@article{BrehmHemerKonradetal.2014,
  author    = {Brehm, Klaus and Hemer, Sarah and Konrad, Christian and Spiliotis, Markus and Koziol, Uriel and Schaack, Dominik and F{\"o}rster, Sabine and Gelmedin, Verena and Stadelmann, Britta and Dandekar, Thomas and Hemphill, Andrew},
  title     = {Host insulin stimulates Echinococcus multilocularis insulin signalling pathways and larval development},
  doi       = {10.1186/1741-7007-12-5},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-110357},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background The metacestode of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, a lethal zoonosis. Infections are initiated through establishment of parasite larvae within the intermediate host's liver, where high concentrations of insulin are present, followed by tumour-like growth of the metacestode in host organs. The molecular mechanisms determining the organ tropism of E. multilocularis or the influences of host hormones on parasite proliferation are poorly understood. Results Using in vitro cultivation systems for parasite larvae we show that physiological concentrations (10 nM) of human insulin significantly stimulate the formation of metacestode larvae from parasite stem cells and promote asexual growth of the metacestode. Addition of human insulin to parasite larvae led to increased glucose uptake and enhanced phosphorylation of Echinococcus insulin signalling components, including an insulin receptor-like kinase, EmIR1, for which we demonstrate predominant expression in the parasite's glycogen storage cells. We also characterized a second insulin receptor family member, EmIR2, and demonstrated interaction of its ligand binding domain with human insulin in the yeast two-hybrid system. Addition of an insulin receptor inhibitor resulted in metacestode killing, prevented metacestode development from parasite stem cells, and impaired the activation of insulin signalling pathways through host insulin. Conclusions Our data indicate that host insulin acts as a stimulant for parasite development within the host liver and that E. multilocularis senses the host hormone through an evolutionarily conserved insulin signalling pathway. Hormonal host-parasite cross-communication, facilitated by the relatively close phylogenetic relationship between E. multilocularis and its mammalian hosts, thus appears to be important in the pathology of alveolar echinococcosis. This contributes to a closer understanding of organ tropism and parasite persistence in larval cestode infections. Furthermore, our data show that Echinococcus insulin signalling pathways are promising targets for the development of novel drugs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Konrad2007,
  author    = {Konrad, Christian},
  title     = {Molecular analysis of insulin signaling mechanisms in Echinococcus multilocularis and their role in the host-parasite interaction in the alveolar echinococcosis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-22636},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {The insulin receptor ortholog EmIR of the fox-tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis displays significant structural homology to the human insulin receptor (HIR) and has been suggested to be involved in insulin sensing mechanisms of the parasite's metacestode larval stage. In the present work, the effects of host insulin on Echinococcus metacestode vesicles and the proposed interaction between EmIR and mammalian insulin have been studied using biochemical and cell-biological approaches. Human insulin, exogenously added to in vitro cultivated parasite larvae, (i) significantly stimulated parasite survival and growth, (ii) induced DNA de novo synthesis in Echinococcus, (iii) affected overall protein phosphorylation in the parasite, and (iv) specifically induced the phosphorylation of the parasite's Erk-like MAP kinase orthologue EmMPK1. These results clearly indicated that Echinococcus metacestode vesicles are able to sense exogenous host insulin which induces a mitogenic response. To investigate whether EmIR mediates these effects, anti-EmIR antibodies were produced and utilized in biochemical assays and immunohistochemical analyses. EmIR was shown to be expressed in the germinal layer of the parasite both on the surface of glycogen storing cells and undifferentiated germinal cells. Upon addition of exogenous insulin to metacestode vesicles, the phosphorylation of EmIR was significantly induced, an effect which was suppressed in the presence of specific inhibitors of insulin receptor-like tyrosine kinases. Furthermore, upon expression of EmIR/HIR receptor chimera containing the extracellular ligand binding domain of EmIR in HEK 293 cells, a specific autophosphorylation of the chimera could be induced through the addition of exogenous insulin. These results indicated the capability of EmIR to sense and to transmit host insulin signals to the Echinococcus signaling machinery. The importance of insulin signaling mechanisms for parasite survival and growth were underscored by in vitro cultivation experiments in which the addition of an inhibitor of insulin receptor tyrosine kinases led to vesicle degradation and death. Based on the above outlined molecular data on the interaction between EmIR and mammalian insulin, the parasite's insulin receptor orthologue most probably mediates the insulin effects on parasite growth and is, therefore, a potential candidate factor for host-parasite communication via evolutionary conserved pathways. In a final set of experiments, signaling mechanisms that act downstream of EmIR have been analyzed. These studies revealed significant differences between insulin signaling in Echinococcus and the related cestode parasite Taenia solium. These differences could be associated with differences in the organo-tropism of both species.},
  subject      = {Fuchsbandwurm},
  language  = {en}
}