@phdthesis{Horn2017, author = {Horn, Hannes}, title = {Analysis and interpretation of (meta-)genomic data from host-associated microorganisms}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-152035}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Host-microbe interactions are the key to understand why and how microbes inhabit specific environments. With the scientific fields of microbial genomics and metagenomics, evolving on an unprecedented scale, one is able to gain insights in these interactions on a molecular and ecological level. The goal of this PhD thesis was to make (meta-)genomic data accessible, integrate it in a comparative manner and to gain comprehensive taxonomic and functional insights into bacterial strains and communities derived from two different environments: the phyllosphere of Arabidopsis thaliana and the mesohyl interior of marine sponges. This thesis focused first on the de novo assembly of bacterial genomes. A 5-step protocol was developed, each step including a quality control. The examination of different assembly software in a comparative way identified SPAdes as most suitable. The protocol enables the user to chose the best tailored assembly. Contamination issues were solved by an initial filtering of the data and methods normally used for the binning of metagenomic datasets. This step is missed in many published assembly pipelines. The described protocol offers assemblies of high quality ready for downstream analysis. Subsequently, assemblies generated with the developed protocol were annotated and explored in terms of their function. In a first study, the genome of a phyllosphere bacterium, Williamsia sp. ARP1, was analyzed, offering many adaptions to the leaf habitat: it can deal with temperature shifts, react to oxygen species, produces mycosporins as protection against UV-light, and is able to uptake photosynthates. Further, its taxonomic position within the Actinomycetales was infered from 16S rRNA and comparative genomics showing the close relation between the genera Williamsia and Gordonia. In a second study, six sponge-derived actinomycete genomes were investigated for secondary metabolism. By use of state-of-the-art software, these strains exhibited numerous gene clusters, mostly linked to polykethide synthases, non-ribosomal peptide synthesis, terpenes, fatty acids and saccharides. Subsequent predictions on these clusters offered a great variety of possible produced compounds with antibiotic, antifungal or anti-cancer activity. These analysis highlight the potential for the synthesis of natural products and the use of genomic data as screening toolkit. In a last study, three sponge-derived and one seawater metagenomes were functionally compared. Different signatures regarding the microbial composition and GC-distribution were observed between the two environments. With a focus on bacerial defense systems, the data indicates a pronounced repertoire of sponge associated bacteria for bacterial defense systems, in particular, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, restriction modification system, DNA phosphorothioation and phage growth limitation. In addition, characterizing genes for secondary metabolite cluster differed between sponge and seawater microbiomes. Moreover, a variety of Type I polyketide synthases were only found within the sponge microbiomes. With that, metagenomics are shown to be a useful tool for the screening of secondary metabolite genes. Furthermore, enriched defense systems are highlighted as feature of sponge-associated microbes and marks them as a selective trait.}, subject = {Bakterien}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Muralidhara2022, author = {Muralidhara, Prathibha}, title = {Perturbations in plant energy homeostasis alter lateral root plasticity via SnRK1-bZIP63-ARF19 signalling}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-20563}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205636}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Photosynthetic plants have a remarkable ability to modify their metabolism and development according to ever changing environmental conditions. The root system displays continuous growth of the primary root and formation of lateral roots enabling efficient water and nutrient uptake and anchorage of the plant in soil. With regard to lateral roots, development is post-embryonic, originating from the pericycle of the primary root. Coordinated activity of several molecular signalling pathways controlled by the hormone auxin is important throughout all stages of lateral root development.At first, two adjacent Xylem Pole Pericycle (XPP) cells are activated and the nuclei of these cells migrate towards a common cell wall.This is followed by XPP cells acquiring volume thus swelling up.The XPP cells then undergo anticlinal cell division, followed by a series of periclinal and anticlinal divisions,leading to lateral root primordia.These break through the radial cell layers and emerge out the primary root. Although root system plasticity is well-described in response to environmental cues such as ion nutrition in the soil, little is known on how root development is shaped according to the endogenous energy status of the plant.In this study, we were able to connect limited perturbations in photosynthetic energy supply to lateral root development.We established two experimental systems - treatment with low light and unexpected darkness which led to short-term energy imbalance in the plant.These short perturbations administered, showed an increase in the emerged lateral root density and decrease in root hexose availability and activation of the low energy marker gene ASN1 (ASPARAGINE SYNTHETASE 1).Although not demonstrated, presumably, these disturbances in the plant energy homeo-stasis activates SnRK1 (SNF1 RELATED KINASE 1),an evolutionary conserved kinase mediat-ing metabolic and transcriptional responses towards low energy conditions. In A. thaliana, two catalytic α-subunits of this kinase (SnRK1.α1 and SnRK1.α2) are functionally active and form ternary complexes with the regulatory β- and γ- subunits. Whereas unexpected darkness results in an increase in emerged lateral root density, the snrk1.α1 loss-of-function mutant displayed decrease in emerged lateral root density. As this effect is not that pronounced in the snrk1.α2 loss-of-function mutant, the α1 catalytic subunit is important for the observed lateral root phenotype under short-term energy perturbations. Moreover, root expression patterns of SnRK1.α1:GFP supports a role of this catalytic subunit in lateral root development. Furthermore, the lateral root response during short-term perturbations requires the SnRK1 downstream transcriptional regulator bZIP63 (BASIC LEU-CINE ZIPPER 63), as demonstrated here by a loss-of-function approach. Phenotypic studies showed that in comparison to wild-type, bzip63 mutants displayed decreased lateral root density upon low-light and unexpected darkness conditions. Previous work has demonstrat-ed that SnRK1 directly phosphorylates bZIP63 at three serine residues. Alanine-exchange mutants of the SnRK1 dependent bZIP63 phosphorylation sites behave similarly to bzip63 loss-of-function mutants and do not display increased lateral root density upon short-term unexpected darkness. This data strongly supports an impact of SnRK1-bZIP63 signalling in mediating the observed lateral root density phenotype. Plants expressing a bZIP63:YFP fu-sion protein showed specific localization patterns in primary root and in all developmental stages of the lateral root. bzip63 loss-of-function mutant lines displayed reduced early stage lateral root initiation events under unexpected darkness as demonstrated by Differen-tial Interference Contrast microscopy (DIC) and the use of a GATA23 reporter line. This data supports a role of bZIP63 in early lateral root initiation. Next, by employing Chromatin Immunoprecitation (ChIP) sequencing, we were able to iden-tify global binding targets of bZIP63, including the auxin-regulated transcription factor (TF) ARF19 (AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 19), a well-described central regulator of lateral root development. Additional ChIP experiments confirmed direct binding of bZIP63 to an ARF19 promoter region harboring a G-Box cis-element, a well-established bZIP63 binding site. We also observed that short-term energy perturbation upon unexpected darkness induced tran-scription of ARF19, which was impaired in the bzip63 loss-of-function mutant. These results propose that bZIP63 mediates lateral root development under short-term energy perturba-tion via ARF19. In conclusion, this study provides a novel mechanistic link between energy homeostasis and plant development. By employing reverse genetics, confocal imaging and high-throughput sequencing strategies, we were able to propose a SnRK1-bZIP63-ARF19 signalling module in integrating energy signalling into lateral root developmental programs.}, subject = {Arabidopsis thaliana}, language = {en} }