@article{DipaolaPavanCattaneoetal.2016,
  author    = {Dipaola, Mariangela and Pavan, Esteban E. and Cattaneo, Andrea and Frazzitta, Giuseppe and Pezzoli, Gianni and Cavallari, Paolo and Frigo, Carlo A. and Isaias, Ioannis U.},
  title     = {Mechanical Energy Recovery during Walking in Patients with Parkinson Disease},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0156420},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-179739},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The mechanisms of mechanical energy recovery during gait have been thoroughly investigated in healthy subjects, but never described in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). The aim of this study was to investigate whether such mechanisms are preserved in PD patients despite an altered pattern of locomotion. We consecutively enrolled 23 PD patients (mean age 64±9 years) with bilateral symptoms (H\&Y ≥II) if able to walk unassisted in medication-off condition (overnight suspension of all dopaminergic drugs). Ten healthy subjects (mean age 62±3 years) walked both at their 'preferred' and 'slow' speeds, to match the whole range of PD velocities. Kinematic data were recorded by means of an optoelectronic motion analyzer. For each stride we computed spatio-temporal parameters, time-course and range of motion (ROM) of hip, knee and ankle joint angles. We also measured kinetic (Wk), potential (W\(_{p}\)), total (W\(_{totCM}\)) energy variations and the energy recovery index (ER). Along with PD progression, we found a significant correlation of W\(_{totCM}\) and W\(_{p}\) with knee ROM and in particular with knee extension in terminal stance phase. W\(_{k}\) and ER were instead mainly related to gait velocity. In PD subjects, the reduction of knee ROM significantly diminished both W\(_{p}\) and W\(_{totCM}\). Rehabilitation treatments should possibly integrate passive and active mobilization of knee to prevent a reduction of gait-related energetic components.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BatschingWolfHeisenberg2016,
  author    = {Batsching, Sophie and Wolf, Reinhard and Heisenberg, Martin},
  title     = {Inescapable Stress Changes Walking Behavior in Flies - Learned Helplessness Revisited},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {11},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0167066},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178640},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Like other animals flies develop a state of learned helplessness in response to unescapable aversive events. To show this, two flies, one 'master', one 'yoked', are each confined to a dark, small chamber and exposed to the same sequence of mild electric shocks. Both receive these shocks when the master fly stops walking for more than a second. Behavior in the two animals is differently affected by the shocks. Yoked flies are transiently impaired in place learning and take longer than master flies to exit from the chamber towards light. After the treatment they walk more slowly and take fewer and shorter walking bouts. The low activity is attributed to the fly's experience that its escape response, an innate behavior to terminate the electric shocks, does not help anymore. Earlier studies using heat pulses instead of electric shocks had shown similar effects. This parallel supports the interpretation that it is the uncontrollability that induces the state.},
  language  = {en}
}