@phdthesis{Eltz2001,
  author    = {Eltz, Thomas},
  title     = {Ecology of stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini) in lowland dipterocarp forests in Sabah, Malaysia, and an evaluation of logging impact on populations and communities},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1130},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2001},
  abstract  = {The present thesis reports on four years of field research on stingless bee ecology in Sabah, Malaysia. Hereby, it was the main focus to evaluate the effect of selective logging for timber extraction on communities of bees, and to elucidate causative relationships involved in regulating bee populations. Included were background studies on resource use (3.1, 3.2, 3.3) and nesting biology (3.4) as well as comparative studies on stingless bee diversity and abundance in logged and unlogged lowland rainforest sites (4.1, 4.2). Stingless bees proved to be generalist foragers that used a large range of plant species as pollen sources. Nevertheless, different species of bees had rather distinct pollen diets, a findind that was independent of fluctuations in flowering activity in the habitat. At one particular point in time colonies of one species (Trigona collina)collected mold spores (Rhizopus sp.) as a pollen surrogate. In order to obtain low-effort estimates of meliponine pollen sources a new method was developed: Trapping of bee garbage (with funnel traps) and the quantitative analysis of pollen in garbage samples. Pollen in bee garbage reflected pollen import with a certain time lag and could therefore be used for an assessment of long-term pollen foraging (see below). The majority of stingless bee nests (275 nests of 12 species) were found in cavities in trunks or under the bases of large, living canopy trees. Nest trees mostly belonged to commercial species and were of the correct size and (partly) timber quality to warrant harvesting. It was estimated that roughly one third of stingless bee nests in an given forest area would be killed during a selective logging operation. Besides causing direct mortality, logging may also indirectly affect bee populations by reducing the availability of potential nest sites (trees). However, in a comparison of primary and differentially logged forest sites (10 to 30 years after logging) no effect of the degree of disturbance on meliponine nest density was found. Instead, the variation in nest density (0 to 16.2 nest/ha) was best explained by differences in the available floral resources (assessed by analysis of pollen in bee garbage). Bee populations in forest edge situations were favored: there was a positive correlation between nest density and the proportion of external non-forest pollen (e.g. from crop plants, road edge vegetation, mangroves) in the bees' diet. The highest nest density was found in a site bordering the mangroves in Sandakan Bay. Here, the mangrove tree Rhizophora apiculata represented a extraordinary large fraction of the pollen volume. Presumably, external pollen sources effectively supplement bee diets at times when little flowering occurs inside the forest, thus increasing overall bee carrying-capacity. The idea of differential pollen limitation was strengthened by direct measurements of pollen import and foraging activity over a period of five months. Both were elevated in colonies in a site with high bee density. It is concluded that the abundance of stingless bees in forests in Sabah is chiefly dependent on the local availability of food resources. Hereby, bee populations strongly benefit from edge effects and increased habitat diversity. Although direct negative effects of selective logging are strongly indicated by a close association of bee nests with commercial trees, no clear effects were detected in regenerating forests ten to 30 years after logging.},
  subject      = {Sabah},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Sickel2016,
  author    = {Sickel, Wiebke},
  title     = {High-throughput biodiversity assessment - Powers and limitations of meta-barcoding},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144573},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Traditional species identification based on morphological characters is laborious and requires expert knowledge. It is further complicated in the case of species assemblages or degraded and processed material. DNA-barcoding, species identification based on genetic data, has become a suitable alternative, yet species assemblages are still difficult to study. In the past decade meta-barcoding has widely been adopted for the study of species communities, due to technological advances in modern sequencing platforms and because manual separation of individual specimen is not required. Here, meta-barcoding is put into context and applied to the study of bee-collected pollen as well as bacterial communities. These studies provide the basis for a critical evaluation of the powers and limitations of meta-barcoding. Advantages identified include species identification without the need for expert knowledge as well as the high throughput of samples and sequences. In microbiology, meta-barcoding can facilitate directed cultivation of taxa of interest identified with meta-barcoding data. Disadvantages include insufficient species resolution due to short read lengths and incomplete reference databases, as well as limitations in abundance estimation of taxa and functional profiling. Despite these, meta-barcoding is a powerful method for the analysis of species communities and holds high potential especially for automated biomonitoring.},
  subject      = {Biodiversit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}