@article{NeuhausBurekDjuzenovaetal.2012,
  author    = {Neuhaus, Winfried and Burek, Malgorzata and Djuzenova, Cholpon C and Thal, Serge C and Koepsell, Hermann and Roewer, Norbert and F{\"o}rster, Carola Y},
  title     = {Addition of NMDA-receptor antagonist MK801 during oxygen/glucose deprivation moderately attenuates the up-regulation of glucose uptake after subsequent reoxygenation in brain endothelial cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67241},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {During stroke the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is damaged which can result in vasogenic brain edema and inflammation. The reduced blood supply leads to decreased delivery of oxygen and glucose to affected areas of the brain. Oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) can cause upregulation of glucose uptake of brain endothelial cells. In this letter, we investigated the influence of MK801, a non-competitive inhibitor of the NMDA-receptor, on the regulation of the glucose uptake and of the main glucose transporters glut1 and sglt1 in murine BBB cell line cerebEND during OGD. mRNA expression of glut1 was upregulated 68.7- fold after 6 h OGD, which was significantly reduced by 10 μM MK801 to 28.9-fold. Sglt1 mRNA expression decreased during OGD which was further reduced by MK801. Glucose uptake was significantly increased up to 907\% after 6 h OGD and was still higher (210\%) after the 20 h reoxygenation phase compared to normoxia. Ten micromolar MK801 during OGD was able to reduce upregulated glucose uptake after OGD and reoxygenation significantly. Presence of several NMDAR subunits was proven on the mRNA level in cerebEND cells. Furthermore, it was shown that NMDAR subunit NR1 was upregulated during OGD and that this was inhibitable by MK801. In conclusion, the addition of MK801 during the OGD phase reduced significantly the glucose uptake after the subsequent reoxygenation phase in brain endothelial cells.},
  subject      = {Blut-Hirn-Schranke},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Friedrich2015,
  author    = {Friedrich, Alexandra},
  title     = {Beeinflussung des Na+-D-Glukose-Kotransporters SGLT1 und der Na+-Nukleosidtransporter CNT durch Peptidmotive des Regulatorproteins RS1 im Darm},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127394},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Der Natrium-D-Glukose Kotransporter 1 (SGLT1) spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Aufnahme von Glukose aus dem Darmlumen in die Enterozyten des Darms. Anhand von Untersuchungen an Xenopus laevis-Oozyten konnte in unserem Labor das Protein RS1 als posttranslationales Regulatorprotein f{\"u}r SGLT1 und diverse andere Transporter ermittelt werden. Es wurde eine regulatorische Dom{\"a}ne aus RS1 mit vielen potentiellen Phosphorylierungsstellen isoliert (RS1-Reg) und gezeigt dass RS1-Reg die Abschn{\"u}rung von Transporter enthaltenen Vesikeln vom Transgolgi-Netzwerk hemmt. Neben SGLT1 reguliert RS1 auch die konzentrierenden Nukleosidtransporter (CNTs) am TGN. Die Regulation der Transporter ist vom Phosphorylierungszustand von RS1-Reg abh{\"a}ngig. So wurde durch Versuche an Oozyten von Xenopus laevis und Injektion von RS1-Reg Mutanten gezeigt, dass die Phosphorylierung von RS1-Reg an einigen Stellen zu einer Inhibition von SGLT1 f{\"u}hrte, w{\"a}hrend der Nukleosidtransporter CNT1 durch die dephosphorylierte Mutante herunterreguliert wurden. Neben der phosphorylierungsabh{\"a}ngigen Regulation konnte f{\"u}r SGLT1 auch gezeigt werden, dass die Herunterregulation nur unter Niedrigzucker-Bedingungen erfolgte, nicht jedoch bei hohen Glukosekonzentrationen. F{\"u}r die CNTs war eine derartige Zuckerabh{\"a}ngigkeit nicht zu beobachten. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob die Ergebnisse aus den Oozytenmessungen auch in vivo in einem S{\"a}ugetier gezeigt werden k{\"o}nnen. Hierzu wurden Mutanten der regulatorischen Dom{\"a}ne (RS1-Reg) des Maus-Proteins, welche den phosphorylierten Zustand simulierten (RS1-Reg (S19E)), oder die Phosphorylierung verhinderten (RS1-Reg (S19A)) eingesetzt. Diese wurden an ein Nanohydrogel gekoppelt, um eine Aufnahme in die Enterozyten im Darm zu gew{\"a}hrleisten. Es wurde in der RS1KO-Mausohne funktionelles RS1 gezeigt, dass auch im in vivo-System eine Herunterregulation von SGLT1 durch mRS1-Reg (S19E), nicht jedoch durch mRS1-Reg (S19A) erfolgte, w{\"a}hrend die CNTs nur durch mRS1-Reg (S19A) inhibiert wurden. Des Weiteren f{\"u}hrte mRS1-Reg (S19A) in der Wildtypmaus bei niedrigen Zuckerkonzentrationen zu einer Stimulation von SGLT1, was f{\"u}r eine Kompetition mit dem endogenen RS1-Proteins spricht. Es konnte indirekt der Beweis erbracht werden, dass {\"u}ber Nanohydrogele l{\"a}ngere Proteine in die Zelle gebracht werden k{\"o}nnen und dort funktionell freigesetzt werden.},
  subject      = {Glucosetransport},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Oerter2018,
  author    = {Oerter, Sabrina},
  title     = {Expression von Natrium/Glukose-Cotransportern im menschlichen Gehirn bei Todesf{\"a}llen durch Sch{\"a}del-Hirn-Trauma und Todesf{\"a}llen durch Ersticken},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164093},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Glukosetransporter spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Versorgung des Gehirns mit N{\"a}hrstoffen und somit f{\"u}r den Erhalt der physiologischen Zellintegrit{\"a}t. Glukose wird {\"u}ber die Blut-Hirn-Schranke (BHS) mittels spezifischen transmembranen Transportproteinen der SLC-Genfamilie (GLUT, SGLT) bef{\"o}rdert. Dabei scheint w{\"a}hrend physiologischen Bedingungen haupts{\"a}chlich der Glukosetransporter GLUT1 (SLC2A1) f{\"u}r die Energieversorgung des Gehirns zust{\"a}ndig zu sein. Die Erforschung der SGLT-Expression ist in den letzten Jahren ein wichtiger Ansatzpunkt f{\"u}r neue Behandlungsstrategien vieler Erkrankungen, wie Diabetes Mellitus, maligne Neoplasien oder eines Herzinfarkts, geworden. Jedoch ist {\"u}ber deren Expression und Funktion im menschlichen Gehirn nur wenig bekannt. Besonders die Lokalisation entlang der BHS bleibt fraglich. Ein Großteil bisheriger Forschungsarbeiten besch{\"a}ftigt sich haupts{\"a}chlich mit der Expressionsanalyse des Transporters SGLT1 im tierischen Gehirn in vivo (Poppe et al. 1997; Balen et al. 2008; Yu et al. 2013). Es konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass SGLT1 mRNA exklusiv in Neuronen und nicht an der BHS exprimiert wird. Dies wird durch in vitro Analysen einer humanen Hirnendothelzelllinie best{\"a}tigt. Demnach kann kein SGLT1 unter physiologischen Bedingungen nachgewiesen werden (Sajja et al. 2014). Im menschlichen Hirngewebe besitzen SGLTs somit keine zentrale Funktion f{\"u}r den Glukosetransport an der BHS. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte eine Expression von SGLT sowohl in vivo als auch in vitro w{\"a}hrend hypoglyk{\"a}mischen Bedingungen belegt werden (Vemula et al. 2009; Sajja et al. 2014). Die Expression der SGLT-Transporter w{\"a}hrend einer isch{\"a}mischen Hypoglyk{\"a}mie f{\"u}hrt zu der Annahme, dass diese Transporter f{\"u}r die Aufrechterhaltung der Energieversorgung des gesch{\"a}digten Hirngewebes notwendig sind. Um die physiologischen Mechanismen nach einem Glukosemangel zu untersuchen, wurden SHT-Modelle etabliert (Salvador et al. 2013). In einem experimentellen Modell des Sch{\"a}del-Hirn-Traumas im Rahmen eines DFG-gef{\"o}rdertes Projekts ist ein Expressionsverlauf von Glukosetransportern im Maushirn und in Hirnendothelzellen erarbeitet worden (Wais 2012; Salvador et al. 2015). Somit k{\"o}nnten SGLTs als Ansatzpunkt f{\"u}r den Nachweis der {\"U}berlebenszeit nach einem SHT fungieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit fokussiert sich auf die Expression der Natrium-abh{\"a}ngigen Glukosetransporter SGLT1 und SGLT2 im menschlichen Gehirn. Hierbei liegt das Hauptaugenmerk auf der Lokalisation dieser Transporter an der menschlichen BHS von post mortalem Hirngewebe. Weiterhin wird untersucht ob die Expressionsst{\"a}rke von SGLT1 und SGLT2 eine Aussage {\"u}ber die {\"U}berlebenszeit von Verstorbenen nach einer traumatisch bedingten Hirnver{\"a}nderung zul{\"a}sst. Die Lokalisation von SGLT1 und SGLT2 an der menschlichen BHS konnte durch die Etablierung eines Protokolls zur Isolation von Hirnkapillaren erfolgen. Vorab wurden alle verwendeten Antik{\"o}rper auf ihre Spezifit{\"a}t mittels siRNA Transfektion und Blockierung der Immunfluoreszenzsignale mittels immunisierten Peptids getestet. Somit ist die Spezifit{\"a}t der detektierten SGLT1- und SGLT2-Expression in menschlichen Hirnkapillaren gew{\"a}hrleistet. Anschließend wird untersucht, in welchen zeitlichem Verlauf nach einer traumatisch bedingten Hirnver{\"a}nderung die verschiedenen Formen der Glukosetransporter exprimiert werden und ob ggf. der Umfang und die Verteilung von SGLT1, SGLT2 und GLUT1 sowie das Verh{\"a}ltnis zueinander Ausk{\"u}nfte {\"u}ber eine vitale bzw. postmortale Entstehung eines Traumas bzw. dessen {\"U}berlebenszeit zul{\"a}sst. Hierf{\"u}r wird ein Expressionsschema der Glukosetransporter generiert, abh{\"a}ngig von Todeszeitpunkt und Todesursache. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass GLUT1 nicht als Target f{\"u}r die Ermittlung der {\"U}berlebenszeit nach einem Trauma geeignet ist. Dahingegen zeigen SGLT1 und SGLT2 eine signifikante {\"A}nderung der Expressionsst{\"a}rke im contusionalen Gewebe in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der {\"U}berlebenszeit. Obwohl diese vorl{\"a}ufigen Daten einen neuen Ansatzpunkt f{\"u}r die forensische Fragestellung aufzeigen, m{\"u}ssen weitere Experimente mit einem erh{\"o}hten Umfang der Probenanzahl und k{\"u}rzere Zeitspannen der {\"U}berlebenszeitr{\"a}ume durchgef{\"u}hrt werden.},
  subject      = {Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Merker2014,
  author    = {Merker, S{\"o}ren},
  title     = {Genome-wide screenings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): investigation of novel candidate genes SLC2A3 and LPHN3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-100129},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder that involves a substantial risk of persisting into adolescence and adulthood. A number of genome-wide screening studies in ADHD have been conducted in recent years, giving rise to the discovery of several variants at distinct chromosomal loci, thus emphasising the genetically complex and polygenic nature of this disorder. Accordingly, promising novel candidate genes have emerged, such as the gene encoding the glucose transporter isoform 3 (SLC2A3) and the gene encoding the latrophilin isoform 3 (LPHN3). In this thesis, both genes were investigated in form of two separated projects. The first focused on SLC2A3 polymorphisms associated with ADHD and their potential physiological impact. For this purpose, gene expression analyses in peripheral cell models were performed as well as functional EEG measurements in humans. The second project concerned the murine gene Lphn3 including the goal of developing a mouse line containing a genetically modified Lphn3 with conditional knockout potential. In this respect, a specific DNA vector was applied to target the Lphn3 gene locus in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells as a prerequisite for the generation of appropriate chimeric mice. The results of the first project showed that SLC2A3 duplication carriers displayed increased SLC2A3 mRNA expression in peripheral blood cells and significantly altered event-related potentials (ERPs) during tests of cognitive response control and working memory, possibly involving changes in prefrontal brain activity and memory processing. Interestingly, ADHD patients with the rs12842 T-allele, located within and tagging the SLC2A3 gene, also exhibited remarkable effects during these EEG measurements. However, such effects reflected a reversed pattern to the aforementioned SLC2A3 duplication carriers with ADHD, thus indicative of an opposed molecular mechanism. Besides, it emerged that the impact of the aforementioned SLC2A3 variants on different EEG parameters was generally much more pronounced in the group of ADHD patients than the healthy control group, implying a considerable interaction effect. Concerning the second project, preliminary results were gathered including the successful targeting of Lphn3 in murine ES cells as well as the production of highly chimeric, phenotypically unremarkable and mostly fertile mouse chimeras. While germline transmission of the modified Lphn3 allele has not yet occurred, there are still several newborn chimeric mice that will be tested in the near future. In conclusion, the findings suggest that SLC2A3 variants associated with ADHD are accompanied by transcriptional and functional changes in humans. Future research will help to elucidate the molecular network and neurobiological basis involved in these effects and apparently contributing to the complex clinical picture of ADHD. Moreover, given the increasing number of publications concerning latrophilins in recent years and the multitude of research opportunities provided by a conditional knockout of Lphn3 in mice, the establishment of a respective mouse line, which currently is in progress, constitutes a promising approach for the investigation of this gene and its role in ADHD.},
  subject      = {Genexpression},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Rikkala2015,
  author    = {Rikkala, Prashanth Reddy},
  title     = {Regulation of the Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in the small intestine in response to bariatric surgery and peptides derived from protein RS1 (RSC1A1)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130608},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Bariatric surgery represents the first-line treatment for morbid obesity, resulting in weight loss and improved diabetes control. The positive effect of bariatric surgery on type-2 diabetes is unclear. Increased secretion of insulin regulating enterohormone glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) has been observed in rats with experimental type 2-like diabetes following duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) and ileal transposition (IT). Sodium dependent glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) is involved in the secretion of GLP-1 that in turn regulates insulin secretion. In the present study, an attempt was made to elucidate the impact of DJB and IT on SGLT1 mediated glucose transport. Transport measurements using phlorizin inhibited uptake of SGLT1-specific glucose analogue [14C] α-Methyl-D-glucopyranoside (AMG) were performed to determine the changes in SGLT1 transport upon these surgical procedures. The data indicated that DJB decreased SGLT1-mediated glucose absorption in the small intestine which contributes to the body-weight independent improvement of type 2 diabetes. However, IT did not change the SGLT1-mediated glucose transport. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that in IT, the transposed ileum showed increased diameter, increased villi length and increased number of GLP-1 secreting L-cells. The weight-independent improvement in glycemic control after IT is not related to SGLT1-mediated glucose absorption but may be linked to increased GLP-1 secretion. Along with this, the study also focused on the regulation of SGLT1 by several RS1 derived tripeptides in mouse and human intestinal tissues (ex vivo). Phlorizin inhibited uptake of AMG was measured without and with tripeptides. QEP and thiophosphorylated QSP down-regulated SGLT1 activity in small intestine in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the tested tripeptides, QEP showed higher activity and further analysis in various species demonstrated its universal role in SGLT1 regulation. The data thus indicates that RS1 derived tripeptides QEP and thiophosphorylated QSP may be employed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.},
  subject      = {Glucosetransportproteine},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Srinivasan2013,
  author    = {Srinivasan, Aruna},
  title     = {RS1 protein dependent and independent short and long term regulation of sodium dependent glucose transporter -1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85665},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The Na+-D-glucose cotransporter in small intestine is regulated in response to food composition. Short term regulation of SGLT1 occurs post-transcriptionally in response to changes in luminal glucose. Adaptation to dietary carbohydrate involves long term regulation at the transcriptional level. The intracellular protein RS1 (gene RSC1A1) is involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of SGLT1. RS1 contains an N-terminal domain with many putative phosphorylation sites. By Expressing SGLT1 in oocytes of Xenopus laevis it was previously demonstrated that the post-transcriptional down-regulation of SGLT1 by RS1 was dependent on the intracellular glucose concentration and activated by protein kinase C (PKC). The role of RS1 for short term regulation of SGLT1 in mouse small intestine in response to glucose and PKC was investigated comparing effects in RS1-/- mice and wildtype mice. Effects on SGLT1 activity were determined by measuring phlorizin inhibited uptake of α-methylglucoside (AMG). The involvement of RS1 in glucose dependent short term regulation could not be elucidated for technical reasons. However, evidence for RS1 independent short-term downregulation of SGLT1 after stimulation of PKC could be provided. It was shown that this downregulation includes decrease in the amount and/or in turnover of SGLT1 in the brush-border membrane as well as an increase of substrate affinity for AMG transport. Trying to elucidate the role of RS1 in long term regulation of SGLT1 in small intestine in response to glucose and fat content of the diet, wildtype and RS1-/- mice were kept for 2 months on a normo-caloric standard diet with high glucose and low fat content (ND), on a hyper-caloric glucose-galactose reduced diet with high fat content (GGRD) or on a hyper-caloric diet with a high fat and high glucose content (HFHGD). Thereafter the animals were starved overnight and SGLT1 mediated AMG uptake was measured. Independent of diet AMG uptake in ileum was smaller compared to duodenum and jejunum. In jejunum of wildtype and RS1-/- mice kept on the fat rich diets (GGRD and HFHGH) transport activity of SGLT1 was lower compared to mice kept on ND with low fat content. This result suggests an RS1 independent downregulation due to fat content of diet. Different to RS1-/- mice, the duodenum of wildtype mice showed transport activity of SGLT1 smaller in mice kept on glucose galactose reduced diet (GGRD) compared to the glucose galactose rich diets (ND and HFHGG). These data indicate that RS1 is involved in glucose dependent long term regulation in duodenum.},
  subject      = {Glucosetransportproteine},
  language  = {en}
}