@article{SchmidSteinlein2015,
  author    = {Schmid, Michael and Steinlein, Claus},
  title     = {Chromosome Banding in Amphibia. XXXII. The Genus Xenopus (Anura, Pipidae)},
  series = {Cytogenetic and Genome Research},
  volume    = {145},
  journal   = {Cytogenetic and Genome Research},
  number    = {3-4},
  issn      = {1424-8581},
  doi       = {10.1159/000433481},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196727},
  pages     = {201-217},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Mitotic chromosomes of 16 species of the frog genus Xenopus were prepared from kidney and lung cell cultures. In the chromosomes of 7 species, high-resolution replication banding patterns could be induced by treating the cultures with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and deoxythymidine (dT) in succession, and in 6 of these species the BrdU/dT-banded chromosomes could be arranged into karyotypes. In the 3 species of the clade with 2n = 20 and 4n = 40 chromosomes (X. tropicalis, X. epitropicalis, X. new tetraploid 1), as well as in the 3 species with 4n = 36 chromosomes (X. laevis, X. borealis, X. muelleri), the BrdU/dT-banded karyotypes show a high degree of homoeology, though differences were detected between these groups. Translocations, inversions, insertions or sex-specific replication bands were not observed. Minor replication asynchronies found between chromosomes probably involve heterochromatic regions. BrdU/dT replication banding of Xenopus chromosomes provides the landmarks necessary for the exact physical mapping of genes and repetitive sequences. FISH with an X. laevis 5S rDNA probe detected multiple hybridization sites at or near the long-arm telomeric regions in most chromosomes of X. laevis and X. borealis, whereas in X. muelleri, the 5S rDNA sequences are located exclusively at the long-arm telomeres of a single chromosome pair. Staining with the AT base pair-specific fluorochrome quinacrine mustard revealed brightly fluorescing heterochromatic regions in the majority of X. borealis chromosomes which are absent in other Xenopus species.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidSteinleinFeichtingeretal.2014,
  author    = {Schmid, Michael and Steinlein, Claus and Feichtinger, Wolfgang and Haaf, Thomas and Mijares-Urrutia, Abraham and Schargel, Walter E. and Hedges, S. Blair},
  title     = {Cytogenetic Studies on Gonatodes (Reptilia, Squamata, Sphaerodactylidae)},
  series = {Cytogenetic and Genome Research},
  volume    = {144},
  journal   = {Cytogenetic and Genome Research},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {1424-8581},
  doi       = {10.1159/000367929},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196753},
  pages     = {47-61},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of 5 species of the reptile genus Gonatodes are described by means of conventional staining, banding analyses and in situ hybridization using a synthetic telomeric DNA probe. The amount, location and fluorochrome affinities of constitutive heterochromatin, the number and positions of nucleolus organizer regions, and the patterns of telomeric DNA sequences were determined for most of the species. The karyotypes of G. falconensis and G. taniae from northern Venezuela are distinguished by their extraordinarily reduced diploid chromosome number of 2n = 16, which is the lowest value found so far in reptiles. In contrast to most other reptiles, both species have exclusively large biarmed (meta- and submetacentric) chromosomes. Comparison of the karyotypes of G. falconensis and G. taniae with those of other Gonatodes species indicates that the exceptional 2n = 16 karyotype originated by a series of 8 centric fusions. The karyotypes of G. falconensis and G. taniae are further characterized by the presence of considerable amounts of (TTAGGG)<sub>n</sub> telomeric sequences in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes. These are probably not only relics of the centric fusion events, but a component of the highly repetitive DNA in the constitutive heterochromatin of the chromosomes. The genome sizes of 4 Gonatodes species were determined using flow cytometry. For comparative purposes, all previously published cytogenetic data on Gonatodes and other sphaerodactylids are included and discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}