@phdthesis{Munz2018,
  author    = {Munz, Eberhard},
  title     = {Physiological and metabolical high-resolution MRI of plants},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172518},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  pages     = {177},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging technique allows for the investigation of functional processes in the living plant. For this purpose during this work, different NMR imaging methods were further developed and applied. For the localisation of the intrusion of water into the germinating rape seed with the simultaneous depiction of the lipid-rich tissue via a 3D rendering, in Chap. 5 the technique of interleaved chemical selective acquisition of water and lipid was used in the germinating seed. The utilization of high-resolution MR images of germinated seeds enabled the localization of a predetermined water gap in the lipid-rich aleurone layer, which resides directly under the seed coat. The for a long time in biology prevalent discussion, whether such a gap exists or the seed soaks up the water from all sides, rather like a sponge, could hereby, at least for the rapeseed seed, be answered clearly. Furthermore, the segmentation and 3D visualization of the vascular tissue in the rapeseed seeds was enabled by the high-resolution datasets, a multiply branched structure preconstructed in the seed could be shown. The water is directed by the vascular tissue and thus awakens the seed gradually to life. This re-awakening could as well be tracked by means of invasive imaging via an oxygen sensor. In the re-awakened seeds, the lipid degradation starts, other than expected, not in the lipid-rich cotyledons but in the residual endosperm remaining from seed development and in the aleurone layer which previously protected the embryo. Within this layer, the degradation could be verified in the high-resolution MR datasets. The method presented in Chap. 6 provides a further characteristic trait for phenotyping of seeds and lipid containing plants in general. The visualization of the compounds of fatty acids in plant seeds and fruits could be achieved by the distinct utilization of chemical shift-selective imaging techniques. Via the application of a CSI sequence the fatty acid compounds in an olive were localized in a 2D slice. In conjunction with an individually adjusted CHESS presaturation module Haa85 the high-resolution 3D visualization of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid compounds in different seeds was achieved. The ratio maps calculated from these datasets allow to draw conclusions from the developmental stage or the type of seed. Furthermore, it could be shown that the storage condition of two soybean seeds with different storage time durations lead to no degradation of the fatty acid content. Additional structural information from inside of dry seeds are now accessible via MRI. In this work the imaging of cereal seeds could be significantly improved by the application of the UTE sequence. The hitherto existing depictions of the lipid distribution, acquired with the spin echo sequence, were always sufficient for examinations of the lipid content, yet defects in the starchy endosperm or differences in the starch concentration within the seed remained constantly unseen with this technique. In a direct comparison of the datasets acquired with the previous imaging technique (spin echo) and with UTE imaging, the advantage of data acquisition with UTE could be shown. By investigating the potential seed compounds (starch, proteins, sugar) in pure form, the constituent parts contributing to the signal could be identified as bound water (residual moisture) and starch. The application of a bi-exponential fit on the datasets of the barley seed enabled the separate mapping of magnetization and of relaxation time of two components contributing to the NMR signal. The direct comparison with histological stainings verified the previous results, thus this technique can be used for the selective imaging of starch in dry seeds. Conclusions on the translocation characteristics in plants can be drawn by the technique proposed in Chap. 8. The associated translocation velocities can now, even in the range of several um/h, be determined in the living plant. Based on calculated concentrations of an MR contrast agent, which was taken up by the plant, these translocation velocities were estimated both in longitudinal direction, thus along the vascular bundle, and in horizontal direction, thus out of the bundle. The latter velocity is located below the contrast agent's velocity value of free diffusion. By adjusting a dynamic contrast-enhancing imaging technique (DCE-Imaging, Tof91) the acquisition duration of a T1-map was significantly reduced. By means of these maps, local concentrations of the contrast agent in plant stems and the siliques of the rapeseed plant could be determined. Numerous questions in plant science can only be answered by non-invasive techniques such as MRI. For this reason, besides the experimental results achieved in this work, further NMR methods were tested and provided for the investigation of plants. As an example, the study on the imaging of magnetic exchange processes are mentioned, which provided the groundwork for a possible transfer of CEST experiments (Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer) to the plant. The results are presented in the bachelor thesis of A. J{\"a}ger Jae17, which was performed under my supervision, they find great interest under biologists. The development of new technologies, which extend the possibilities for the investigation of living organisms, is of great importance. For this reason, I have contributed to the development of the currently unpublished method RACETE (Refocused Acquisition of Chemical Exchange Transferred Excitations [Jak17, Reu17, Gut18a]). By rephasing the transferred magnetization the utilization of properties which have not been available in chemical "`exchange"' experiments is enabled. With this method a positive contrast is generated, thus a reference experiment is not mandatory. Furthermore, the image phase, which in classical experiments contains no information about the exchanged protons, can be used for the distinct identification of multiple substances which have been excited simultaneously. This recently at the Department of Experimental Physics V developed method can be used in particular for the identification of lipids and for the localization of sugars and amino acids, thus it can serve the enhancement and improvement of non-invasive analytical methods.},
  subject      = {Kernspintomografie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kartaeusch2015,
  author    = {Kart{\"a}usch, Ralf},
  title     = {Spektroskopische Flussmessung an Pflanzen mittels mobilem Magnetresonanztomographen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125820},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The main objective of this dissertation was the development of a flow sensor which is specialized on flow measurements of plants. Hence, an accessible mobile magnet and the receiver/transfer hardware have been developed. Additionally, software to control the MR-console has been written. The AC-method was advanced to acquire slow flow profiles. This enables acquiring flow in plants. Additionally, in cooperation with the working group "Lipid Motobolism" of the IPK-Gatersleben studies have been carried out to measure the influence of the ear of wheat on the water transport mechanism. Furthermore, a new technique based on the Bloch-Siegert-effect has been developed which reduces the influence of eddy currents. This simplifies flow measurements that suffer heavily from eddy currents. Hardware development An accessible mobile magnet with a field strength of 0.42 T has been build. The field homogeneity is 0.5 ppm in 1 cm³. In comparison to the existing closed magnet system at the chair EP5 this is an improvement of a factor 40. Those enhancements have been achieved by an adjusted design of the magnet which has been optimized by computer simulations. The implementation of ferrite pole shoes reduced the eddy currents by a factor 7 in comparison to the usually used iron pole shoes. Therefore, phase sensitive flow measurements using fast switching magnet field gradients could be carried out. A foldable coil has been refined to achieve an accessible receiver system. This coil has been used as a transmit/receiver unit. Furthermore, the SNR of measurements in thin plant stalks was enhanced by a constructed system that could be directly wrapped around the stalk. Additionally, two systems to reduce noise in plant measurements have been developed. Those systems can reduce the noise by a factor 92. This was necessary because the longish plant stems guides electric noise from outside of the case into the receiver coil. Both noise reduction systems, the electromagnetic shielding and the common mode rejection, removed the noise to the same level. Flow measurement In the present work a refinement of the AC-method [36] enabled for the first time acquiring quantitative flow profiles. Hence, it was possible to measure slow velocity in the range of 200 µm/s. The precondition was the replacement of the sinusoidal gradient profile by a trapezoid gradient shape. Those allowed increasing the slew rate of the gradients and therefore shorten the total duration of the ramp which finally allows higher encoding strengths. Additionally, due to intervals without applied gradients, more efficient RF-pulses can be used and more data points can be acquired in an echo. The measured flow profiles correlated to the simulation results. The accurate flow profiles have been achieved by a new evaluation technique and a phase correction mechanism. The newly developed extension to imaging enabled spatially encoded spectral flow measurements. Therefore, the location of xylem and phloem can be spatially separated. In the measurement of the black alder this becomes apparent. Here the shape of dicotyledonous plants, which is described in chapter 5.1, is visible. Additionally, due to the spatial separation of the flow directions (up/down) qualitative flow measurements are possible. In pixels where opposite flow directions can spatially be resolved the difference between the left and the right side of the flow spectra yields the total flow without static water. Due to the phase corrections technique in combination with the automatically frequency calibration, long term flow measurements were possible. Therefore, the response of plants on influences like changes in the illumination have been observed in measurements over a duration of nine days. Here flow changes below 200 µm/s can be detected. Bloch-Siegert phase encoding In this work a new spatial phase encoding technique (BS-SET) using a B1-gradient in combination with far off-resonant radio frequency pulses has been demonstrated. Based on the Bloch-Siegert Shift an eddy current free B1-gradient was used to encode images and apply flow encoding. The BS-gradient induces a phase shift which depends on B1² using a constant gradient. Therefore, adapted reconstructions have been developed that provide undistorted images using this nonlinear encoding. Alternatively, a B1-gradient has been developed where the profile of the B1-field follows a square root shape. This supplies a linear phase encoding removing the need for an adapted reconstruction and enables using this technique for flow encoding.},
  subject      = {Kernspintomografie},
  language  = {de}
}