes and 18 students (11 male; 7 female; age: 11.7 ± 0.3 years) served as control group (CG) without any additional in-class physical activity. The FunctionalHIIT group completed 86\% of all planned sessions (mean duration: 6.0 ± 1.5 min) with a mean RPE of 17.3 ± 2.1. Body height, mass and BMI did not differ between the groups at baseline or between pre- and post-testing (p > 0.05; eta2 ≤ 0.218). The performances in lateral jumping (p < 0.000; part eta2 = 0.382; Δ\% 4.6 ± 8.6), sit-ups (p < 0.000; part eta2 = 0.485; Δ\% 3.1 ± 8.6) and 20-m sprints (p < 0.000; part eta2 = 0.691; Δ\% 15.8 ± 5.4) improved in both groups with greater increase following FunctionalHIIT. No baseline differences and no interaction effects occurred in performance of 6 min run, flexibility, push-ups, balance, and long jump. Classroom-based FunctionalHIIT sessions, performed 4 days per week during 4 weeks did not improve variables related to aerobic endurance performance but enhanced certain parameters of functional strength in schoolchildren. As time is limited in the educational system of schools, FunctionalHIIT during regular school classes could offer a new perspective for increasing functional strength in schoolchildren.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Rausch2019, author = {Rausch, Monika}, title = {Die Auswirkung eines funktionellen Krafttrainings auf die muskul{\"a}re und subjektive Beanspruchung der Hals-, Nacken- und Schultermuskulatur unter dem Einfluss hoher Beschleunigungskr{\"a}fte in der Humanzentrifuge}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-18474}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-184742}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Die hier vorliegende Arbeit hatte in einem ersten Schritt das Ziel, die physiologische Beanspruchung ausgew{\"a}hlter Muskeln des Hals-, Nacken - und Schulterbereiches unter positiven Beschleunigungskr{\"a}ften zu ermitteln und den Einfluss unterschiedlicher Helmsysteme sowie Bewegungen des Kopfes zu analysieren. Daf{\"u}r wurde die Methode der Oberfl{\"a}chenelektromyographie genutzt, eine Technik, welche myoelektrische Signale, die Muskeln bei ihren Kontraktionsvorg{\"a}ngen erzeugen, erfassen kann. Im Speziellen wurde die Normalisierungsmethode der maximalen Willk{\"u}rkontraktion (MVC-Normalisierung) gew{\"a}hlt, bei der das mikrovoltbasierte Signal zu einer vorher durchgef{\"u}hrten Maximalkontraktion der zu messenden Muskulatur (Referenzwert = 100\%) in Relation gesetzt wird. Somit wird ein prozentualer, quantifizierbarer Wert generiert. In der Humanzentrifuge der Bundeswehr, die am Zentrum f{\"u}r Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin der Luftwaffe in K{\"o}nigsbr{\"u}ck bei Dresden steht, wurden 18 Probanden unterschiedlich hohen Beschleunigungsexpositionen ausgesetzt. Dabei wurden die muskul{\"a}ren Aktivit{\"a}ten bilateral des M. sternocleidomastoideus, des M. trapezius Pars descendens und des M. erector spinae ermittelt. Im Anschluss daran wurden die Daten mit vorhandener Literatur im flugmedizinischen Kontext verglichen. Weiterhin wurde das subjektive Belastungsempfinden der Probanden w{\"a}hrend der Beschleunigungsexpositionen erhoben. Diese Studie zeigt, dass die muskul{\"a}re Beanspruchung der HWS-Muskulatur, w{\"a}hrend positiver Beschleunigung, im Wesentlichen durch die Beschleunigung selbst und durch Kopfbewegungen beeinflusst wird. Weiterhin erh{\"o}hen zus{\"a}tzliche Helmsysteme in Verbindung mit Beschleunigung und Bewegung die muskul{\"a}re Beanspruchung signifikant. Auch das subjektive Belastungsempfinden nahm mit zunehmender Beschleunigung und Gewichtszunahme durch die Helmsysteme zu und war im Nackenbereich am h{\"o}chsten. Insgesamt erwies sich die Methode der Oberfl{\"a}chenelektromyographie als valide Messmethode zur Bestimmung der physiologischen Beanspruchung der Muskulatur unter Beschleunigungskr{\"a}ften, allerdings nur, sofern sich die Halswirbels{\"a}ule in einer neutralen Position befand. In einem weiteren Schritt, sollte nun {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft werden, ob die physiologische Beanspruchung im Bereich der Halswirbels{\"a}ule unter positiven Beschleunigungskr{\"a}ften durch ein - speziell f{\"u}r das Umfeld der Jet-Fliegerei konzipiertes - Trainingsprogramm verringert werden kann. Daf{\"u}r wurden die 18 Probanden in eine Trainings- (12 Personen) und Kontrollgruppe (6 Personen) unterteilt und mit Hilfe unterschiedlicher Validierungskriterien wurde ein 12-w{\"o}chiges funktionelles Ganzk{\"o}rpertraining - mit Schwerpunkt des Muskelaufbaus im Hals-, Nacken- und Schulterbereich - in einem Pre-Posttest-Design {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Die Validierungskriterien setzten sich sowohl aus qualitativen als auch quantitativen Methoden zusammen. Es wurden grunds{\"a}tzliche anthropometrische Daten erhoben, Frageb{\"o}gen erarbeitet als auch Maximalkraftmessungen in allen Bewegungsrichtungen der Halswirbels{\"a}ule durchgef{\"u}hrt. Zus{\"a}tzlich zu den „g{\"a}ngigen" Methoden wurden die schon beschriebenen Oberfl{\"a}chenelektromyographiemessungen in der Humanzentrifuge angewandt, um zu analysieren, ob objektiv nachgewiesen werden kann, dass ein Training einen positiven Einfluss auf die physiologische Beanspruchung der Muskulatur unter positiven Beschleunigungskr{\"a}ften haben kann. Diese Validierungsmethode wurde in der gesichteten Literatur im flugmedizinischen Kontext in diesem Umfang noch nicht angewandt. Weiterhin wurden die analysierten Muskeln vor als auch nach der Interventionsphase mit Hilfe der Magnetresonanztomographie volumetriert. Somit konnte auch die autochthone schwer zu analysierende Nackenmuskulatur untersucht werden. Insgesamt konnte mit allen gew{\"a}hlten Methoden nachgewiesen werden, dass durch das Training die physiologische Beanspruchung der Muskulatur subjektiv als auch objektiv verringert wurde. Speziell unter Beschleunigung wurden in der Trainingsgruppe - w{\"a}hrend die Probanden einen Helm trugen - signifikante Abnahmen der muskul{\"a}ren Aktivit{\"a}t im Posttest festgestellt. Auch das Muskelvolumen nahm in der Trainingsgruppe bei allen untersuchten Muskeln signifikant zu. Die hier vorliegende Studie stellt eine validierte M{\"o}glichkeit dar, die Gesunderhaltung des fliegenden Personals nachweislich zu unterst{\"u}tzen und leistet einen Beitrag in der komplexen Thematik zur Verringerung von Wirbels{\"a}ulenbeschwerden bei Luftfahrzeugbesatzungen.}, subject = {Krafttraining}, language = {de} } @article{DuekingHolmbergKunzetal.2020, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Holmberg, Hans‑Christer and Kunz, Philipp and Leppich, Robert and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Intra-individual physiological response of recreational runners to different training mesocycles: a randomized cross-over study}, series = {European Journal of Applied Physiology}, volume = {120}, journal = {European Journal of Applied Physiology}, issn = {1439-6319}, doi = {10.1007/s00421-020-04477-4}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235022}, pages = {2705-2713}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Purpose Pronounced differences in individual physiological adaptation may occur following various training mesocycles in runners. Here we aimed to assess the individual changes in performance and physiological adaptation of recreational runners performing mesocycles with different intensity, duration and frequency. Methods Employing a randomized cross-over design, the intra-individual physiological responses [i.e., peak (\(\dot{VO}_{2peak}\)) and submaximal (\(\dot{VO}_{2submax}\)) oxygen uptake, velocity at lactate thresholds (V\(_2\), V\(_4\))] and performance (time-to-exhaustion (TTE)) of 13 recreational runners who performed three 3-week sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), high-volume low-intensity training (HVLIT) or more but shorter sessions of HVLIT (high-frequency training; HFT) were assessed. Results \(\dot{VO}_{2submax}\), V\(_2\), V\(_4\) and TTE were not altered by HIIT, HVLIT or HFT (p > 0.05). \(\dot{VO}_{2peak}\) improved to the same extent following HVLIT (p = 0.045) and HFT (p = 0.02). The number of moderately negative responders was higher following HIIT (15.4\%); and HFT (15.4\%) than HVLIT (7.6\%). The number of very positive responders was higher following HVLIT (38.5\%) than HFT (23\%) or HIIT (7.7\%). 46\% of the runners responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23\% did not respond to any. Conclusion On a group level, none of the interventions altered \(\dot{VO}_{2submax}\), V\(_2\), V\(_4\) or TTE, while HVLIT and HFT improved \(\dot{VO}_{2peak}\). The mean adaptation index indicated similar numbers of positive, negative and non-responders to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT, but more very positive responders to HVLIT than HFT or HIIT. 46\% responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23\% did not respond to any. These findings indicate that the magnitude of responses to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT is highly individual and no pattern was apparent.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingGiessingFrenkeletal.2020, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Giessing, Laura and Frenkel, Marie Ottilie and Koehler, Karsten and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy}, title = {Wrist-Worn Wearables for Monitoring Heart Rate and Energy Expenditure While Sitting or Performing Light-to-Vigorous Physical Activity: Validation Study}, series = {JMIR mhealth and uhealth}, volume = {8}, journal = {JMIR mhealth and uhealth}, number = {5}, doi = {10.2196/16716}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229413}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Background: Physical activity reduces the incidences of noncommunicable diseases, obesity, and mortality, but an inactive lifestyle is becoming increasingly common. Innovative approaches to monitor and promote physical activity are warranted. While individual monitoring of physical activity aids in the design of effective interventions to enhance physical activity, a basic prerequisite is that the monitoring devices exhibit high validity. Objective: Our goal was to assess the validity of monitoring heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE) while sitting or performing light-to-vigorous physical activity with 4 popular wrist-worn wearables (Apple Watch Series 4, Polar Vantage V, Garmin Fenix 5, and Fitbit Versa). Methods: While wearing the 4 different wearables, 25 individuals performed 5 minutes each of sitting, walking, and running at different velocities (ie, 1.1 m/s, 1.9 m/s, 2.7 m/s, 3.6 m/s, and 4.1 m/s), as well as intermittent sprints. HR and EE were compared to common criterion measures: Polar-H7 chest belt for HR and indirect calorimetry for EE. Results: While monitoring HR at different exercise intensities, the standardized typical errors of the estimates were 0.09-0.62, 0.13-0.88, 0.62-1.24, and 0.47-1.94 for the Apple Watch Series 4, Polar Vantage V, Garmin Fenix 5, and Fitbit Versa, respectively. Depending on exercise intensity, the corresponding coefficients of variation were 0.9\%-4.3\%, 2.2\%-6.7\%, 2.9\%-9.2\%, and 4.1\%-19.1\%, respectively, for the 4 wearables. While monitoring EE at different exercise intensities, the standardized typical errors of the estimates were 0.34-1.84, 0.32-1.33, 0.46-4.86, and 0.41-1.65 for the Apple Watch Series 4, Polar Vantage V, Garmin Fenix 5, and Fitbit Versa, respectively. Depending on exercise intensity, the corresponding coefficients of variation were 13.5\%-27.1\%, 16.3\%-28.0\%, 15.9\%-34.5\%, and 8.0\%-32.3\%, respectively. Conclusions: The Apple Watch Series 4 provides the highest validity (ie, smallest error rates) when measuring HR while sitting or performing light-to-vigorous physical activity, followed by the Polar Vantage V, Garmin Fenix 5, and Fitbit Versa, in that order. The Apple Watch Series 4 and Polar Vantage V are suitable for valid HR measurements at the intensities tested, but HR data provided by the Garmin Fenix 5 and Fitbit Versa should be interpreted with caution due to higher error rates at certain intensities. None of the 4 wrist-worn wearables should be employed to monitor EE at the intensities and durations tested."}, language = {en} } @article{BeckerSperlichZinneretal.2020, author = {Becker, Manuel and Sperlich, Billy and Zinner, Christoph and Achtzehn, Silvia}, title = {Intra-Individual and Seasonal Variation of Selected Biomarkers for Internal Load Monitoring in U-19 Soccer Players}, series = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {11}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, number = {838}, issn = {1664-042X}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2020.00838}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-209616}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate inter-day and -week as well as intra- and inter-individual variation of selected biomarkers in high-performance youth soccer players to assist practitioners interpreting player's internal load to counteract underperformance and unwanted health risks. Eleven male youth soccer players were tested multiple times during two 3-week periods at midpoint (3-wkmid) and at the end (3-wkend) of the first half of a German under-19 1. Bundesliga season. The levels of creatine kinase (CK), urea, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured during 3-wkmid and 3-wkend each Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. In 3-wkmid the CK median was 14\% higher (241 vs. 212 U/L) compared to 3-wkend (P = 0.26, ES = 0.16). Overall, the medians of CK, urea (P = 0.59, ES = 0.08), and CRP (P = 0.56, ES = 0.10) during 3-wkmid did not differ to the values of 3-wkend. Daily coefficient of variations (CVs) ranged from 22 to 71\% (CK), 17 to 37\% (urea), and 9 to 164\% (CRP). Individual medians ranged from 101 to 350 U/L (CK), 23 to 50 mg/dL (urea), and 0.6 to 1.1 mg/L (CRP). High intra-individual variability was demonstrated by large intra-individual CVs (medians: CK 50\%, urea 18\%, and CRP 45\%). Our data show (i) large inter-day and inter-week variability of all biomarkers, depending on the external load and (ii) considerable inter- and intra-individual parameter variations. Creatine kinase concentrations could sensitively reflect soccer-specific loads during the season.}, language = {en} } @article{DavidsonDuekingZinneretal.2020, author = {Davidson, Padraig and D{\"u}king, Peter and Zinner, Christoph and Sperlich, Billy and Hotho, Andreas}, title = {Smartwatch-Derived Data and Machine Learning Algorithms Estimate Classes of Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Runners: A Pilot Study}, series = {Sensors}, volume = {20}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {9}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {10.3390/s20092637}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205686}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a subjective load marker and may assist in individualizing training prescription, particularly by adjusting running intensity. Unfortunately, RPE has shortcomings (e.g., underreporting) and cannot be monitored continuously and automatically throughout a training sessions. In this pilot study, we aimed to predict two classes of RPE (≤15 "Somewhat hard to hard" on Borg's 6-20 scale vs. RPE >15 in runners by analyzing data recorded by a commercially-available smartwatch with machine learning algorithms. Twelve trained and untrained runners performed long-continuous runs at a constant self-selected pace to volitional exhaustion. Untrained runners reported their RPE each kilometer, whereas trained runners reported every five kilometers. The kinetics of heart rate, step cadence, and running velocity were recorded continuously ( 1 Hz ) with a commercially-available smartwatch (Polar V800). We trained different machine learning algorithms to estimate the two classes of RPE based on the time series sensor data derived from the smartwatch. Predictions were analyzed in different settings: accuracy overall and per runner type; i.e., accuracy for trained and untrained runners independently. We achieved top accuracies of 84.8 \% for the whole dataset, 81.8 \% for the trained runners, and 86.1 \% for the untrained runners. We predict two classes of RPE with high accuracy using machine learning and smartwatch data. This approach might aid in individualizing training prescriptions.}, language = {en} } @article{DuekingTaflerWallmannSperlichetal.2020, author = {D{\"u}king, Peter and Tafler, Marie and Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit and Sperlich, Billy and Kleih, Sonja}, title = {Behavior Change Techniques in Wrist-Worn Wearables to Promote Physical Activity: Content Analysis}, series = {JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth}, volume = {8}, journal = {JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth}, number = {11}, doi = {10.2196/20820}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230556}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Background: Decreasing levels of physical activity (PA) increase the incidences of noncommunicable diseases, obesity, and mortality. To counteract these developments, interventions aiming to increase PA are urgently needed. Mobile health (mHealth) solutions such as wearable sensors (wearables) may assist with an improvement in PA. Objective: The aim of this study is to examine which behavior change techniques (BCTs) are incorporated in currently available commercial high-end wearables that target users' PA behavior. Methods: The BCTs incorporated in 5 different high-end wearables (Apple Watch Series 3, Garmin V{\´i}voactive 3, Fitbit Versa, Xiaomi Amazfit Stratos 2, and Polar M600) were assessed by 2 researchers using the BCT Taxonomy version 1 (BCTTv1). Effectiveness of the incorporated BCTs in promoting PA behavior was assessed by a content analysis of the existing literature. Results: The most common BCTs were goal setting (behavior), action planning, review behavior goal(s), discrepancy between current behavior and goal, feedback on behavior, self-monitoring of behavior, and biofeedback. Fitbit Versa, Garmin V{\´i}voactive 3, Apple Watch Series 3, Polar M600, and Xiaomi Amazfit Stratos 2 incorporated 17, 16, 12, 11, and 11 BCTs, respectively, which are proven to effectively promote PA. Conclusions: Wearables employ different numbers and combinations of BCTs, which might impact their effectiveness in improving PA. To promote PA by employing wearables, we encourage researchers to develop a taxonomy specifically designed to assess BCTs incorporated in wearables. We also encourage manufacturers to customize BCTs based on the targeted populations.}, language = {en} } @article{TrabelsiAmmarBoukhrisetal.2020, author = {Trabelsi, Khaled and Ammar, Achraf and Boukhris, Omar and Glenn, Jordan M. and Bott, Nick and Stannard, Stephen R. and Engel, Florian A. and Sperlich, Billy and Garbarino, Sergio and Bragazzi, Nicola L. and Shephard, Roy J. and Chtourou, Hamdi}, title = {Effects of Ramadan observance on dietary intake and body composition of adolescent athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis}, series = {Nutrients}, volume = {12}, journal = {Nutrients}, number = {6}, issn = {2072-6643}, doi = {10.3390/nu12061574}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205856}, year = {2020}, abstract = {To evaluate the effects of Ramadan observance on dietary intake, body mass and body composition of adolescent athletes (design: systematic review and meta-analysis; data sources: PubMed and Web of Science; eligibility criteria for selecting studies: single-group, pre-post, with or without control-group studies, conducted in athletes aged <19 years, training at least 3 times/week, and published in any language before 12 February 2020). Studies assessing body mass and/or body composition and/or dietary intake were deemed eligible. The methodological quality was assessed using 'QualSyst'. Of the twelve selected articles evaluating body mass and/or body composition, one was of strong quality and eleven were rated as moderate. Ten articles evaluated dietary intake; four were rated as strong and the remaining moderate in quality. Continuation of training during Ramadan did not change body mass from before to the first week (trivial effect size (ES) = -0.011, p = 0.899) or from before to the fourth week of Ramadan (trivial ES = 0.069, p = 0.277). Additionally, Ramadan observance did not change body fat content from before to the first week (trivial ES = -0.005, p = 0.947) and from before to the fourth week of Ramadan (trivial ES = -0.057, p = 0.947). Lean body mass remained unchanged from before to the fourth week of Ramadan (trivial ES = -0.025, p = 0.876). Dietary data showed the intake of energy (small ES = -0.272, p = 0.182), fat (trivial ES = 0.044, p = 0.842), protein (trivial ES = 0.069, p = 0.720), carbohydrate (trivial ES = 0.075, p = 0.606) and water (trivial ES = -0.115, p = 0.624) remained essentially unchanged during as compared to before Ramadan. Continued training of adolescent athletes at least three times/week during Ramadan observance has no effect on body mass, body composition or dietary intake.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kraemer2021, author = {Kr{\"a}mer, Kristin}, title = {Organisationskultur und Gesundheit im Hochschulkontext}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-23456}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-234562}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Einleitung: Die gesamtgesellschaftlichen Ver{\"a}nderungen und der Wandel der Arbeit halten auch in den Hochschulen Einzug und stellen diese vor große Herausforderungen. Weitreichende und anhaltende Reformen sowie Ver{\"a}nderungsprozesse bed{\"u}rfen in den einzelnen Hochschulen Maßnahmen, um die Leistungsbereitschaft und die psychische Gesundheit der Besch{\"a}ftigten zu erhalten und zu f{\"o}rdern. Organisationskultur stellt einen wichtigen zu ber{\"u}cksichtigenden Faktor innerhalb diesen Wandels dar und ist in der Literatur ein oft benutztes Konzept zur Vorhersage der Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit in Wirtschafts-, aber auch Nonprofit - Organisationen. Bedeutsame Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen Organisationskultur und Gesundheit zeigen sich insbesondere in den ver- schiedenen Studien zum Bielefelder Sozialkapitalansatz. Im Hochschulkontext findet das Konzept Organisationskultur jedoch kaum Ber{\"u}cksichtigung. Um die Gestaltungsm{\"o}glichkeiten zu einer gesundheitsf{\"o}rderlichen und motivieren den Organisation aufzeigen zu k{\"o}nnen, war es das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit her- auszustellen, dass Hochschulen individuelle Organisationskulturen innehaben und Or- ganisationskultur auch im Hochschulkontext ein wichtiger Einflussfaktor f{\"u}r die Vorher- sage der psychischen Gesundheit und der Leistungsbereitschaft ist. Die Dissertation richtete sich an zwei Forschungsfragen aus: 1.Weisen Hochschulen spezifische Organisationskulturen auf? 2.Welche kulturellen Aspekte beeinflussen die psychische Gesundheit, sowie die motivationalen Aspekte von Hochschulmitarbeiter*innen? Methodik: Nach der theoretischen Einf{\"u}hrung in die Besonderheiten der Organisation Hochschule und der Darstellung des Bielefelder Sozialkapitalkonzepts mit Schwerpunkt auf der Organisationskultur wird auf Grundlage einer Fragebogenerhebung untersucht, ob sich die Hochschulen in ihren Auspr{\"a}gungen der Organisationskultur unterscheiden und ob diese eine Ressource f{\"u}r die psychische Gesundheit und einen Garanten f{\"u}r Leistungsbereitschaft darstellt. Der Einfluss der einzelnen Dimensionen von Organisationskultur wurde detailliert untersucht, um ein differenziertes Bild {\"u}ber die Wirkmechanismen zu erhalten und Handlungsempfehlungen ableiten zu k{\"o}nnen. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde gepr{\"u}ft, ob der Zugang zur Ressource Organisationskultur von soziodemografischen Daten abh{\"a}ngig ist. Die Querschnittsanalyse basierte auf schriftlichen Befragungen an insgesamt 10 Hochschulen in Deutschland. In die Analyse wurden die Daten von 5453 Befragten eingeschlossen. Diese wurden mittels einer multiplen Imputation bearbeitet, um trotz fehlender Werte die inferenzstatistischen Verfahren umsetzen zu k{\"o}nnen. Die Datenanalyse erfolgte anhand uni-, bi- und schließlich multivariater Verfahren. Ergebnisse: Die Varianzaufkl{\"a}rung durch die Hochschulen in Bezug auf die Organisationskultur mittels Random-Intercept-Only-Modellen ergab f{\"u}r 2 von 3 Dimensionen signifikante Effekte (p < 0,05) mit einem ICC von 0,047 f{\"u}r die Ebene Dezernat / Fakult{\"a}t und einem ICC von 0,074 f{\"u}r die Ebene Hochschule. Die zentralen Ergebnisse der Zusammenhangsanalysen mittels multipler linearer Regressionen zeigen, dass Organisationskultur unter Adjustierung soziodemografischer Daten einen Einfluss auf die Aspekte der psychischen Gesundheit und der motivationalen Aspekte hat. Der Anteil aufgekl{\"a}rter Varianz f{\"u}r die Modelle bel{\"a}uft sich f{\"u}r die Vorhersagen zwischen R²kor = .092 f{\"u}r das Merkmal kognitiven Stresssymptome und R²kor = .361 f{\"u}r das Merkmal Arbeitszufriedenheit. Mittels einfacher linearer Regressionen konnte aufgezeigt wer- den, dass sowohl das Commitment als auch die Arbeitszufriedenheit Einfluss auf das Wohlbefinden, die depressive Verstimmung und die Ersch{\"o}pfungszust{\"a}nde haben. Die Haupteinflussfaktoren der Organisationskultur sind auf die Dimensionen Arbeitsbereich und Hochschule zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren. Hierzu z{\"a}hlen im Arbeitsbereich die Partizipation, das Vorhandensein gemeinsamer Ziele und Werte und der Umgang mit Problemen, f{\"u}r die Dimension Hochschule die gelebte Kultur und die Verl{\"a}sslichkeit der Hochschulleitung. Diskussion: Aufgrund der Ergebnisse kann angenommen werden, dass Hochschulen individuelle Organisationskulturen innehaben. Dies bietet den Entscheidungstr{\"a}gern der einzelnen Hochschulen individuelle Ansatzpunkte zur Gestaltung einer gesund- heitsf{\"o}rderlichen und motivierenden Organisationskultur. Es zeigt sich außerdem, dass die Organisationskultur auch im Hochschulkontext einen wichtigen Einflussfaktor f{\"u}r die psychische Gesundheit und die Leistungsbereitschaft der Mitarbeiter*innen darstellt. Insbesondere im Arbeitsbereich und auf Ebene der Hochschulleitung bestehen Ansatz- punkte, um eine an Mitarbeiter*innen orientierte, gesundheitsf{\"o}rderliche und motivierende Arbeitsumgebung f{\"u}r die Mitarbeiter*innen zu gestalten und zu f{\"o}rdern.}, subject = {Gesundheit}, language = {de} }