@article{WieserFlaischPauli2014, author = {Wieser, Matthias J. and Flaisch, Tobias and Pauli, Paul}, title = {Raised Middle-Finger: Electrocortical Correlates of Social Conditioning with Nonverbal Affective Gestures}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0102937}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113061}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Humans form impressions of others by associating persons (faces) with negative or positive social outcomes. This learning process has been referred to as social conditioning. In everyday life, affective nonverbal gestures may constitute important social signals cueing threat or safety, which therefore may support aforementioned learning processes. In conventional aversive conditioning, studies using electroencephalography to investigate visuocortical processing of visual stimuli paired with danger cues such as aversive noise have demonstrated facilitated processing and enhanced sensory gain in visual cortex. The present study aimed at extending this line of research to the field of social conditioning by pairing neutral face stimuli with affective nonverbal gestures. To this end, electro-cortical processing of faces serving as different conditioned stimuli was investigated in a differential social conditioning paradigm. Behavioral ratings and visually evoked steady-state potentials (ssVEP) were recorded in twenty healthy human participants, who underwent a differential conditioning procedure in which three neutral faces were paired with pictures of negative (raised middle finger), neutral (pointing), or positive (thumbs-up) gestures. As expected, faces associated with the aversive hand gesture (raised middle finger) elicited larger ssVEP amplitudes during conditioning. Moreover, theses faces were rated as to be more arousing and unpleasant. These results suggest that cortical engagement in response to faces aversively conditioned with nonverbal gestures is facilitated in order to establish persistent vigilance for social threat-related cues. This form of social conditioning allows to establish a predictive relationship between social stimuli and motivationally relevant outcomes.}, language = {en} } @article{KueblerHautzingerLudolphetal.2014, author = {K{\"u}bler, Andrea and Hautzinger, Martin and Ludolph, Albert and Dickhaus, Thorsten and Real, Ruben G. L.}, title = {Well-being in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot experience sampling study}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00704}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113057}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Objective: The aim of this longitudinal study was to identify predictors of instantaneous well-being in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Based on flow theory well-being was expected to be highest when perceived demands and perceived control were in balance, and that thinking about the past would be a risk factor for rumination which would in turn reduce well-being. Methods: Using the experience sampling method, data on current activities, associated aspects of perceived demands, control, and well-being were collected from 10 patients with ALS three times a day for two weeks. Results: Results show that perceived control was uniformly and positively associated with well-being, but that demands were only positively associated with well-being when they were perceived as controllable. Mediation analysis confirmed thinking about the past, but not thinking about the future, to be a risk factor for rumination and reduced well-being. Discussion: Findings extend our knowledge of factors contributing to well-being in ALS as not only perceived control but also perceived demands can contribute to well-being. They further show that a focus on present experiences might contribute to increased well-being.}, language = {en} } @article{PfisterObhiRiegeretal.2014, author = {Pfister, Roland and Obhi, Sukhvinder S. and Rieger, Martina and Wenke, Dorit}, title = {Action and perception in social contexts: intentional binding for social action effects}, doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2014.00667}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112828}, year = {2014}, abstract = {The subjective experience of controlling events in the environment alters the perception of these events. For instance, the interval between one's own actions and their consequences is subjectively compressed—a phenomenon known as intentional binding. In two experiments, we studied intentional binding in a social setting in which actions of one agent prompted a second agent to perform another action. Participants worked in pairs and were assigned to a "leader" and a "follower" role, respectively. The leader's key presses triggered (after a variable interval) a tone and this tone served as go signal for the follower to perform a keypress as well. Leaders and followers estimated the interval between the leader's keypress and the following tone, or the interval between the tone and the follower's keypress. The leader showed reliable intentional binding for both intervals relative to the follower's estimates. These results indicate that human agents experience a pre-reflective sense of agency for genuinely social consequences of their actions.}, language = {en} } @article{MeuleHermannKuebler2014, author = {Meule, Adrian and Hermann, Tina and K{\"u}bler, Andrea}, title = {A short version of the Food Cravings Questionnaire—Trait: the FCQ-T-reduced}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00190}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112748}, year = {2014}, abstract = {One of the most often used instruments for the assessment of food cravings is the Food Cravings Questionnaire (FCQ), which consists of a trait (FCQ-T; 39 items) and state (FCQ-S; 15 items) version. Scores on the FCQ-T have been found to be positively associated with eating pathology, body mass index (BMI), low dieting success and increases in state food craving during cognitive tasks involving appealing food stimuli. The current studies evaluated reliability and validity of a reduced version of the FCQ-T consisting of 15 items only (FCQ-T-r). Study 1 was a questionnaire study conducted online among students (N = 323). In study 2, female students (N = 70) performed a working memory task involving food and neutral pictures. Study 1 indicated a one-factorial structure and high internal consistency (α = 0.94) of the FCQ-T-r. Scores of the FCQ-T-r were positively correlated with BMI and negatively correlated with dieting success. In study 2, participants reported higher state food craving after the task compared to before. This increase was positively correlated with the FCQ-T-r. Hours since the last meal positively predicted food craving before the task when controlling for FCQ-T-r scores and the interaction of both variables. Contrarily, FCQ-T-r scores positively predicted food craving after the task when controlling for food deprivation and the interaction term. Thus, trait food craving was specifically associated with state food craving triggered by palatable food-cues, but not with state food craving related to plain hunger. Results indicate high reliability of the FCQ-T-r. Replicating studies that used the long version, small-to-medium correlations with BMI and dieting success could be found. Finally, scores on the FCQ-T-r predicted cue-elicited food craving, providing further support of its validity. The FCQ-T-r constitutes a succinct, valid and reliable self-report measure to efficiently assess experiences of food craving as a trait.}, language = {en} } @article{PohlKundeGanzetal.2014, author = {Pohl, Carsten and Kunde, Wilfried and Ganz, Thomas and Conzelmann, Annette and Pauli, Paul and Kiesel, Andrea}, title = {Gaming to see: action video gaming is associated with enhanced processing of masked stimuli}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00070}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112681}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Recent research revealed that action video game players outperform non-players in a wide range of attentional, perceptual and cognitive tasks. Here we tested if expertise in action video games is related to differences regarding the potential of shortly presented stimuli to bias behavior. In a response priming paradigm, participants classified four animal pictures functioning as targets as being smaller or larger than a reference frame. Before each target, one of the same four animal pictures was presented as a masked prime to influence participants' responses in a congruent or incongruent way. Masked primes induced congruence effects, that is, faster responses for congruent compared to incongruent conditions, indicating processing of hardly visible primes. Results also suggested that action video game players showed a larger congruence effect than non-players for 20 ms primes, whereas there was no group difference for 60 ms primes. In addition, there was a tendency for action video game players to detect masked primes for some prime durations better than non-players. Thus, action video game expertise may be accompanied by faster and more efficient processing of shortly presented visual stimuli.}, language = {en} } @article{KirschKoenigsteinKunde2014, author = {Kirsch, Wladimir and K{\"o}nigstein, Elisabeth and Kunde, Wilfried}, title = {Action feedback affects the perception of action-related objects beyond actual action success}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00017}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112670}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Successful object-oriented action typically increases the perceived size of aimed target objects. This phenomenon has been assumed to reflect an impact of an actor's current action ability on visual perception. The actual action ability and the explicit knowledge of action outcome, however, were confounded in previous studies. The present experiments aimed at disentangling these two factors. Participants repeatedly tried to hit a circular target varying in size with a stylus movement under restricted feedback conditions. After each movement they were explicitly informed about the success in hitting the target and were then asked to judge target size. The explicit feedback regarding movement success was manipulated orthogonally to actual movement success. The results of three experiments indicated the participants' bias to judge relatively small targets as larger and relatively large targets as smaller after explicit feedback of failure than after explicit feedback of success. This pattern was independent of the actual motor performance, suggesting that the actors' evaluations of motor actions may bias perception of target objects in itself.}, language = {en} } @article{GuhnDreslerAndreattaetal.2014, author = {Guhn, Anne and Dresler, Thomas and Andreatta, Marta and M{\"u}ller, Laura D. and Hahn, Tim and Tupak, Sara V. and Polak, Thomas and Deckert, J{\"u}rgen and Herrmann, Martin J.}, title = {Medial prefrontal cortex stimulation modulates the processing of conditioned fear}, doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00044}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-111309}, year = {2014}, abstract = {The extinction of conditioned fear depends on an efficient interplay between the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In rats, high-frequency electrical mPFC stimulation has been shown to improve extinction by means of a reduction of amygdala activity. However, so far it is unclear whether stimulation of homologues regions in humans might have similar beneficial effects. Healthy volunteers received one session of either active or sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) covering the mPFC while undergoing a 2-day fear conditioning and extinction paradigm. Repetitive TMS was applied offline after fear acquisition in which one of two faces (CS+ but not CS-) was associated with an aversive scream (UCS). Immediate extinction learning (day 1) and extinction recall (day 2) were conducted without UCS delivery. Conditioned responses (CR) were assessed in a multimodal approach using fear-potentiated startle (FPS), skin conductance responses (SCR), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and self-report scales. Consistent with the hypothesis of a modulated processing of conditioned fear after high-frequency rTMS, the active group showed a reduced CS+/CS- discrimination during extinction learning as evident in FPS as well as in SCR and arousal ratings. FPS responses to CS+ further showed a linear decrement throughout both extinction sessions. This study describes the first experimental approach of influencing conditioned fear by using rTMS and can thus be a basis for future studies investigating a complementation of mPFC stimulation to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).}, language = {en} } @article{PieczykolanHuestegge2014, author = {Pieczykolan, Aleksandra and Huestegge, Lynn}, title = {Oculomotor dominance in multitasking: Mechanisms of conflict resolution in cross-modal action}, doi = {10.1167/14.13.18}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-111024}, year = {2014}, abstract = {In daily life, eye movement control usually occurs in the context of concurrent action demands in other effector domains. However, little research has focused on understanding how such cross-modal action demands are coordinated, especially when conflicting information needs to be processed conjunctly in different action modalities. In two experiments, we address this issue by studying vocal responses in the context of spatially conflicting eye movements (Experiment 1) and in the context of spatially conflicting manual actions (Experiment 2, under controlled eye fixation conditions). Crucially, a comparison across experiments allows us to assess resource scheduling priorities among the three effector systems by comparing the same (vocal) response demands in the context of eye movements in contrast to manual responses. The results indicate that in situations involving response conflict, eye movements are prioritized over concurrent action demands in another effector system. This oculomotor dominance effect corroborates previous observations in the context of multiple action demands without spatial response conflict. Furthermore, and in line with recent theoretical accounts of parallel multiple action control, resource scheduling patterns appear to be flexibly adjustable based on the temporal proximity of the two actions that need to be performed.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ewald2014, author = {Ewald, Heike}, title = {Influence of context and contingency awareness on fear conditioning - an investigation in virtual reality}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-111226}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Fear conditioning is an efficient model of associative learning, which has greatly improved our knowledge of processes underlying the development and maintenance of pathological fear and anxiety. In a differential fear conditioning paradigm, one initially neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an aversive event (unconditioned stimulus, US), whereas another stimulus does not have any consequences. After a few pairings the NS is associated with the US and consequently becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS+), which elicits a conditioned response (CR). The formation of explicit knowledge of the CS/US association during conditioning is referred to as contingency awareness. Findings about its role in fear conditioning are ambiguous. The development of a CR without contingency awareness has been shown in delay fear conditioning studies. One speaks of delay conditioning, when the US coterminates with or follows directly on the CS+. In trace conditioning, a temporal gap or "trace interval" lies between CS+ and US. According to existing evidence, trace conditioning is not possible on an implicit level and requires more cognitive resources than delay conditioning. The associations formed during fear conditioning are not exclusively associations between specific cues and aversive events. Contextual cues form the background milieu of the learning process and play an important role in both acquisition and the extinction of conditioned fear and anxiety. A common limitation in human fear conditioning studies is the lack of ecological validity, especially regarding contextual information. The use of Virtual Reality (VR) is a promising approach for creating a more complex environment which is close to a real life situation. I conducted three studies to examine cue and contextual fear conditioning with regard to the role of contingency awareness. For this purpose a VR paradigm was created, which allowed for exact manipulation of cues and contexts as well as timing of events. In all three experiments, participants were guided through one or more virtual rooms serving as contexts, in which two different lights served as CS and an electric stimulus as US. Fear potentiated startle (FPS) responses were measured as an indicator of implicit fear conditioning. To test whether participants had developed explicit awareness of the CS-US contingencies, subjective ratings were collected. The first study was designed as a pilot study to test the VR paradigm as well as the conditioning protocol. Additionally, I was interested in the effect of contingency awareness. Results provided evidence, that eye blink conditioning is possible in the virtual environment and that it does not depend on contingency awareness. Evaluative conditioning, as measured by subjective ratings, was only present in the group of participants who explicitly learned the association between CS and US. To examine acquisition and extinction of both fear associated cues and contexts, a novel cue-context generalization paradigm was applied in the second study. Besides the interplay of cues and contexts I was again interested in the effect of contingency awareness. Two different virtual offices served as fear and safety context, respectively. During acquisition, the CS+ was always followed by the US in the fear context. In the safety context, none of the lights had any consequences. During extinction, a additional (novel) context was introduced, no US was delivered in any of the contexts. Participants showed enhanced startle responses to the CS+ compared to the CS- in the fear context. Thus, discriminative learning took place regarding both cues and contexts during acquisition. This was confirmed by subjective ratings, although only for participants with explicit contingency awareness. Generalization of fear to the novel context after conditioning did not depend on awareness and was observable only on trend level. In a third experiment I looked at neuronal correlates involved in extinction of fear memory by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Of particular interest were differences between extinction of delay and trace fear conditioning. I applied the paradigm tested in the pilot study and additionally manipulated timing of the stimuli: In the delay conditioning group (DCG) the US was administered with offset of one light (CS+), in the trace conditioning group (TCG) the US was presented 4s after CS+ offset. Most importantly, prefrontal activation differed between the two groups. In line with existing evidence, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was activated in the DCG. In the TCG I found activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), which might be associated with modulation of working memory processes necessary for bridging the trace interval and holding information in short term memory. Taken together, virtual reality proved to be an elegant tool for examining human fear conditioning in complex environments, and especially for manipulating contextual information. Results indicate that explicit knowledge of contingencies is necessary for attitude formation in fear conditioning, but not for a CR on an implicit level as measured by FPS responses. They provide evidence for a two level account of fear conditioning. Discriminative learning was successful regarding both cues and contexts. Imaging results speak for different extinction processes in delay and trace conditioning, hinting that higher working memory contribution is required for trace than for delay conditioning.}, subject = {Klassische Konditionierung}, language = {en} } @article{KueblerHolzRiccioetal.2014, author = {K{\"u}bler, Andrea and Holz, Elisa M. and Riccio, Angela and Zickler, Claudia and Kaufmann, Tobias and Kleih, Sonja C. and Staiger-S{\"a}lzer, Pit and Desideri, Lorenzo and Hoogerwerf, Evert-Jan and Mattia, Donatella}, title = {The User-Centered Design as Novel Perspective for Evaluating the Usability of BCI-Controlled Applications}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0112392}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-111051}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Albeit research on brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for controlling applications has expanded tremendously, we still face a translational gap when bringing BCI to end-users. To bridge this gap, we adapted the user-centered design (UCD) to BCI research and development which implies a shift from focusing on single aspects, such as accuracy and information transfer rate (ITR), to a more holistic user experience. The UCD implements an iterative process between end-users and developers based on a valid evaluation procedure. Within the UCD framework usability of a device can be defined with regard to its effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. We operationalized these aspects to evaluate BCI-controlled applications. Effectiveness was regarded equivalent to accuracy of selections and efficiency to the amount of information transferred per time unit and the effort invested (workload). Satisfaction was assessed with questionnaires and visual-analogue scales. These metrics have been successfully applied to several BCI-controlled applications for communication and entertainment, which were evaluated by end-users with severe motor impairment. Results of four studies, involving a total of N = 19 end-users revealed: effectiveness was moderate to high; efficiency in terms of ITR was low to high and workload low to medium; depending on the match between user and technology, and type of application satisfaction was moderate to high. The here suggested evaluation metrics within the framework of the UCD proved to be an applicable and informative approach to evaluate BCI controlled applications, and end-users with severe impairment and in the locked-in state were able to participate in this process.}, language = {en} } @article{MeuleBeckTeranBerkeretal.2014, author = {Meule, Adrian and Beck Teran, Carina and Berker, Jasmin and Gr{\"u}ndel, Tilman and Mayerhofer, Martina and Platte, Petra}, title = {"On the differentiation between trait and state food craving: Half-year retest-reliability of the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r) and the Food Cravings Questionnaire-State (FCQ-S)"}, doi = {10.1186/s40337-014-0025-z}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-110585}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Background: Food craving refers to an intense desire to consume a specific food. The Food Cravings Questionnaires (FCQs) assess food cravings on a trait and a state level. Method: The current study examined half-year retest-reliability of the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r) and the Food Cravings Questionnaire-State (FCQ-S) and reports associations with current food deprivation in female students. Results: The FCQ-T-r had higher retest-reliability (rtt = .74) than the FCQ-S (rtt = .39). Although trait food craving was correlated with state food craving, it was unaffected by current food deprivation. Conclusions: Although state and trait food craving are interdependent, the FCQs are able to differentiate between the two. As scores of the FCQ-T-r represent a stable trait, but are also sensitive to changes in eating behavior, they may be useful for the investigation of the course of eating disorders and obesity.}, language = {en} } @article{KaufmannHerwegKuebler2014, author = {Kaufmann, Tobias and Herweg, Andreas and K{\"u}bler, Andrea}, title = {Toward brain-computer interface based wheelchair control utilizing tactually-evoked event-related potentials}, doi = {10.1186/1743-0003-11-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-110042}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Background People with severe disabilities, e.g. due to neurodegenerative disease, depend on technology that allows for accurate wheelchair control. For those who cannot operate a wheelchair with a joystick, brain-computer interfaces (BCI) may offer a valuable option. Technology depending on visual or auditory input may not be feasible as these modalities are dedicated to processing of environmental stimuli (e.g. recognition of obstacles, ambient noise). Herein we thus validated the feasibility of a BCI based on tactually-evoked event-related potentials (ERP) for wheelchair control. Furthermore, we investigated use of a dynamic stopping method to improve speed of the tactile BCI system. Methods Positions of four tactile stimulators represented navigation directions (left thigh: move left; right thigh: move right; abdomen: move forward; lower neck: move backward) and N = 15 participants delivered navigation commands by focusing their attention on the desired tactile stimulus in an oddball-paradigm. Results Participants navigated a virtual wheelchair through a building and eleven participants successfully completed the task of reaching 4 checkpoints in the building. The virtual wheelchair was equipped with simulated shared-control sensors (collision avoidance), yet these sensors were rarely needed. Conclusion We conclude that most participants achieved tactile ERP-BCI control sufficient to reliably operate a wheelchair and dynamic stopping was of high value for tactile ERP classification. Finally, this paper discusses feasibility of tactile ERPs for BCI based wheelchair control.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Baeuerlein2014, author = {B{\"a}uerlein, Kerstin}, title = {Leseverst{\"a}ndnisdiagnostik in der Sekundarstufe - Theoretische Grundlagen sowie Konstruktion und empirische Erprobung der Lesetests LESEN 6-7 und LESEN 8-9}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, isbn = {978-3-95826-008-5 (print)}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-009-2}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-95329}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {340}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Lesen ist keine passive Rezeption schriftlichen Materials, sondern eine aktive, wechselseitige Beeinflussung von Text und Leser. Der Erwerb von Lesekompetenz ist daher ein komplexer und langwieriger Prozess, der nicht mit der Alphabetisierung in der Grundschule endet, sondern bis ins Erwachsenenalter hinein andauert. In nationalen und internationalen Studien zeigten deutsche Jugendliche zum Teil gravierende Defizite im Hinblick auf die Lesekompetenz. Inzwischen wurden zwar zahlreiche Einflussfaktoren und Ansatzpunkte f{\"u}r F{\"o}rdermaßnahmen identifizifiziert und Interventionen konzipiert. Um diese Maßnahmen jedoch gezielt und gewinnbringend einsetzen und evaluieren zu k{\"o}nnen, ist es erforderlich, den Leistungsstand der Sch{\"u}ler umfassend zu erheben. Bislang fehlten hierf{\"u}r geeignete Diagnoseinstrumente f{\"u}r die mittleren und h{\"o}heren Klassenstufen. Daher wurden im Projekt "LESEN - Lesen erm{\"o}glicht Sinnentnahme" zwei Lesetests f{\"u}r die Sekundarstufe entwickelt: LESEN 6-7 f{\"u}r die Klassenstufen sechs und sieben sowie LESEN 8-9 f{\"u}r die Klassenstufen acht und neun. LESEN 6-7 und LESEN 8-9 sind zwei analog aufgebaute Lesetests, die vor allem auf die kognitiven Aspekte der Lesekompetenz, also das Leseverst{\"a}ndnis, fokussieren. Beide Tests enthalten jeweils zwei Subtests: Basale Lesekompetenz (BLK) und Textverst{\"a}ndnis (TV). Der Subtest BLK besteht aus einer Satzleseaufgabe und erfasst die Lesegeschwindigkeit und das Verst{\"a}ndnis einfacher, kurzer S{\"a}tze. Der Subtest TV enth{\"a}lt einen expositorischen und einen narrativen Text mit geschlossenen Verst{\"a}ndnisfragen, die die inhaltliche Verarbeitung pr{\"u}fen. Damit orientiert sich der Aufbau der Tests am aktuellen Forschungsstand, demzufolge Leseverst{\"a}ndnis sich aus basalen Prozessen und hierarchieh{\"o}heren Verst{\"a}ndnisleistungen zusammensetzt. Bez{\"u}glich des Verst{\"a}ndnisses werden in der Literatur verschiedene Verarbeitungsebenen beschrieben, die bei der Konstruktion des Subtests TV explizit Ber{\"u}cksichtigung fanden. Methodisch orientierte sich die Konstruktion von LESEN 6-7 und LESEN 8-9 zun{\"a}chst an der Klassischen Testtheorie (KTT). W{\"a}hrend f{\"u}r den Subtest BLK dar{\"u}ber hinaus kein Testmodell n{\"o}tig war, da die Anzahl der in der vorgegebenen Zeit gelesenen S{\"a}tze bereits eine metrische Variable darstellt, wurde dem Subtest TV das dichotome Rasch-Modell zugrunde gelegt. Bei Letzterem wurden daher zus{\"a}tzlich entsprechende Rasch-Kennwerte f{\"u}r die Itemselektion herangezogen. Beide Tests wurden an einer großen Stichprobe, die jeweils Sch{\"u}ler mehrerer deutscher Bundesl{\"a}nder und verschiedener Schularten einschloss, normiert. Zudem wurden jeweils beide Subtests eingehend auf Reliabilit{\"a}t und Validit{\"a}t sowie weitere g{\"a}ngige Testg{\"u}tekriterien gepr{\"u}ft. Der Subtest TV wurde dar{\"u}ber hinaus auf Rasch-Modell-Konformit{\"a}t untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Erprobung der beiden Tests fallen sehr zufriedenstellend aus. Die Normstichprobe umfasst 1.644 Sch{\"u}ler f{\"u}r LESEN 6-7 und 945 Sch{\"u}ler f{\"u}r LESEN 8-9. Sowohl die KTT- als auch die Rasch-Kennwerte f{\"u}r die Reliabilit{\"a}t liegen im mittelhohen bis hohen Bereich. Die inhaltliche Validit{\"a}t ergibt sich aus den stringent aus der Theorie abgeleiteten Iteminhalten. Die Konstruktvalidit{\"a}t wird durch gr{\"o}ßtenteils hohe bis sehr hohe Korrelationen mit konstruktnahen Skalen gest{\"u}tzt. Im Sinne konvergenter Validit{\"a}t korrelieren die Ergebniswerte von LESEN 6-7 und LESEN 8-9 außerdem h{\"o}her mit konstruktnahen Außenkriterien (Lehrerurteil zur Lesekompetenz, Deutschnote) als mit konstruktfernen Außenkriterien (Gesamtnotenschnitt, Mathematiknote). Die niedrige bis nicht vorhandene Korrelation mit konstruktfernen Außenkriterien weist auf diskriminante Validit{\"a}t der Tests hin. Weiter sprechen die gr{\"o}ßtenteils erwartungskonformen Ergebnisse im Hinblick auf verschiedene aus der Theorie und empirischen Vorbefunden abgeleitete Hypothesen u. a. in Bezug auf Klassenstufen- und Schulartunterschiede f{\"u}r die Validit{\"a}t von LESEN 6-7 und LESEN 8-9. Die Ergebnisse der Rasch-Modell-Konformit{\"a}tspr{\"u}fung f{\"u}r den Subtest TV sprechen f{\"u}r das Vorliegen von Itemhomogenit{\"a}t in beiden Tests, jedoch eher gegen das Vorliegen von Personenhomogenit{\"a}t. Insgesamt erf{\"u}llen LESEN 6-7 und LESEN 8-9 g{\"a}ngige Testg{\"u}tekriterien in zufriedenstellendem Maße. Sie erm{\"o}glichen sowohl auf Gruppen- als auch auf Individualebene eine umfassende Erfassung des Leseverst{\"a}ndnisses von Sekundarsch{\"u}lern sowie in allen vier Klassenstufen eine Differenzierung im gesamten Leistungsspektrum.}, subject = {Leseverstehen}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Schmidt2014, author = {Schmidt, Barbara}, title = {Taking your chances: risk behavior and its relation to arousal, framing and motivation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-107149}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Human risk behavior is the subject of growing research in the field of psychology as well as economics. One central topic is the influence of psychological variables on risk behavior. Studies contained in this work investigated the impact of arousal, framing and motivation on risk behavior. Arousal can on the one hand be a temporarily stable trait and on the other hand a situation-dependent variable. We showed that low trait arousal, measured via resting heart rate, predicted risky behavior. After physical exercise, state arousal was heightened in the experiment. Participants tended to act less risky after physical exercise. Taken together, the results suggest an inverse relation of arousal and risk behavior. Most studies investigating risk behavior employ a payment method that we call pay-one method: although the gambles that are used consist of many trials, only one trial is paid out. We investigated the effect of the payment method on risk behavior by employing both the pay-one and a pay-all method, which pays out all trials, in a within-subjects design. We found that participants acted about 10\% less risky in the pay-one condition compared to the pay-all condition. This result suggests that risk-aversion is over-estimated in common risk paradigms that use the pay-one method. When we worked on a hard task before, we like to engage in a more likable task afterwards. That observation led to the general classification of tasks in want-to and have-to tasks. Our body system strives towards a balance between those two task types in the sense of a homeostasis. We assessed event-related potentials (ERPs) in a risk game that we treated as a want-to task. When participants worked on a difficult have-to task before, amplitudes of the ERP-components in the risk game were raised compared to a condition where participants worked on an easy task before. We conclude that the motivation shift towards a want-to task after a have-to task can be assessed via ERP amplitudes. In conclusion, it was shown that arousal, framing and motivation are important psychological variables that influence risk behavior. The specific mechanisms of these influences have been investigated and discussed.}, subject = {Risikoverhalten}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Meule2014, author = {Meule, Adrian}, title = {Food craving as a central construct in the self-regulation of eating behavior}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-104597}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Background: Food craving refers to an intense desire to consume a specific kind of food of which chocolate is the most often craved one. It is this intensity and specificity that differentiates food craving from feelings of hunger. Although food craving and hunger often co-occur, an energy deficit is not a prerequisite for experiencing food craving, that is, it can also occur without being hungry. Food craving often precedes and predicts over- or binge eating which makes it a reasonable target in the treatment of eating disorders or obesity. One of the arguably most extensively validated measures for the assessment of food craving are the Food Cravings Questionnaires (FCQs), which measure food craving on a state (FCQ-S) and trait (FCQ-T) level. Specifically, the FCQ-S measures the intensity of current food craving whereas the FCQ-T measures the frequency of food craving experiences in general. The aims of the present thesis were to provide a German measure for the assessment of food craving and to investigate cognitive, behavioral, and physiological correlates of food craving. For this purpose, a German version of the FCQs was presented and its reliability and validity was evaluated. Using self-reports, relationships between trait food craving and dieting were examined. Cognitive-behavioral correlates of food craving were investigated using food-related tasks assessing executive functions. Psychophysiological correlates of food craving were investigated using event-related potentials (ERPs) in the electroencephalogram and heart rate variability (HRV). Possible intervention approaches to reduce food craving were derived from results of those studies. Methods: The FCQs were translated into German and their psychometric properties and correlates were investigated in a questionnaire-based study (articles \#1 \& \#2). The relationship between state and trait food craving with executive functioning was examined with behavioral tasks measuring working memory performance and behavioral inhibition which involved highly palatable food-cues (articles \#3 \& \#4). Electrophysiological correlates of food craving were tested with ERPs during a craving regulation task (article \#5). Finally, a pilot study on the effects of HRV-biofeedback for reducing food craving was conducted (article \#6). Results: The FCQs demonstrated high internal consistency while their factorial structure could only partially be replicated. The FCQ-T also had high retest-reliability which, expectedly, was lower for the FCQ-S. Validity of the FCQ-S was shown by positive relationships with current food deprivation and negative affect. Validity of the FCQ-T was shown by positive correlations with related constructs. Importantly, scores on the subscales of the FCQ-T were able to discriminate between non-dieters and successful and unsuccessful dieters (article \#1). Furthermore, scores on the FCQ-T mediated the relationship between rigid dietary control strategies and low dieting success (article \#2). With regard to executive functioning, high-calorie food-cues impaired working memory performance, yet this was independent of trait food craving and rarely related to state food craving (article \#3). Behavioral disinhibition in response to high-calorie food-cues was predicted by trait food craving, particularly when participants were also impulsive (article \#4). Downregulation of food craving by cognitive strategies in response to high-calorie food-cues increased early, but not later, segments of the Late Positive Potential (LPP) (article \#5). Few sessions of HRV-biofeedback reduced self-reported food cravings and eating and weight concerns in high trait food cravers (article \#6). Conclusions: The German FCQs represent sound measures with good psychometric properties for the assessment of state and trait food craving. Although state food craving increases during cognitive tasks involving highly palatable food-cues, impairment of task performance does not appear to be mediated by current food craving experiences. Instead, trait food craving is associated with low behavioral inhibition in response to high-calorie food-cues, but not with impaired working memory performance. Future studies need to examine if trait food craving and, subsequently, food-cue affected behavioral inhibition can be reduced by using food-related inhibition tasks as a training. Current food craving and ERPs in response to food-cues can easily be modulated by cognitive strategies, yet the LPP probably does not represent a direct index of food craving. Finally, HRV-biofeedback may be a useful add-on element in the treatment of disorders in which food cravings are elevated. To conclude, the current thesis provided measures for the assessment of food craving in German and showed differential relationships between state and trait food craving with self-reported dieting behavior, food-cue affected executive functioning, ERPs and HRV-biofeedback. These results provide promising starting points for interventions to reduce food craving based on (1) food-cue-related behavioral trainings of executive functions, (2) cognitive craving regulation strategies, and (3) physiological parameters such as HRV-biofeedback.}, subject = {Craving}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dignath2014, author = {Dignath, David}, title = {Conflict Management}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-103586}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Menschen haben die beeindruckende F{\"a}higkeit zu planen, sich Ziele zu setzen und entsprechend zu handeln. Dies ist aber nicht immer der Fall. Jeder kennt Situationen, in denen Impulse, wie zum Beispiel der Drang noch ein weiteres Bier zu trinken oder stark {\"u}berlernte Verhaltensgewohnheiten, wie zum Beispiel automatisch auf der rechten Straßenseite zu fahren unseren eigentlichen Zielen im Weg stehen. Dieser ´Wettstreit´ zwischen impulsiven oder habituellen Verhaltenstendenzen und zielgerichteten Handlungen wird auch als Konflikt bezeichnet. Solch ein Konflikt tritt st{\"a}ndig in Erscheinung und kann viele Formen annehmen. Daher {\"u}berrascht es nicht weiter, dass die Art und Weise wie Konflikt kontrolliert wird, auch sehr unterschiedlich sein kann. Es scheint offensichtlich, dass Menschen Konflikte ganz verschieden handhaben k{\"o}nnen: Wenn wir eine Konfliktsituation erwarten, k{\"o}nnen wir bereits vorausschauend zus{\"a}tzliche Anstrengungen unternehmen um den Konflikt dann in der Situation ad{\"a}quat zu l{\"o}sen. Alternativ k{\"o}nnen wir solche Situationen auch bereits im Vorfeld vermeiden und umgehen damit die Gefahr, unseren Impulsen nachzugeben. Auch wenn wir mit einer Konfliktsituation bereits konfrontiert sind, k{\"o}nnen wir versuchen durch besondere Anstrengungen diesen Konflikt aufzul{\"o}sen. Schließlich haben wir auch die M{\"o}glichkeit, uns aus der Situation zur{\"u}ckziehen wodurch wir das Risiko minimieren, entgegen unserer eigentlichen Ziele zu handeln. Um diese Variabilit{\"a}t von Konfliktbew{\"a}ltigung besser zu verstehen, versucht die vorliegende Arbeit eine genauere Beschreibung dieser Kontrollprozesse zu geben. Zwei Dimensionen von Kontrollfunktionen werden identifiziert. Diese ergeben sich aus teilweise antagonistischen Erfordernissen an erfolgreiche Handlungskontrolle und beschreiben zum einen die Abw{\"a}gung zwischen Flexibilit{\"a}t und Stabilit{\"a}t, zum Anderen die Abw{\"a}gung zwischen antizipativer Selektion und reaktiver Korrektur. Um zu erkl{\"a}ren, wie diese beiden Dimensionen von Kontrollfunktionen interagieren und wie daraus ein ad{\"a}quater Umgang mit Konflikten entstehen kann, wird das „Conflict Management Framework" eingef{\"u}hrt. Eine Hypothese, die aus diesem Rahmenmodel hervorgeht, beschreibt eine spezifische Strategie mit Konflikt umzugehen, die in dieser Art noch nicht untersucht wurde: Wenn Konflikt erlebt wird, ziehen sich Personen aus dieser Situation zur{\"u}ck und versuchen dadurch dem Konflikt zu entgehen. Der empirische Teil der Arbeit untersucht diese Verhaltensstrategie in Bezug auf Konflikterleben und testet, ob Personen unter bestimmten Bedingungen sich aus Konfliktsituationen zur{\"u}ckziehen. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung werden drei Reihen an Experimenten vorgestellt die sowohl Freie-Wahl Paradigmen, Klassifikationsaufgaben unter Zeitdruck, als auch die Aufzeichnung kontinuierlicher Bewegungen umfassen. Es zeigte sich, dass Konflikt motivationale Vermeidungstendenzen hervorruft (Experimente 1 und 2), Entscheidungsverhalten verzerrt, so dass kurzfristig mit Konflikt assoziierte Aufgaben vermieden werden (Experimente 3 und 5), und die Ausf{\"u}hrung von komplexen Handlungen beeinflusst (Experimente 6 und 7). Diese Ergebnisse unterst{\"u}tzen das vorgeschlagene Rahmenmodell und erm{\"o}glichen eine vertiefte Auseinandersetzung mit der Frage, wie unterschiedliche Konfliktbew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien integriert werden k{\"o}nnen. Dazu wird ein konnektionistisches Modell vorgestellt, dass die parallele Anwendung von zwei unterschiedlichen Strategien zur Konfliktbew{\"a}ltigung erm{\"o}glicht und damit die empirischen Befunde der Experimente 3, 4 und 5 erkl{\"a}ren kann. Im verbleibenden Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Fehler einer solchen Integration von Konfliktbew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien analysiert. Es wird diskutiert, in wie fern das vorgeschlagene Rahmenmodell mit spezifischen klinischen St{\"o}rungen vereinbar ist. Außerdem wird darauf eingegangen, wie interindividuelle Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Art und Weise Konflikte zu meistern, mit Hilfe eines solches Modells besser erkl{\"a}rt werden k{\"o}nnten. Schließlich wird ein Versuch unternommen, so genannte Selbstkontroll-Fehler durch eine mangelhafte Dynamik unterschiedlicher Konfliktbew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien zu erkl{\"a}ren.}, subject = {Konflikt}, language = {en} } @incollection{Schneider1994, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Methodische Ans{\"a}tze der empirischen Erziehungs- und Sozialisationsforschung}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87454}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1994}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Methode}, language = {de} } @article{SchneiderKoerkelVogel1987, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and K{\"o}rkel, Joachim and Vogel, Klaus}, title = {Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen Metaged{\"a}chtnis, strategischem Verhalten und Ged{\"a}chtnisleistungen im Grundschulalter: Eine entwicklungspsychologische Studie}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87368}, year = {1987}, abstract = {In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Frage gepr{\"u}ft, inwieweit Schulanf{\"a}nger im Vergleich zu fortgeschrittenen Grundsch{\"u}lern tats{\"a}chlich nur wenig dar{\"u}ber wissen, welche Strategien in freien Reproduktionsaufgaben (son-recall) voneilhaft sind. Zu diesem Zweck wurde das Metaged{\"a}chtnis von Zweit- und Vienkl{\"a}ßlern, also ihr Wissen um die Vorteile unterschiedlicher Sortier- und Lernstrategien, mit ihrem Lernverhalten bzw. ihrem Leistungsverm{\"o}gen in unterschiedlichen Varianten der sort-recall-Aufgabe verglichen. Diese Prozedur gestattete es, die Bewertung unterschiedlicher Strategien direkt mit ihrer jeweiligen Wirksamkeit zu vergleichen. Die an je 32 Zweit- und Viertkl{\"a}ßlern gewonnenen Befunde: lassen sich insgesamt so interpretieren, daß die j{\"u}ngeren Kinder kaum etwas {\"u}ber angemessene Verhaltensweisen bei freien Reproduktionsaufgaben wissen; sie ziehen perzeptuelle Organisationsstrategien konzeptuellen (taxonomischen) Organisationsstrategien vor, profitieren tats{\"a}chlich jedoch signifikant mehr von konzeptuellen Strategien. Demgegen{\"u}ber verf{\"u}gten die: Vienkl{\"a}ßler in der Regel {\"u}ber angemessenes Metaged{\"a}chtnis: sie sch{\"a}tzten taxonomische Strategien nicht nur h{\"o}her ein, sondern profitierten auch de facto deutlich mehr von solchen Techniken. Die Befunde k{\"o}nnen insgesamt als Best{\"a}tigung der in der neueren Literatur verbreiteten Annahme gewertet werden, daß sich das Wissen um Ged{\"a}chtnisanforderungen bei sort-recall-Aufgaben erst gegen Ende: der Grundschulzeit herausbildet.}, subject = {Metaged{\"a}chtnis}, language = {de} } @article{SchneiderBoes1985, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and B{\"o}s, Klaus}, title = {Exploratorische Analysen zu Komponenten des Schulerfolgs}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87314}, year = {1985}, abstract = {Aus der Durchsicht neuerer Forschungsliteratur zum Thema Schulprognose l{\"a}ßt sich ableiten, daß im Gegensatz zur unbestrittenen Bedeutung von kognitiven T{\"a}tigkeitsmerkmalen die Relevanz von nicht-kognitiven (z. B. Angst- und Leistungs-)Merkmalen f{\"u}r die Schulleistung nicht klar abzusch{\"a}tzen ist. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde nun der Vetsuch unternommen, anhand von explorativen Kausalmodellen mit latenten Variablen (LVPLS) die relative Bedeutsarnkeit nichtkognitiver Variablen f{\"u}r den Schulerfolg zu bestimmen. Die anhand einer Stichprobe von 87 Viertkl{\"a}ßlern gewonnenen Befunde unterstreichen die herausragende Relevanz kognitiver Merkmale, deuten jedoch auch darauf hin, daß die Rolle von Angsrkomponenten und Leistungsmotivkennwetten aufgrund ihrer vorwiegend indirekten Einflußnahme nicht untersch{\"a}tzt werden darf. Angesichts der immer noch defizit{\"a}ren Theorieentwicklung im Bereich der Schulerfolgsprognose wird daf{\"u}r pl{\"a}diert, hier weiterhin gezielt mit explorativen Modellen zu arbeiten.}, subject = {Schulerfolg}, language = {de} } @article{SchneiderZielinski1983, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Zielinski, Werner}, title = {Vergleichende Bedingungsanalysen zur Performanz guter und schwacher Rechtschreiber}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87297}, year = {1983}, abstract = {Es wurde die Frage {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, ob f{\"u}r schwache Rechtschreiber und rechtschreibunauff{\"a}llige Sch{\"u}ler {\"a}hnliche Determinanten der Rechtschreibleistung angenommen werden k{\"o}nnen. Theoretisch plausible Kausalmodelle zur Beschreibung und Erkl{\"a}rung von Rechtschreibleistungen rechtschreibschwacher und rechtschreibunauff{\"a}lliger Viertkl{\"a}ßler wurden im Hinblick auf ihre {\"U}bereinstimmung und Datenkompabilit{\"a}t anhand des Computerprogramms LISREL IV analysiert. F{\"u}r beide Gruppen ergaben sich unterschiedlich strukturierte L{\"o}sungen, von denen lediglich die f{\"u}r die normalen Rechtschreiber hinsichtlich der Datenanpassung und des Prozentsatzes aufgekl{\"a}rter Kriteriumsvarianz einigermaßen befriedigen konnte.}, subject = {Rechtschreibschw{\"a}che}, language = {de} } @article{TreiberSchneider1981, author = {Treiber, Bernhard and Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Schulisches Lernen im sozial{\"o}kologischen Kontext}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87271}, year = {1981}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Lernen}, language = {de} } @article{Schneider1980, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Kausalmodelle in der P{\"a}dagogischen Psychologie - Erg{\"a}nzende Analysen zu zwei einschl{\"a}gigen Untersuchungen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87249}, year = {1980}, abstract = {In the present secondary analysis the results of studies by Simons et al. (1975) and Schwarzer (1979) were critically reanalyzed. The central point of the reanalysis concerned the test of the causal models used, especially the question, if the technique of path analysis was correctly applied. Whereas some modifications seemed necessary in both srudies, there was no reason to question their main results.}, subject = {P{\"a}dagogische Psychologie}, language = {de} } @book{Schneider1989, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Zur Entwicklung des Meta-Ged{\"a}chtnisses bei Kindern}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87165}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1989}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Kind}, language = {de} } @article{MachtJanke1993, author = {Macht, Michael and Janke, Wilhelm}, title = {Effects of short-term energy deprivation on stress reactions in humans}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87093}, year = {1993}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Stressreaktion}, language = {en} } @incollection{KruegerLehmacherWall1981, author = {Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter and Lehmacher, Walter and Wall, K. - D.}, title = {The Fourfold Table up to N=80}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87053}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1981}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @incollection{Hommers1991, author = {Hommers, Wilfried}, title = {Zum Gegenstand der Rechtspsychologie}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87014}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1991}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Rechtspsychologie}, language = {de} } @incollection{Hoffmann1993, author = {Hoffmann, Joachim}, title = {Wird Wissen in Begriffen repr{\"a}sentiert?}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87000}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1993}, abstract = {Die Arbeit geht von der allgemeinen Feststellung aus, daß die Repr{\"a}sentation von Wissen der Reduktion des Aufwandes von zu erwartenden Informationsverarbeitungsprozessen dient. Es werden verschiedene Anforderungen an die menschliche Informationsverarbeitung betrachtet, und es wird jeweils gefragt, welche Eigenschaften die Wissensrepr{\"a}sentation haben muß, um diesen Anforderungen zu gen{\"u}gen. Im einzelnen werden die Objektwahrnehmung, die anschauliche Vorstellungst{\"a}tigkeit, die Aufmerksamkeitssteuerung, die Erkennung semantischer Relationen, die Handlungskontrolle und der Erwerb von Wortbedeutungen betrachtet. Es wird die Schlußfolgerung gezogen, daß eine Repr{\"a}sentation in diskreten symbolischen Einheiten der Dynamik der Wissensnutzung unter den verschiedenen Anforderungen wenig gerecht wird. Es scheint naheliegender, Wissen direkt in Handlungseinheiten zu repr{\"a}sentieren. Solche Einheiten sollten Informationen {\"u}ber einzelne Handlungen mit Informationen {\"u}ber Situationskontexte verbinden, in denen die Handlungen erfolgreich verwendet worden sind. Die Vorteile einer solchen handlungsorientierten Wissensrepr{\"a}sentation werden diskutiert.}, subject = {Wissensrepr{\"a}sentation}, language = {de} } @incollection{KoerkelSchneider1992, author = {K{\"o}rkel, Joachim and Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Domain-specific versus metacognitive knowledge effects on text recall and comprehension}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86647}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1992}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Unterricht}, language = {en} } @article{WeinertSchneiderAsendorpfetal.1991, author = {Weinert, Franz E. and Schneider, Wolfgang and Asendorpf, Jens B. and Bullock, M. and Helmke, Andreas and Knopf, Monika and Nunner-Winkler, G. and Stern, E. and Strube, G. and Weber, Andreas}, title = {Intra- und interindividuelle Unterschiede in der psychischen Entwicklung von Kindern}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86627}, year = {1991}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Kind}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Reichert2014, author = {Reichert, Andreas}, title = {Eltern stark machen! Eine randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie zur Evaluation des modularen Elterntrainings „Plan E" im kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Setting}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-98337}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Die Arbeit legt bei den Ausf{\"u}hrungen zum theoretischen Hintergrund dar, dass sich hinsichtlich der Rahmenbedingungen f{\"u}r erzieherisches Handeln in den letzten Jahrzehnten viele gesellschaftliche und famili{\"a}re Ver{\"a}nderungen ergaben. Befragungen von Eltern zeigten teilweise eine Verunsicherung in Bezug auf die Erziehung ihrer Kinder. Gleichzeitig stellen psychische St{\"o}rungen und Verhaltensauff{\"a}lligkeiten im Kindes- und Jugendalter ein gesellschaftlich relevantes Problem dar. Nahezu jedes f{\"u}nfte Kind weist nach epidemiologischen Studien psychische Probleme auf. Aus Studien zu Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren hinsichtlich der Entstehung solcher St{\"o}rungen lassen sich verschiedene pr{\"a}ventive oder therapeutische Interventionen ableiten. H{\"a}ufig werden dabei biologische, psychosoziale und famili{\"a}re Risikofaktoren unterschieden. Aspekte der Erziehung oder des famili{\"a}ren Umfelds k{\"o}nnen sowohl f{\"o}rderlich als auch dysfunktional bez{\"u}glich der Entwicklung eines Kindes sein. Famili{\"a}re Risikofaktoren sind im Vergleich zu vielen biologischen oder psychosozialen Einfl{\"u}ssen potentiell ver{\"a}nderbare Faktoren und sollten unbedingt bei der Behandlung von psychisch kranken Kindern und Jugendlichen mit ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden. Generell erweist sich die Psychotherapie im Kindes- und Jugendalter als {\"a}hnlich effektiv wie bei Erwachsenen. Verschiedene Original-, {\"U}bersichtsarbeiten und Metaanalysen belegen die Wirksamkeit von Elterntrainings hinsichtlich der Verbesserung von Erziehungsverhalten und Verhaltensauff{\"a}lligkeiten der Kinder. Wirksamkeitsnachweise finden sich mehrheitlich zu kognitiv-behavioralen Elterntrainings. Sie legen meistens den Schwerpunkt auf konkretes Erziehungsverhalten und versuchen im Sinne des Selbstmanagementansatzes eine Hilfe zu Selbsthilfe bzw. eine St{\"a}rkung der elterlichen Ressourcen zu erreichen. W{\"a}hrend vor allem randomisiert-kontrollierte Studien aus dem angloamerikanischen und australischen Raum vorliegen, bestanden in Deutschland - im Vergleich zu der Vielzahl der Elterntrainings und der H{\"a}ufigkeit der Angebote - bis vor einigen Jahren nur relativ wenige Evaluationsstudien. Mit „Plan E" stellte sich ein neues Elterntraining in der vorliegenden Studie der Frage nach seinem Wirksamkeitsnachweis. Nach Kenntnis des Autors handelt es sich dabei um das bisher einzige Elterntraining, welches st{\"o}rungsunspezifisch, altersunabh{\"a}ngig, als offene Gruppe und f{\"u}r den Einsatz sowohl im ambulanten als auch im (teil-)station{\"a}ren Bereich konzipiert wurde. Nachdem in dieser Studie zun{\"a}chst das Ausmaß der psychischen Belastung der teilnehmenden Kinder, Jugendlichen und deren Eltern ausf{\"u}hrlich dargestellt und entsprechende Zusammenhangsmaße berechnet und pr{\"a}sentiert werden, besteht der Hauptfokus der Arbeit auf der Evaluation des Trainings „Plan E". Die Untersuchung erfolgte anhand einer klinischen Inanspruchnahmepopulation in einem randomisiert-kontrollierten Design. Diesbez{\"u}glich kamen verschiedene Fragebogen- sowie ein standardisiertes Beobachtungsverfahren zum Einsatz. Durch „Plan E" ließ sich eine Reduktion dysfunktionaler Erziehungspraktiken sowie eine Verbesserung der emotionalen Befindlichkeit der Eltern erreichen. Auf das elterliche Kompetenzerleben zeigte das Programm keinen Einfluss. Hinsichtlich der Verhaltensauff{\"a}lligkeiten der Kinder fanden sich bei varianzanalytischen Auswertungen keine Hinweise f{\"u}r einen zus{\"a}tzlichen Effekt durch die Teilnahme an „Plan E"; dagegen wurde bei Analysen durch non-parametrische Verfahren deutliche Hinweise daf{\"u}r gefunden, dass durch die Teilnahme am Elterntraining der Anteil von auff{\"a}llig klassifizierten Kindern deutlicher abnahm. {\"U}berpr{\"u}fungen der Wirksamkeit des Elterntrainings auf die Eltern-Kind-Interaktion anhand einer Beobachtungsskala lieferten keine eindeutigen Befunde. Die Ergebnisse sowie die Untersuchungsmethodik werden abschließend kritisch diskutiert. Schlussfolgerungen f{\"u}r m{\"o}gliche weitere Forschungsvorhaben werden dargestellt.}, subject = {Elternbildung}, language = {de} } @article{SchneiderUhl1990, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Uhl, Christhild}, title = {Metaged{\"a}chtnis, Strategienutzung und Ged{\"a}chtnisleistung: Vergleichende Analysen bei Kindern, j{\"u}ngeren Erwachsenen und alten Menschen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69418}, year = {1990}, abstract = {Am Beispiel einer semantischen Kategorisierungsaufgabe (sort-recall task) wurde der Frage nachgegangen, in welchen Bestimmungsgr{\"o}ßen sich die Ged{\"a}chtnisleistungen von Schulkindern, j{\"u}ngeren sowie {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen voneinander unterscheiden. Es wurde angenommen, daß f{\"u}r diese drei Altersgruppen Ged{\"a}chtnisleistungen bei dieser Aufgabe in unterschiedlicher Weise durch Strategie- und Wissensaspekte bestimmt sind. Die im Vergleich zu Schulkindern und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen {\"u}blicherweise besseren Leistungen j{\"u}ngerer Erwachsener sollten demnach im wesentlichen auf die konsequentere Nutzung von Ged{\"a}chtnisstrategien r{\"u}ckf{\"u}hrbar sein. Erwartet wurde weiterhin, daß die bei Schulkindern und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen oft vorfindbaren "Produktionsdefizite" in der Strategienutzung unterschiedliche Ursachen haben : fehlt es bei den Sch{\"u}lern am notwendigen Ged{\"a}chtniswissen (Metaged{\"a}chtnis), so sind die Defizite der {\"a}lteren Menschen vorwiegend auf die mangelnde Erfahrung mit der Aufgabe zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren. Diese Annahmen wurden in einer Studie mit je 24 Probanden aus den drei genannten Altersgruppen {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. W{\"a}hrend sich das erwartete Produktionsdefizit bei den Kindern auf unzureichendes Metaged{\"a}chtnis zur{\"u}ckf{\"u}hren ließ, gab es wenig Anhaltspunkte daf{\"u}r, daß das Strategiedefizit {\"a}lterer Menschen in wesentlichen auf mangelnde Aufgabenerfahrung r{\"u}ckf{\"u}hrbar ist. Leistungsunterschiede zwischen j{\"u}ngeren und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen beruhen nicht auf unterschiedlichem Ged{\"a}chtniswissen, sondern d{\"u}rften auf dem kombinierten Einfluß von Strategie- und Kapazit{\"a}tsdefiziten basieren.}, subject = {Metaged{\"a}chtnis}, language = {de} } @book{SchneiderPressley1989, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Pressley, Michael}, title = {Memory development between 2 and 20}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69977}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1989}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Kind}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KruegerGoldHueppe1993, author = {Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter and Gold, Rainer and H{\"u}ppe, A.}, title = {Coergisms between drugs and alcohol - a psychopharmacological review}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69850}, year = {1993}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Rauschgift}, language = {en} } @article{Hommers1989, author = {Hommers, Wilfried}, title = {Zur Validierung von Konfigurationstypen generalisierter Kontroll{\"u}berzeugungen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69686}, year = {1989}, abstract = {Die Ergebnisse einer publizierten Arbeit zur Validierung von acht Konfigurationen generalisierter Kontroll{\"u}berzeugungen werden durch drei weitere Auswertungsschritte erg{\"a}nzt. Die Anwendung der Interaktionsstrukturanalyse f{\"u}hrt zu einer Hervorhebung von zwei Konfigurationen als Typen und zur Aufstellung einer 5-Gruppen-Hypothese {\"u}ber die Bildung einer Restgruppe aus den Neutral-Konfigurationen. Die Betrachtung der Unterschiede in den FPI-Mittelwerten der urspr{\"u}nglichen acht Gruppen best{\"a}tigt die 5-Gruppen-Hypothese. Mit einer multidimensionalen geometrischen Darstellung der Profildistanzen wird in einem dritten Schritt versucht, neben der "Restgruppe" und den beiden "Typen"-Gruppen auch die Eigenst{\"a}ndigkeit der beiden verbleibenden "Anti-Typen"-Gruppen zu validieren.}, subject = {Validierung}, language = {de} } @article{HommersBohnert1989, author = {Hommers, Wilfried and Bohnert, Renate}, title = {Das Urteil Geistigbehinderter {\"u}ber die Entschuldigung oder die Dritt-Entsch{\"a}digung f{\"u}r einen Diebstahl}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69678}, year = {1989}, abstract = {Two groups of mentally retarded individuals whose averagemental age was either seven orten years, although being chronologically at least 18 years old, judged how bad "thefts" of two amounts of bon-bons appeared to them. The scimulus stories also informed the subjects whether the thief did or did not apologize afterwards or whether a third party did or did not compensate for tbe losses. Apology affecred tbe moral judgments twice as much as third-pany compensation, independeotly of the mental age of the subjects. Thus, with the mental age variation the age trend found in a prior srudy with normally gifted was not replicated. lnstead, even with an average mental age of seven years the retarded judged similarly to the adults and 10-year-olds of the prior study. However, the retarded were like the preschool children of the prior study as their judgments about the intended taking of cookies did not differ from their judgments about inadvenantly taking cookies.}, subject = {Geistig Behinderter}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{KruegerKohnen1981, author = {Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter and Kohnen, Ralph}, title = {Kognitive, emotionale und physiologische Determinanten sozialer Zust{\"a}nde}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86055}, year = {1981}, abstract = {The psychological and physiological effects of a socially oriented sensitivity training were evaluated. It is shown that decreased physical distance as well as increased intimacy yields high activation, both in psychological measures (experienced stress) and in pulse frequences. One result (highly significant and replicated in other experiments) was paradoxical: when Ss had to caress the face of a heterosexual vis-a-vis, they reported high experienced stress, but pulse frequences dropped rapidely below the resting pulse. Some suggestions are made to explain these findings. The question arises whether an autonomic somatic process, induced by social Stimulation, but independent of the cognitive coping is responsible for these results.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Lingel2013, author = {Lingel, Klaus}, title = {Metakognitives Wissen Mathematik - Entwicklung und Zusammenhang mit der Mathematikleistung in der Sekundarstufe I}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85655}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Das Wissen {\"u}ber Kognition oder metakognitives Wissen ist seit den 1970er Jahren Gegenstand der entwicklungspsychologischen Forschung. Besonders umfangreich wurde Entwicklung und Bedeutung des metakognitiven Wissens im Kontext der Ged{\"a}chtnisentwicklung vom Vorschul- bis ins Grundschulalter untersucht. Das metakognitive Wissen im Inhaltsbereich der mathematischen Informationsverarbeitung ist - trotz elaborierter theoretischer Modelle {\"u}ber Struktur und Inhalt - empirisch weitgehend unerschlossen. Die vorliegende Studie wurde durchgef{\"u}hrt, um systematisch zu untersuchen, wie sich das mathematische metakognitive Wissen in der Sekundarstufe entwickelt, welche Faktoren f{\"u}r individuelle Unterschiede in der Entwicklung verantwortlich sind und in welchem Zusammenhang die metakognitive Wissensentwicklung mit der parallel verlaufenden Entwicklung mathematischer Kompetenzen steht. Zur Kl{\"a}rung der Fragestellungen wurden vier Messzeitpunkte einer breiter angelegten L{\"a}ngsschnittuntersuchung ausgewertet. Der dabei beobachtete Zeitraum umfasste die f{\"u}nfte und sechste Jahrgangsstufe. Die Stichprobe bestand aus 928 Sch{\"u}lern der Schularten Gymnasium, Realschule und Hauptschule. Die Messinstrumente zur Erfassung der Entwicklungsver{\"a}nderungen im mathematischen metakognitiven Wissen und der Mathematikleistung wurden auf Grundlage der item response theory konstruiert und mittels vertikalem linking fortlaufend an den Entwicklungsstand der Stichprobe angepasst. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden kognitive (Intelligenz und Arbeitsged{\"a}chtniskapazit{\"a}t), motivationale (mathematisches Interesse und Selbstkonzept) und sozio{\"o}konomische Merkmale (sozio{\"o}konomischer Status der Herkunftsfamilie) der Sch{\"u}ler erhoben. Die Lesekompetenz wurde als Methodenfaktor kontrolliert. Entwicklungsunterschiede und -ver{\"a}nderungen im metakognitiven Wissen wurde mit Hilfe von latenten Wachstumskurvenmodellen untersucht. Im beobachteten Zeitraum zeigte sich eine stetige Zunahme des metakognitiven Wissens. Allerdings verlief die Entwicklungsver{\"a}nderung nicht linear, sondern verlangsamte sich im Verlauf der sechsten Jahrgangsstufe. Individuelle Unterschiede in Auspr{\"a}gung und Ver{\"a}nderung des metakognitiven Wissens wurden durch kognitive und sozio{\"o}konomische Sch{\"u}lermerkmale vorhergesagt. Die motivationalen Merkmale wirkten sich demgegen{\"u}ber nicht auf den Entwicklungsprozess aus. Geschlechtsunterschiede zeigten sich im Entwicklungsverlauf als Schereneffekt zugunsten der M{\"a}dchen. Unterschiede zwischen den Sch{\"u}lern der drei Schularten erreichten bereits zum Eintritt in die Sekundarstufe Signifikanz. Zudem gewannen Gymnasiasten und Hauptsch{\"u}ler im Entwicklungsverlauf st{\"a}rker an metakognitivem Wissen hinzu als Realsch{\"u}ler. Explorative Mischverteilungsanalysen in der Stichprobe ergaben drei latente Entwicklungsklassen mit jeweils charakteristischem Ver{\"a}nderungsverlauf. Die Klassenzuweisung wurde von der besuchten Schulart sowie kognitiven und sozio{\"o}konomischen Sch{\"u}lermerkmalen vorhergesagt. Die Entwicklungsprozesse im mathematischen metakognitiven Wissen und der mathematischen Leistung standen in einem substanziellen, wechselseitigen Zusammenhang. Geschlechts- und Schulartunterschiede blieben ebenso wie die korrelativen Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen den Entwicklungsprozessen auch nach Kontrolle der individuellen Unterschiede in kognitiven, motivationalen und sozio{\"o}konomischen Merkmalen erhalten. Die Befunde best{\"a}tigen die konstruktivistischen Entwicklungsannahmen der ged{\"a}chtnispsychologisch gepr{\"a}gten Grundlagenforschung zum metakognitiven Wissen. Zudem wird mit der Untersuchung des mathematischen metakognitiven Wissens in der Sekundarstufe der traditionelle Forschungsfokus inhaltlich erweitert. Das im Rahmen der Studie konstruierte Instrument zur Erfassung des mathematischen metakognitiven Wissens erm{\"o}glicht die Untersuchung weiterer, bislang offener Fragen auf dem Gebiet der metakognitiven Entwicklung.}, subject = {Kognition}, language = {de} } @article{HerrmannGlotzbachMuehlbergeretal.2011, author = {Herrmann, Martin J. and Glotzbach, Evelyn and M{\"u}hlberger, Andreas and Gschwendtner, Kathrin and Fallgatter, Andreas J. and Pauli, Paul}, title = {Prefrontal Brain Activation During Emotional Processing: A Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Study (fNIRS)}, series = {The Open Neuroimaging Journal}, journal = {The Open Neuroimaging Journal}, doi = {10.2174/1874440001105010033}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97437}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The limbic system and especially the amygdala have been identified as key structures in emotion induction and regulation. Recently research has additionally focused on the influence of prefrontal areas on emotion processing in the limbic system and the amygdala. Results from fMRI studies indicate that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved not only in emotion induction but also in emotion regulation. However, studies using fNIRS only report prefrontal brain activation during emotion induction. So far it lacks the attempt to compare emotion induction and emotion regulation with regard to prefrontal activation measured with fNIRS, to exclude the possibility that the reported prefrontal brain activation in fNIRS studies are mainly caused by automatic emotion regulation processes. Therefore this work tried to distinguish emotion induction from regulation via fNIRS of the prefrontal cortex. 20 healthy women viewed neutral pictures as a baseline condition, fearful pictures as induction condition and reappraised fearful pictures as regulation condition in randomized order. As predicted, the view-fearful condition led to higher arousal ratings than the view-neutral condition with the reappraise-fearful condition in between. For the fNIRS results the induction condition showed an activation of the bilateral PFC compared to the baseline condition (viewing neutral). The regulation condition showed an activation only of the left PFC compared to the baseline condition, although the direct comparison between induction and regulation condition revealed no significant difference in brain activation. Therefore our study underscores the results of previous fNIRS studies showing prefrontal brain activation during emotion induction and rejects the hypothesis that this prefrontal brain activation might only be a result of automatic emotion regulation processes.}, language = {en} } @article{HommersLee2010, author = {Hommers, Wilfried and Lee, Wha-Yong}, title = {Unifying Kohlberg with Information Integration: The Moral Algebra of Recompense and of Kohlbergian Moral Informers}, series = {Psicol{\´o}gica}, journal = {Psicol{\´o}gica}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85875}, year = {2010}, abstract = {In order to unify two major theories of moral judgment, a novel task is employed which combines elements of Kohlberg´s stage theory and of the theory of information integration. In contrast to the format of Kohlberg´s moral judgment interview, a nonverbal and quantitative response which makes low demands on verbal facility was used . Moral informers differing in value, i.e. high and low, are presented. The differences in effect of those two pieces of information should be substantial for a person at that specific moral stage, but small for a person at a different stage. Hence, these differences may diagnose the person's moral stage in the simplest possible way as the two levels of each of the thoughts were about typical content of the four Kohlbergian preconventional and conventional stages. The novel task allowed additionally to measure the influence of another moral concept which was about the non-Kohlbergian moral concept of recompense. After a training phase, pairs of those thoughts were presented to allow for the study of integration and individual differences. German and Korean children, 8, 10, and 12 years in age, judged deserved punishment. The patterns of means, correlations and factor loadings showed that elements of both theories can be unified, but produced unexpected results also. Additive integration of each of the two pairs of moral informers appeared, either with two Kohlbergian moral informers or with another Kohlbergian moral informer in combination with information about recompense. Also cultural independence as well as dependence, developmental changes between 8 and 10 years, and an outstanding moral impact of recompense in size and distinctiveness were observed.}, language = {en} } @article{BiehlEhlisMuelleretal.2013, author = {Biehl, Stefanie C. and Ehlis, Ann-Christine and M{\"u}ller, Laura D. and Niklaus, Andrea and Pauli, Paul and Herrmann, Martin J.}, title = {The impact of task relevance and degree of distraction on stimulus processing}, series = {BMC Neuroscience}, journal = {BMC Neuroscience}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2202-14-107}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97271}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Background The impact of task relevance on event-related potential amplitudes of early visual processing was previously demonstrated. Study designs, however, differ greatly, not allowing simultaneous investigation of how both degree of distraction and task relevance influence processing variations. In our study, we combined different features of previous tasks. We used a modified 1-back task in which task relevant and task irrelevant stimuli were alternately presented. The task irrelevant stimuli could be from the same or from a different category as the task relevant stimuli, thereby producing high and low distracting task irrelevant stimuli. In addition, the paradigm comprised a passive viewing condition. Thus, our paradigm enabled us to compare the processing of task relevant stimuli, task irrelevant stimuli with differing degrees of distraction, and passively viewed stimuli. EEG data from twenty participants was collected and mean P100 and N170 amplitudes were analyzed. Furthermore, a potential connection of stimulus processing and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was investigated. Results Our results show a modulation of peak N170 amplitudes by task relevance. N170 amplitudes to task relevant stimuli were significantly higher than to high distracting task irrelevant or passively viewed stimuli. In addition, amplitudes to low distracting task irrelevant stimuli were significantly higher than to high distracting stimuli. N170 amplitudes to passively viewed stimuli were not significantly different from either kind of task irrelevant stimuli. Participants with more symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity showed decreased N170 amplitudes across all task conditions. On a behavioral level, lower N170 enhancement efficiency was significantly correlated with false alarm responses. Conclusions Our results point to a processing enhancement of task relevant stimuli. Unlike P100 amplitudes, N170 amplitudes were strongly influenced by enhancement and enhancement efficiency seemed to have direct behavioral consequences. These findings have potential implications for models of clinical disorders affecting selective attention, especially ADHD.}, language = {en} } @article{HalderRufFurdeaetal.2013, author = {Halder, Sebastian and Ruf, Carolin Anne and Furdea, Adrian and Pasqualotto, Emanuele and De Massari, Daniele and van der Heiden, Linda and Bogdan, Martin and Rosenstiel, Wolfgang and Birbaumer, Niels and K{\"u}bler, Andrea and Matuz, Tamara}, title = {Prediction of P300 BCI Aptitude in Severe Motor Impairment}, series = {PLoS ONE}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0076148}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97268}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) provide a non-muscular communication channel for persons with severe motor impairments. Previous studies have shown that the aptitude with which a BCI can be controlled varies from person to person. A reliable predictor of performance could facilitate selection of a suitable BCI paradigm. Eleven severely motor impaired participants performed three sessions of a P300 BCI web browsing task. Before each session auditory oddball data were collected to predict the BCI aptitude of the participants exhibited in the current session. We found a strong relationship of early positive and negative potentials around 200 ms (elicited with the auditory oddball task) with performance. The amplitude of the P2 (r = -0.77) and of the N2 (r = -0.86) had the strongest correlations. Aptitude prediction using an auditory oddball was successful. The finding that the N2 amplitude is a stronger predictor of performance than P3 amplitude was reproduced after initially showing this effect with a healthy sample of BCI users. This will reduce strain on the end-users by minimizing the time needed to find suitable paradigms and inspire new approaches to improve performance.}, language = {en} } @article{KaufmannHolzKuebler2013, author = {Kaufmann, Tobias and Holz, Elisa M. and K{\"u}bler, Andrea}, title = {Comparison of tactile, auditory, and visual modality for brain-computer interface use: a case study with a patient in the locked-in state}, series = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, doi = {10.3389/fnins.2013.00129}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97079}, year = {2013}, abstract = {This paper describes a case study with a patient in the classic locked-in state, who currently has no means of independent communication. Following a user-centered approach, we investigated event-related potentials (ERP) elicited in different modalities for use in brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. Such systems could provide her with an alternative communication channel. To investigate the most viable modality for achieving BCI based communication, classic oddball paradigms (1 rare and 1 frequent stimulus, ratio 1:5) in the visual, auditory and tactile modality were conducted (2 runs per modality). Classifiers were built on one run and tested offline on another run (and vice versa). In these paradigms, the tactile modality was clearly superior to other modalities, displaying high offline accuracy even when classification was performed on single trials only. Consequently, we tested the tactile paradigm online and the patient successfully selected targets without any error. Furthermore, we investigated use of the visual or tactile modality for different BCI systems with more than two selection options. In the visual modality, several BCI paradigms were tested offline. Neither matrix-based nor so-called gaze-independent paradigms constituted a means of control. These results may thus question the gaze-independence of current gaze-independent approaches to BCI. A tactile four-choice BCI resulted in high offline classification accuracies. Yet, online use raised various issues. Although performance was clearly above chance, practical daily life use appeared unlikely when compared to other communication approaches (e.g., partner scanning). Our results emphasize the need for user-centered design in BCI development including identification of the best stimulus modality for a particular user. Finally, the paper discusses feasibility of EEG-based BCI systems for patients in classic locked-in state and compares BCI to other AT solutions that we also tested during the study.}, language = {en} } @article{HerbertSfaerleaBlumenthal2013, author = {Herbert, Cornelia and Sf{\"a}rlea, Anca and Blumenthal, Terry}, title = {Your emotion or mine: labeling feelings alters emotional face perception—an ERP study on automatic and intentional affect labeling}, series = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2013.00378}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97065}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Empirical evidence suggests that words are powerful regulators of emotion processing. Although a number of studies have used words as contextual cues for emotion processing, the role of what is being labeled by the words (i.e., one's own emotion as compared to the emotion expressed by the sender) is poorly understood. The present study reports results from two experiments which used ERP methodology to evaluate the impact of emotional faces and self- vs. sender-related emotional pronoun-noun pairs (e.g., my fear vs. his fear) as cues for emotional face processing. The influence of self- and sender-related cues on the processing of fearful, angry and happy faces was investigated in two contexts: an automatic (experiment 1) and intentional affect labeling task (experiment 2), along with control conditions of passive face processing. ERP patterns varied as a function of the label's reference (self vs. sender) and the intentionality of the labeling task (experiment 1 vs. experiment 2). In experiment 1, self-related labels increased the motivational relevance of the emotional faces in the time-window of the EPN component. Processing of sender-related labels improved emotion recognition specifically for fearful faces in the N170 time-window. Spontaneous processing of affective labels modulated later stages of face processing as well. Amplitudes of the late positive potential (LPP) were reduced for fearful, happy, and angry faces relative to the control condition of passive viewing. During intentional regulation (experiment 2) amplitudes of the LPP were enhanced for emotional faces when subjects used the self-related emotion labels to label their own emotion during face processing, and they rated the faces as higher in arousal than the emotional faces that had been presented in the "label sender's emotion" condition or the passive viewing condition. The present results argue in favor of a differentiated view of language-as-context for emotion processing.}, language = {en} } @article{KopfDreslerReichertsetal.2013, author = {Kopf, Juliane and Dresler, Thomas and Reicherts, Philipp and Herrmann, Martin J. and Reif, Andreas}, title = {The Effect of Emotional Content on Brain Activation and the Late Positive Potential in a Word n-back Task}, series = {PLoS ONE}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0075598}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96687}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Introduction There is mounting evidence for the influence of emotional content on working memory performance. This is particularly important in light of the emotion processing that needs to take place when emotional content interferes with executive functions. In this study, we used emotional words of different valence but with similar arousal levels in an n-back task. Methods We examined the effects on activation in the prefrontal cortex by means of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and on the late positive potential (LPP). FNIRS and LPP data were examined in 30 healthy subjects. Results Behavioral results show an influence of valence on the error rate depending on the difficulty of the task: more errors were made when the valence was negative and the task difficult. Brain activation was dependent both on the difficulty of the task and on the valence: negative valence of a word diminished the increase in activation, whereas positive valence did not influence the increase in activation, while difficulty levels increased. The LPP also differentiated between the different valences, and in addition was influenced by the task difficulty, the more difficult the task, the less differentiation could be observed. Conclusions Summarized, this study shows the influence of valence on a verbal working memory task. When a word contained a negative valence, the emotional content seemed to take precedence in contrast to words containing a positive valence. Working memory and emotion processing sites seemed to overlap and compete for resources even when words are carriers of the emotional content.}, language = {en} } @article{HalderVarkutiBogdanetal.2013, author = {Halder, Sebastian and Varkuti, Balint and Bogdan, Martin and K{\"u}bler, Andrea and Rosenstiel, Wolfgang and Sitaram, Ranganatha and Birbaumer, Niels}, title = {Prediction of brain-computer interface aptitude from individual brain structure}, series = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2013.00105}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96558}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Objective: Brain-computer interface (BCI) provide a non-muscular communication channel for patients with impairments of the motor system. A significant number of BCI users is unable to obtain voluntary control of a BCI-system in proper time. This makes methods that can be used to determine the aptitude of a user necessary. Methods: We hypothesized that integrity and connectivity of involved white matter connections may serve as a predictor of individual BCI-performance. Therefore, we analyzed structural data from anatomical scans and DTI of motor imagery BCI-users differentiated into high and low BCI-aptitude groups based on their overall performance. Results: Using a machine learning classification method we identified discriminating structural brain trait features and correlated the best features with a continuous measure of individual BCI-performance. Prediction of the aptitude group of each participant was possible with near perfect accuracy (one error). Conclusions: Tissue volumetric analysis yielded only poor classification results. In contrast, the structural integrity and myelination quality of deep white matter structures such as the Corpus Callosum, Cingulum, and Superior Fronto-Occipital Fascicle were positively correlated with individual BCI-performance. Significance: This confirms that structural brain traits contribute to individual performance in BCI use.}, language = {en} } @article{PauliGlotzbachSchoonAndreattaetal.2013, author = {Pauli, Paul and Glotzbach-Schoon, Evelyn and Andreatta, Marta and Reif, Andreas and Ewald, Heike and Tr{\"o}ger, Christian and Baumann, Christian and Deckert, J{\"u}rgen and M{\"u}hlberger, Andreas}, title = {Contextual fear conditioning in virtual reality is affected by 5HTTLPR and NPSR1 polymorphisms: effects on fear-potentiated startle}, series = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience}, journal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience}, doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00031}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96516}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The serotonin (5-HT) and neuropeptide S (NPS) systems are discussed as important genetic modulators of fear and sustained anxiety contributing to the etiology of anxiety disorders. Sustained anxiety is a crucial characteristic of most anxiety disorders which likely develops through contextual fear conditioning. This study investigated if and how genetic alterations of the 5-HT and the NPS systems as well as their interaction modulate contextual fear conditioning; specifically, function polymorphic variants in the genes coding for the 5-HT transporter (5HTT) and the NPS receptor (NPSR1) were studied. A large group of healthy volunteers was therefore stratified for 5HTTLPR (S+ vs. LL carriers) and NPSR1 rs324981 (T+ vs. AA carriers) polymorphisms resulting in four genotype groups (S+/T+, S+/AA, LL/T+, LL/AA) of 20 participants each. All participants underwent contextual fear conditioning and extinction using a virtual reality (VR) paradigm. During acquisition, one virtual office room (anxiety context, CXT+) was paired with an unpredictable electric stimulus (unconditioned stimulus, US), whereas another virtual office room was not paired with any US (safety context, CXT-). During extinction no US was administered. Anxiety responses were quantified by fear-potentiated startle and ratings. Most importantly, we found a gene × gene interaction on fear-potentiated startle. Only carriers of both risk alleles (S+/T+) exhibited higher startle responses in CXT+ compared to CXT-. In contrast, anxiety ratings were only influenced by the NPSR1 polymorphism with AA carriers showing higher anxiety ratings in CXT+ as compared to CXT-. Our results speak in favor of a two level account of fear conditioning with diverging effects on implicit vs. explicit fear responses. Enhanced contextual fear conditioning as reflected in potentiated startle responses may be an endophenotype for anxiety disorders.}, language = {en} } @article{PlatteHerbertPaulietal.2013, author = {Platte, Petra and Herbert, Cornelia and Pauli, Paul and Breslin, Paul A. S.}, title = {Oral Perceptions of Fat and Taste Stimuli Are Modulated by Affect and Mood Induction}, series = {PLoS ONE}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0065006}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96421}, year = {2013}, abstract = {This study examined the impact of three clinical psychological variables (non-pathological levels of depression and anxiety, as well as experimentally manipulated mood) on fat and taste perception in healthy subjects. After a baseline orosensory evaluation, 'sad', 'happy' and 'neutral' video clips were presented to induce corresponding moods in eighty participants. Following mood manipulation, subjects rated five different oral stimuli, appearing sweet, umami, sour, bitter, fatty, which were delivered at five different concentrations each. Depression levels were assessed with Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and anxiety levels were assessed via the Spielberger's STAI-trait and state questionnaire. Overall, subjects were able to track the concentrations of the stimuli correctly, yet depression level affected taste ratings. First, depression scores were positively correlated with sucrose ratings. Second, subjects with depression scores above the sample median rated sucrose and quinine as more intense after mood induction (positive, negative and neutral). Third and most important, the group with enhanced depression scores did not rate low and high fat stimuli differently after positive or negative mood induction, whereas, during baseline or during the non-emotional neutral condition they rated the fat intensity as increasing with concentration. Consistent with others' prior observations we also found that sweet and bitter stimuli at baseline were rated as more intense by participants with higher anxiety scores and that after positive and negative mood induction, citric acid was rated as stronger tasting compared to baseline. The observation that subjects with mild subclinical depression rated low and high fat stimuli similarly when in positive or negative mood is novel and likely has potential implications for unhealthy eating patterns. This deficit may foster unconscious eating of fatty foods in sub-clinical mildly depressed populations.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Braun2013, author = {Braun, Barbara}, title = {Versorgung pathologischer Gl{\"u}cksspieler: Differentielle Aspekte der Inanspruchnahme von Hilfsangeboten}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-95703}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Ziele. Die Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Arbeit war eine Bewertung der Versorgungslage von Personen mit gl{\"u}cksspielbezogenen Problemen in Deutschland. Dabei wurden 1) der Zugang zum Versorgungssystem, n{\"a}mlich 1.1) Problembewusstsein bzgl. gl{\"u}cksspielbezogener Probleme und Erreichbarkeit von Gl{\"u}cksspielern {\"u}ber das Internet und 1.2) Faktoren der Inanspruchnahme von Hilfsangeboten untersucht sowie 1.3) eine Charakterisierung der Klientel in ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen und deren Zugang zum Hilfesystem vorgenommen. Zudem wurden in ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen 2) die erbrachten Leistungen f{\"u}r Personen mit gl{\"u}cksspielbezogenen Problemen und Einflussfaktoren auf die Versorgungsnutzung bzw. den Behandlungsverlauf sowie 3) das Behandlungsergebnis einer Analyse unterzogen. Methodik. Die Arbeit basiert auf drei Studien: einer Onlinestudie (OS), einer Versorgungsstudie (VS) und einer Bev{\"o}lkerungsstudie (BS). In der OS wurde eine Gelegenheitsstichprobe von Personen, die einen im Internet bereitgestellten Selbsttest zu pathologischem Gl{\"u}cksspielen (PG) vollst{\"a}ndig ausf{\"u}llten (n=277) und bei Erf{\"u}llen der Einschlusskriterien anschließend an einer vertiefenden Studie teilnahmen (n=52), hinsichtlich soziodemographischer Charakteristika, Spielverhalten und spielbezogener Motive, PG inklusive Folgen, Beratungserfahrungen sowie psychopathologischen Variablen untersucht. In den anderen Studien wurden weitestgehend dieselben Instrumente verwendet. Die VS war eine Verlaufsstudie (Messzeitpunkte: Behandlungsbeginn und -ende), bei der konsekutiv Klienten aus n=36 ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen in Bayern aufgenommen wurden, die sich zwischen April 2009 und August 2010 vorstellten (n=461). F{\"u}r die BS wurden Daten aus dem Epidemiologi-schen Suchtsurvey 2006 und 2009 herangezogen, einer Deutschland weiten repr{\"a}sentativen Querschnittbefragung 18- bis 64-J{\"a}hriger Erwachsener (2006: n=7.810; 2009: n=8.002). Ergebnisse. Zum Zugang zur Versorgung sind 1.1) {\"u}ber das Internet erreichbare Gl{\"u}cksspieler haupts{\"a}chlich junge, ledige M{\"a}nner, von denen ungef{\"a}hr die H{\"a}lfte die Diagnose PG erf{\"u}llen. Anhand der Spielmotive lassen sich drei Spielerklassen abbilden, die sich hinsichtlich ihres Schweregrads von PG unterschieden. Die Bereitschaft zur Teilnahme an einem Online-Pr{\"a}ventionsprogramm h{\"a}ngt haupts{\"a}chlich mit der Anzahl erf{\"u}llter DSM-IV-Kriterien f{\"u}r PG zusammen. Im Gegensatz zur VS sind die online erreichten Gl{\"u}cksspieler j{\"u}nger und zu einem h{\"o}heren Anteil subklinisch pathologische Gl{\"u}cksspieler (SPG, ein bis vier erf{\"u}llte DSM-IV-Kriterien f{\"u}r PG). 1.2) Hinsichtlich der Faktoren der Inanspruchnahme best{\"a}tigen sich systematische Unterschiede zwischen Gl{\"u}cksspielern in Behandlung und nicht in Behandlung. Ebenso zeigen sich Unterschiede zwischen SPGr und pathologischen Gl{\"u}cksspielern (PGr). Dabei ist die Anzahl erf{\"u}llter DSM-IV-Kriterien f{\"u}r PG der wichtigste Pr{\"a}diktor f{\"u}r einen positiven Behandlungsstatus. Auch soziodemographische Merkmale, insbesondere Alter und Staatsangeh{\"o}rigkeit, spielen eine Rolle. 1.3) Die Mehrheit der Klienten in ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen ist m{\"a}nnlich, durchschnittlich 37 Jahre alt, ledig und kinderlos und hat h{\"a}ufig eine ausl{\"a}ndische Staatsb{\"u}rgerschaft. Die am h{\"a}ufigsten gespielte und bevorzugte Spielform ist das Spielen an Geldspielautomaten. Viele der Klienten haben bereits im Vorfeld Hilfe in Anspruch genommen und Gr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r die Vorstellung in der Beratungsstelle waren in ungef{\"a}hr drei Viertel der F{\"a}llen finanzielle Probleme und bei ungef{\"a}hr der H{\"a}lfte Probleme in der Partnerschaft. In der ambulanten Suchthilfe sind 2) Pr{\"a}diktoren f{\"u}r eine l{\"a}ngere Kontaktdauer u.a. der Einbezug der Familie und Gruppengespr{\"a}che. Behandlungsabbr{\"u}che werden u.a. durch eine nicht-deutsche Staatsb{\"u}rgerschaft und h{\"o}here Spielfrequenz vorhergesagt. 3) Regul{\"a}re Beendigung und h{\"o}here Kontaktzahl sind u.a. Pr{\"a}diktoren f{\"u}r eine Verbesserung der Gl{\"u}cksspielsymptomatik. Schlussfolgerungen. Vor dem Hintergrund der Ergebnisse werden Implikationen f{\"u}r die Weiterentwicklung des Versorgungssystems zum einen im Sinne einer Erweiterung und Anpassung der Versorgungsstrukturen abgeleitet, wobei auf Information und Aufkl{\"a}rung, Fr{\"u}herkennung und Fr{\"u}hintervention mit einem Fokus auf Online-Angeboten sowie zielgruppen-spezifische Angebote unter anderem f{\"u}r Angeh{\"o}rige eingegangen wird. Auch die Wichtigkeit der Vernetzung verschiedener an der Beratung/Behandlung von PGr beteiligten Einrichtungen wird herausgestellt. Zum anderen beziehen sich die diskutierten m{\"o}glichen Weiterentwicklungen auf das Versorgungsangebot und Behandlungsmerkmale, was Therapieumfeld/-voraussetzungen, Therapieplanung sowie therapeutische Maßnahmen beinhaltet.}, subject = {Gl{\"u}cksspieler}, language = {de} } @article{MeuleFathRealetal.2013, author = {Meule, Adrian and Fath, Katharina and Real, Ruben G. L. and S{\"u}tterlin, Stefan and V{\"o}gele, Claus and K{\"u}bler, Andrea}, title = {Quality of life, emotion regulation, and heart rate variability in individuals with intellectual disabilities and concomitant impaired vision}, series = {Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice}, journal = {Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice}, doi = {10.1186/2211-1522-3-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96247}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Background Positive associations have been found between quality of life, emotion regulation strategies, and heart rate variability (HRV) in people without intellectual disabilities. However, emotion regulation and HRV have rarely been investigated in people with intellectual disabilities. Assessment of subjectively reported quality of life and emotion regulation strategies in this population is even more difficult when participants are also visually impaired. Methods Subjective and objective quality of life, emotion regulation strategies, and HRV at rest were measured in a sample of people with intellectual disabilities and concomitant impaired vision (N = 35). Heart rate was recorded during a 10 min resting period. For the assessment of quality of life and emotion regulation, custom made tactile versions of questionnaire-based instruments were used that enabled participants to grasp response categories. Results The combined use of reappraisal and suppression as emotion regulation strategies was associated with higher HRV and quality of life. HRV was associated with objective quality of life only. Emotion regulation strategies partially mediated the relationship between HRV and quality of life. Conclusions Results replicate findings about associations between quality of life, emotion regulation, and HRV and extend them to individuals with intellectual disabilities. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that quality of life and emotion regulation could be assessed in such populations even with concomitant impaired vision with modified tactile versions of established questionnaires. HRV may be used as a physiological index to evaluate physical and affective conditions in this population.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Muehlbacher2013, author = {M{\"u}hlbacher, Dominik}, title = {Die Pulksimulation als Methode zur Untersuchung verkehrspsychologischer Fragestellungen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-90051}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Fahr- und Verkehrssimulation sind neben Studien mit realen Fahrzeugen die g{\"a}ngigen Methoden der empirischen Verkehrswissenschaft. W{\"a}hrend sich die Fahrsimulation mit dem Erleben und Verhalten von Fahrern besch{\"a}ftigt, untersucht die Verkehrssimulation das gesamte Verkehrssystem. Der Bereich zwischen diesen Polen „Fahrer" und „Verkehr", in dem Fahrer aufeinander treffen und miteinander interagieren, ist angesichts der Bedeutung sozialer Prozesse f{\"u}r das Erleben und Verhalten ein wichtiger Aspekt. Allerdings wurde dieser Bereich in der Verkehrswissenschaft bisher nur unzureichend abgebildet. Auch in der Fahr- und Verkehrssimulation wurde dieser Aspekt bislang weitgehend vernachl{\"a}ssigt. Um diese L{\"u}cke zu schließen, wurde mit der Pulksimulation eine neue Versuchsumgebung entwickelt. Sie besteht aus miteinander vernetzten Fahrsimulatoren und erm{\"o}glicht es, Interaktionsfragestellungen zu untersuchen. Jedoch bringt die Anwendung der Pulksimulation neue Anforderungen an den Untersucher mit sich, die bei der Fahr- bzw. Verkehrssimulation nicht notwendig sind und f{\"u}r die Pulksimulation neu entwickelt werden m{\"u}ssen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, diese Methode zur Untersuchung verkehrspsychologischer Fragestellungen weiterzuentwickeln, zu pr{\"u}fen und zu etablieren. In ersten Untersuchungsans{\"a}tzen werden in acht Teilstudien die grundlegenden methodischen Besonderheiten der Pulksimulation am Beispiel des Folgefahrens und des Kreuzens betrachtet. Hierbei wird auch stets der Vergleich zu den bisher genutzten Versuchsumgebungen Einzelfahrsimulation und Verkehrssimulation gezogen. Folgende Fragstellungen wurden im Rahmen dessen beantwortet: (1) Wie unterscheidet sich eine Pulkfahrt von einer Einzelfahrt? (2) Welchen Einfluss haben nachfolgende Fahrzeuge im Pulk? (3) Welche Effekte haben Positionierungen im Pulk? (4) Wie unterscheiden sich reale Fahrer und Modelle im Pulk? (5) Wie wirkt sich die Einf{\"u}hrung einer Nebenaufgabe auf den Pulk aus? (6) Wie wirken sich verschiedene Abstandsinstruktionen aus? (7) Mit welchen Parametern kann der Pulk beschrieben werden? (8) Wie kann das Verhalten des Pulks an Kreuzungen untersucht werden? Schließlich werden zwei Anwendungsbeispiele der Pulksimulation zu aktuell relevanten Themen aufgezeigt. In der ersten Untersuchung wird ein Gefahrenwarner evaluiert, der vor Bremsungen vorausfahrender Fahrzeuge warnt. W{\"a}hrend Fahrer direkt hinter dem bremsenden Fahrzeug vom System nicht profitieren, steigt der Nutzen des Systems mit zunehmender Positionierung im Pulk an. In einer zweiten Studie wird ein Ampelphasenassistent untersucht. Dieser informiert den Fahrer w{\"a}hrend der Ann{\"a}herung an eine Ampel {\"u}ber die optimale Geschwindigkeit, mit der diese Ampel ohne Halt bei Gr{\"u}n durchfahren werden kann. Um die Auswirkungen des Systems auf den nicht-assistierten Umgebungsverkehr bestimmen zu k{\"o}nnen, werden verschiedene Ausstattungsraten innerhalb des Pulks eingef{\"u}hrt. Mit diesem Untersuchungsansatz k{\"o}nnen gleichzeitig Effekte des Systems auf die assistierten Fahrer (z. B. Befolgungsverhalten), die nicht-assistierten Fahrer (z. B. {\"A}rger) sowie das Verkehrssystem (z. B. Verkehrsfluss) bestimmt werden. Der Ampelphasenassistent resultiert in einem {\"o}konomischeren Fahrverhalten der assistierten Fahrer, erh{\"o}ht aber gleichzeitig in gemischten Ausstattungsraten den {\"A}rger der nicht-assistierten Fahrer im Verkehrssystem. Erst bei Vollausstattung entwickelt sich dieser negative Effekt zur{\"u}ck. Die in den Anwendungsbeispielen berichteten Ph{\"a}nomene sind durch Untersuchungen in einer Einzelfahrsimulation oder Verkehrssimulation nicht beobachtbar. Insbesondere f{\"u}r die Untersuchung von Fragen, in denen soziale Interaktionen mit anderen Fahrern eine Rolle spielen, zeichnet sich die Pulksimulation in besonderer Weise aus. Hierf{\"u}r liefert die Anwendung in der Pulksimulation zus{\"a}tzliche Informationen und zeigt somit, dass die Pulksimulation das Methodeninventar in der Verkehrswissenschaft effektiv erg{\"a}nzt. Sie stellt zum einen eine Erweiterung der Fahrsimulation um den Faktor „Verkehr" und zum anderen eine Erweiterung der Verkehrssimulation um den Faktor „Mensch" dar und wird so zu einem zentralen Bindeglied beider Versuchsumgebungen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus erlaubt die Pulksimulation die Modellierung von Interaktionsverhalten im Straßenverkehr, was bisher nicht bzw. nur unter gr{\"o}ßtem Aufwand realisierbar war. Hierdurch k{\"o}nnen die Modelle der Fahr- und Verkehrssimulation weiterentwickelt werden. Mit den in dieser Arbeit neu entworfenen Parametern werden Kenngr{\"o}ßen zur Verf{\"u}gung gestellt, die Variationen bez{\"u}glich Quer- und L{\"a}ngsf{\"u}hrung auch auf Ebene des Pulks abbilden k{\"o}nnen. Weitere neu entwickelte Parameter sind in der Lage, Interaktionen {\"u}ber den Zeitverlauf zu beschreiben. Diese Parameter sind notwendig f{\"u}r den Einsatz der Pulksimulation in zuk{\"u}nftigen Untersuchungen. Zusammenfassend wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Methodik der Pulksimulation f{\"u}r den gesamten Anwendungsprozess von der Fragestellung bis hin zur Interpretation der Ergebnisse weiterentwickelt. Der Mehrwert dieser Methode wurde an aktuellen und bisher nicht untersuchbaren Fragestellungen belegt und somit die Validit{\"a}t der Pulksimulation gest{\"a}rkt. Die vorgestellten Untersuchungen zeigen das große Potenzial der Pulksimulation zur Bearbeitung von Fragen, die auf der Interaktion verschiedener Verkehrsteilnehmer basieren. Hierdurch wird erstmals die M{\"o}glichkeit geschaffen, soziale Interaktionen {\"u}ber den Zeitverlauf in die Fahrermodelle der Verkehrssimulation zu integrieren. Damit ist der Br{\"u}ckenschlag von der Fahr- zur Verkehrssimulation gelungen.}, subject = {Verkehrspsychologie}, language = {de} }