@article{GeorgievChaoCastroetal.2020,
  author    = {Georgiev, Kostadin B. and Chao, Anne and Castro, Jorge and Chen, Yan-Han and Choi, Chang-Yong and Fontaine, Joseph B. and Hutto, Richard L. and Lee, Eun-Jae and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Rost, Josep and Żmihorski, Michal and Thorn, Simon},
  title     = {Salvage logging changes the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional successional trajectories of forest bird communities},
  series = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  volume    = {57},
  journal   = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1111/1365-2664.13599},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-214887},
  pages     = {1103 -- 1112},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Salvage logging following natural disturbances may alter the natural successional trajectories of biological communities by affecting the occurrences of species, functional groups and evolutionary lineages. However, few studies have examined whether dissimilarities between bird communities of salvaged and unsalvaged forests are more pronounced for rare species, functional groups and evolutionary lineages than for their more common counterparts. We compiled data on breeding bird assemblages from nine study areas in North America, Europe and Asia, covering a 17-year period following wildfire or windstorm disturbances and subsequent salvage logging. We tested whether dissimilarities based on non-shared species, functional groups and evolutionary lineages (a) decreased or increased over time and (b) the responses of rare, common and dominant species varied, by using a unified statistical framework based on Hill numbers and null models. We found that dissimilarities between bird communities caused by salvage logging persisted over time for rare, common and dominant species, evolutionary lineages and for rare functional groups. Dissimilarities of common and dominant functional groups increased 14 years post disturbance. Salvage logging led to significantly larger dissimilarities than expected by chance. Functional dissimilarities between salvaged and unsalvaged sites were lower compared to taxonomic and phylogenetic dissimilarities. In general, dissimilarities were highest for rare, followed by common and dominant species. Synthesis and applications. Our research demonstrates that salvage logging did not decrease dissimilarities of bird communities over time and taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic dissimilarities persisted for over a decade. We recommend resource managers and decision makers to reserve portions of disturbed forest to enable unmanaged post-disturbance succession of bird communities, particularly to conserve rare species found in unsalvaged disturbed forests.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ThornSeiboldLeverkusetal.2020,
  author    = {Thorn, Simon and Seibold, Sebastian and Leverkus, Alexandro B and Michler, Thomas and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Noss, Reed F and Stork, Nigel and Vogel, Sebastian and Lindenmayer, David B},
  title     = {The living dead: acknowledging life after tree death to stop forest degradation},
  series = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
  number    = {9},
  doi       = {10.1002/fee.2252},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-218575},
  pages     = {505 -- 512},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Global sustainability agendas focus primarily on halting deforestation, yet the biodiversity crisis resulting from the degradation of remaining forests is going largely unnoticed. Forest degradation occurs through the loss of key ecological structures, such as dying trees and deadwood, even in the absence of deforestation. One of the main drivers of forest degradation is limited awareness by policy makers and the public on the importance of these structures for supporting forest biodiversity and ecosystem function. Here, we outline management strategies to protect forest health and biodiversity by maintaining and promoting deadwood, and propose environmental education initiatives to improve the general awareness of the importance of deadwood. Finally, we call for major reforms to forest management to maintain and restore deadwood; large, old trees; and other key ecological structures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RothZoderZamanetal.2020,
  author    = {Roth, Nicolas and Zoder, Sebastian and Zaman, Assad Ali and Thorn, Simon and Schmidl, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Long-term monitoring reveals decreasing water beetle diversity, loss of specialists and community shifts over the past 28 years},
  series = {Insect Conservation and Diversity},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Insect Conservation and Diversity},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.1111/icad.12411},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-214905},
  pages     = {140 -- 150},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Lentic freshwater organisms are influenced by a multitude of factors, including geomorphology, hydrology, anthropogenic impacts and climate change. Organisms that depend on patchy resources such as water beetles may also be sensitive to anthropogenic habitat degradation, like pollution, eutrophication, water level or management alteration. To assess composition and ecological trends in the water beetle communities of Central Europe, we sampled water beetles (Dytiscidae, Haliplidae, Noteridae) in 33 water bodies in Southern Germany from 1991 to 2018. We used manual, time-standardised capture during three periods: between 1991 and 1995, 2007 and 2008, and 2017 and 2018. During the 28-year survey period, we captured a total of 81 species. We found annual declines in both species number (ca -1\%) and abundance (ca -2\%). Also, community composition showed significant changes over time. The significant impact of pH on the community composition suggests that the recorded changes through time partly reflect natural succession processes. However, a pronounced decline of beetle species belonging to the moor-related beetle associations indicated that Central European water beetles are also threatened by non-successional factors, including desiccation, increased nitrogen input and/or mineralisation, and the loss of specific habitats. This trend to physiographical homogenisation resulted in corresponding community composition shifts. To effectively protect endangered species, conservation strategies need to be aimed at regularly creating new water bodies with mineralic bottom substratum, and maintenance of moor water bodies that represent late successional stages.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HardulakMoriniereHausmannetal.2020,
  author    = {Hardulak, Laura A. and Morini{\`e}re, J{\´e}r{\^o}me and Hausmann, Axel and Hendrich, Lars and Schmidt, Stefan and Doczkal, Dieter and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Hebert, Paul D. N. and Haszprunar, Gerhard},
  title     = {DNA metabarcoding for biodiversity monitoring in a national park: Screening for invasive and pest species},
  series = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1111/1755-0998.13212},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-217812},
  pages     = {1542 -- 1557},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {DNA metabarcoding was utilized for a large-scale, multiyear assessment of biodiversity in Malaise trap collections from the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany, Bavaria). Principal component analysis of read count-based biodiversities revealed clustering in concordance with whether collection sites were located inside or outside of the National Park. Jaccard distance matrices of the presences of barcode index numbers (BINs) at collection sites in the two survey years (2016 and 2018) were significantly correlated. Overall similar patterns in the presence of total arthropod BINs, as well as BINs belonging to four major arthropod orders across the study area, were observed in both survey years, and are also comparable with results of a previous study based on DNA barcoding of Sanger-sequenced specimens. A custom reference sequence library was assembled from publicly available data to screen for pest or invasive arthropods among the specimens or from the preservative ethanol. A single 98.6\% match to the invasive bark beetle Ips duplicatus was detected in an ethanol sample. This species has not previously been detected in the National Park.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TrinklKaluzaWallaceetal.2020,
  author    = {Trinkl, Moritz and Kaluza, Benjamin F. and Wallace, Helen and Heard, Tim A. and Keller, Alexander and Leonhardt, Sara D.},
  title     = {Floral Species Richness Correlates with Changes in the Nutritional Quality of Larval Diets in a Stingless Bee},
  series = {Insects},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Insects},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {2075-4450},
  doi       = {10.3390/insects11020125},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200605},
  pages     = {125},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Bees need food of appropriate nutritional quality to maintain their metabolic functions. They largely obtain all required nutrients from floral resources, i.e., pollen and nectar. However, the diversity, composition and nutritional quality of floral resources varies with the surrounding environment and can be strongly altered in human-impacted habitats. We investigated whether differences in plant species richness as found in the surrounding environment correlated with variation in the floral diversity and nutritional quality of larval provisions (i.e., mixtures of pollen, nectar and salivary secretions) composed by the mass-provisioning stingless bee Tetragonula carbonaria (Apidae: Meliponini). We found that the floral diversity of larval provisions increased with increasing plant species richness. The sucrose and fat (total fatty acid) content and the proportion and concentration of the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid decreased, whereas the proportion of the omega-3 fatty acid linolenic acid increased with increasing plant species richness. Protein (total amino acid) content and amino acid composition did not change. The protein to fat (P:F) ratio, known to affect bee foraging, increased on average by more than 40\% from plantations to forests and gardens, while the omega-6:3 ratio, known to negatively affect cognitive performance, decreased with increasing plant species richness. Our results suggest that plant species richness may support T. carbonaria colonies by providing not only a continuous resource supply (as shown in a previous study), but also floral resources of high nutritional quality.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KaluzaWallaceHeardetal.2018,
  author    = {Kaluza, Benjamin F. and Wallace, Helen M. and Heard, Tim A. and Minden, Vanessa and Klein, Alexandra and Leonhardt, Sara D.},
  title     = {Social bees are fitter in more biodiverse environments},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {12353},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-018-30126-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177231},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Bee population declines are often linked to human impacts, especially habitat and biodiversity loss, but empirical evidence is lacking. To clarify the link between biodiversity loss and bee decline, we examined how floral diversity affects (reproductive) fitness and population growth of a social stingless bee. For the first time, we related available resource diversity and abundance to resource (quality and quantity) intake and colony reproduction, over more than two years. Our results reveal plant diversity as key driver of bee fitness. Social bee colonies were fitter and their populations grew faster in more florally diverse environments due to a continuous supply of food resources. Colonies responded to high plant diversity with increased resource intake and colony food stores. Our findings thus point to biodiversity loss as main reason for the observed bee decline.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ThormannAhrensArmijosetal.2016,
  author    = {Thormann, Birthe and Ahrens, Dirk and Armijos, Diego Mar{\´i}n and Peters, Marcell K. and Wagner, Thomas and W{\"a}gele, Johann W.},
  title     = {Exploring the Leaf Beetle Fauna (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of an Ecuadorian Mountain Forest Using DNA Barcoding},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0148268},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-167253},
  pages     = {e0148268},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background Tropical mountain forests are hotspots of biodiversity hosting a huge but little known diversity of insects that is endangered by habitat destruction and climate change. Therefore, rapid assessment approaches of insect diversity are urgently needed to complement slower traditional taxonomic approaches. We empirically compare different DNA-based species delimitation approaches for a rapid biodiversity assessment of hyperdiverse leaf beetle assemblages along an elevational gradient in southern Ecuador and explore their effect on species richness estimates. Methodology/Principal Findings Based on a COI barcode data set of 674 leaf beetle specimens (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of 266 morphospecies from three sample sites in the Podocarpus National Park, we employed statistical parsimony analysis, distance-based clustering, GMYC- and PTP-modelling to delimit species-like units and compared them to morphology-based (parataxonomic) species identifications. The four different approaches for DNA-based species delimitation revealed highly similar numbers of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) (n = 284-289). Estimated total species richness was considerably higher than the sampled amount, 414 for morphospecies (Chao2) and 469-481 for the different MOTU types. Assemblages at different elevational levels (1000 vs. 2000 m) had similar species numbers but a very distinct species composition for all delimitation methods. Most species were found only at one elevation while this turnover pattern was even more pronounced for DNA-based delimitation. Conclusions/Significance Given the high congruence of DNA-based delimitation results, probably due to the sampling structure, our study suggests that when applied to species communities on a regionally limited level with high amount of rare species (i.e. ~50\% singletons), the choice of species delimitation method can be of minor relevance for assessing species numbers and turnover in tropical insect communities. Therefore, DNA-based species delimitation is confirmed as a valuable tool for evaluating biodiversity of hyperdiverse insect communities, especially when exact taxonomic identifications are missing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PetersHempAppelhansetal.2016,
  author    = {Peters, Marcell K. and Hemp, Andreas and Appelhans, Tim and Behler, Christina and Classen, Alice and Detsch, Florian and Ensslin, Andreas and Ferger, Stefan W. and Frederiksen, Sara B. and Gebert, Frederike and Haas, Michael and Helbig-Bonitz, Maria and Hemp, Claudia and Kindeketa, William J. and Mwangomo, Ephraim and Ngereza, Christine and Otte, Insa and R{\"o}der, Juliane and Rutten, Gemma and Costa, David Schellenberger and Tardanico, Joseph and Zancolli, Giulia and Deckert, J{\"u}rgen and Eardley, Connal D. and Peters, Ralph S. and R{\"o}del, Mark-Oliver and Schleuning, Matthias and Ssymank, Axel and Kakengi, Victor and Zhang, Jie and B{\"o}hning-Gaese, Katrin and Brandl, Roland and Kalko, Elisabeth K.V. and Kleyer, Michael and Nauss, Thomas and Tschapka, Marco and Fischer, Markus and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf},
  title     = {Predictors of elevational biodiversity gradients change from single taxa to the multi-taxa community level},
  series = {Nature Communications},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Nature Communications},
  doi       = {10.1038/ncomms13736},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169374},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The factors determining gradients of biodiversity are a fundamental yet unresolved topic in ecology. While diversity gradients have been analysed for numerous single taxa, progress towards general explanatory models has been hampered by limitations in the phylogenetic coverage of past studies. By parallel sampling of 25 major plant and animal taxa along a 3.7 km elevational gradient on Mt. Kilimanjaro, we quantify cross-taxon consensus in diversity gradients and evaluate predictors of diversity from single taxa to a multi-taxa community level. While single taxa show complex distribution patterns and respond to different environmental factors, scaling up diversity to the community level leads to an unambiguous support for temperature as the main predictor of species richness in both plants and animals. Our findings illuminate the influence of taxonomic coverage for models of diversity gradients and point to the importance of temperature for diversification and species coexistence in plant and animal communities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DeelemanReinholdMillerFloren2016,
  author    = {Deeleman-Reinhold, Christa L. and Miller, Jeremy and Floren, Andreas},
  title     = {Depreissia decipiens, an enigmatic canopy spider from Borneo revisited (Araneae, Salticidae), with remarks on the distribution and diversity of canopy spiders in Sabah, Borneo},
  series = {ZooKeys},
  volume    = {556},
  journal   = {ZooKeys},
  doi       = {10.3897/zookeys.556.6174},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168342},
  pages     = {1-17},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Depreissia is a little known genus comprising two hymenopteran-mimicking species, one found in Central Africa and one in the north of Borneo. The male of D. decipiens is redescribed, the female is described for the first time. The carapace is elongated, dorsally flattened and rhombus-shaped, the rear of the thorax laterally depressed and transformed, with a pair of deep pits; the pedicel is almost as long as the abdomen. The male palp is unusual, characterized by the transverse deeply split membranous tegulum separating a ventral part which bears a sclerotized tegular apophysis and a large dagger-like retrodirected median apophysis. The female epigyne consists of one pair of large adjacent spermathecae and very long copulatory ducts arising posteriorly and rising laterally alongside the spermathecae continuing in several vertical and horizontal coils over the anterior surface. Relationships within the Salticidae are discussed and an affinity with the Cocalodinae is suggested. Arguments are provided for a hypothesis that D. decipiens is not ant-mimicking as was previously believed, but is a mimic of polistinine wasps. The species was found in the canopy in the Kinabalu area only, in primary and old secondary rainforest at 200-700 m.a.s.l. Overlap of canopy-dwelling spider species with those in the understorey are discussed and examples of species richness and endemism in the canopy are highlighted. Canopy fogging is a very efficient method of collecting for most arthropods. The canopy fauna adds an extra dimension to the known biodiversity of the tropical rainforest. In southeast Asia, canopy research has been neglected, inhibiting evaluation of comparative results of this canopy project with that from other regions. More use of fogging as a collecting method would greatly improve insight into the actual species richness and species distribution in general.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GamezViruesPerovićGossneretal.2015,
  author    = {G{\´a}mez-Viru{\´e}s, Sagrario and Perović, David J. and Gossner, Martin M. and B{\"o}rschig, Carmen and Bl{\"u}thgen, Nico and de Jong, Heike and Simons, Nadja K. and Klein, Alexandra-Maria and Krauss, Jochen and Maier, Gwen and Scherber, Christoph and Steckel, Juliane and Rothenw{\"o}hrer, Christoph and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Weiner, Christiane N. and Weisser, Wolfgang and Werner, Michael and Tscharntke, Teja and Westphal, Catrin},
  title     = {Landscape simplification filters species traits and drives biotic homogenization},
  series = {Nature Communications},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Nature Communications},
  number    = {8568},
  doi       = {10.1038/ncomms9568},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-141925},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Biodiversity loss can affect the viability of ecosystems by decreasing the ability of communities to respond to environmental change and disturbances. Agricultural intensification is a major driver of biodiversity loss and has multiple components operating at different spatial scales: from in-field management intensity to landscape-scale simplification. Here we show that landscape-level effects dominate functional community composition and can even buffer the effects of in-field management intensification on functional homogenization, and that animal communities in real-world managed landscapes show a unified response (across orders and guilds) to both landscape-scale simplification and in-field intensification. Adults and larvae with specialized feeding habits, species with shorter activity periods and relatively small body sizes are selected against in simplified landscapes with intense in-field management. Our results demonstrate that the diversity of land cover types at the landscape scale is critical for maintaining communities, which are functionally diverse, even in landscapes where in-field management intensity is high.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BassetCizekCuenoudetal.2015,
  author    = {Basset, Yves and Cizek, Lukas and Cu{\´e}noud, Philippe and Didham, Raphael K. and Novotny, Vojtech and {\O}degaard, Frode and Roslin, Tomas and Tishechkin, Alexey K. and Schmidl, J{\"u}rgen and Winchester, Neville N. and Roubik, David W. and Aberlenc, Henri-Pierre and Bail, Johannes and Barrios, Hector and Bridle, Jonathan R. and Casta{\~n}o-Meneses, Gabriela and Corbara, Bruno and Curletti, Gianfranco and da Rocha, Wesley Duarte and De Bakker, Domir and Delabie, Jacques H. C. and Dejean, Alain and Fagan, Laura L. and Floren, Andreas and Kitching, Roger L. and Medianero, Enrique and de Oliveira, Evandro Gama and Orivel, Jerome and Pollet, Marc and Rapp, Mathieu and Ribeiro, Servio P. and Roisin, Yves and Schmidt, Jesper B. and S{\o}rensen, Line and Lewinsohn, Thomas M. and Leponce, Maurice},
  title     = {Arthropod Distribution in a Tropical Rainforest: Tackling a Four Dimensional Puzzle},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {12},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0144110},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136393},
  pages     = {e0144110},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Quantifying the spatio-temporal distribution of arthropods in tropical rainforests represents a first step towards scrutinizing the global distribution of biodiversity on Earth. To date most studies have focused on narrow taxonomic groups or lack a design that allows partitioning of the components of diversity. Here, we consider an exceptionally large dataset (113,952 individuals representing 5,858 species), obtained from the San Lorenzo forest in Panama, where the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa was surveyed using 14 protocols targeting the soil, litter, understory, lower and upper canopy habitats, replicated across seasons in 2003 and 2004. This dataset is used to explore the relative influence of horizontal, vertical and seasonal drivers of arthropod distribution in this forest. We considered arthropod abundance, observed and estimated species richness, additive decomposition of species richness, multiplicative partitioning of species diversity, variation in species composition, species turnover and guild structure as components of diversity. At the scale of our study (2km of distance, 40m in height and 400 days), the effects related to the vertical and seasonal dimensions were most important. Most adult arthropods were collected from the soil/litter or the upper canopy and species richness was highest in the canopy. We compared the distribution of arthropods and trees within our study system. Effects related to the seasonal dimension were stronger for arthropods than for trees. We conclude that: (1) models of beta diversity developed for tropical trees are unlikely to be applicable to tropical arthropods; (2) it is imperative that estimates of global biodiversity derived from mass collecting of arthropods in tropical rainforests embrace the strong vertical and seasonal partitioning observed here; and (3) given the high species turnover observed between seasons, global climate change may have severe consequences for rainforest arthropods.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MartinReinekingSeoetal.2015,
  author    = {Martin, Emily A. and Reineking, Bj{\"o}rn and Seo, Bumsuk and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf},
  title     = {Pest control of aphids depends on landscape complexity and natural enemy interactions},
  series = {PeerJ},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {PeerJ},
  number    = {e1095},
  doi       = {10.7717/peerj.1095},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148393},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Aphids are a major concern in agricultural crops worldwide, and control by natural enemies is an essential component of the ecological intensification of agriculture. Although the complexity of agricultural landscapes is known to influence natural enemies of pests, few studies have measured the degree of pest control by different enemy guilds across gradients in landscape complexity. Here, we use multiple natural-enemy exclosures replicated in 18 fields across a gradient in landscape complexity to investigate (1) the strength of natural pest control across landscapes, measured as the difference between pest pressure in the presence and in the absence of natural enemies; (2) the differential contributions of natural enemy guilds to pest control, and the nature of their interactions across landscapes. We show that natural pest control of aphids increased up to six-fold from simple to complex landscapes. In the absence of pest control, aphid population growth was higher in complex than simple landscapes, but was reduced by natural enemies to similar growth rates across all landscapes. The effects of enemy guilds were landscape-dependent. Particularly in complex landscapes, total pest control was supplied by the combined contribution of flying insects and ground-dwellers. Birds had little overall impact on aphid control. Despite evidence for intraguild predation of flying insects by ground-dwellers and birds, the overall effect of enemy guilds on aphid control was complementary. Understanding pest control services at large spatial scales is critical to increase the success of ecological intensification schemes. Our results suggest that, where aphids are the main pest of concern, interactions between natural enemies are largely complementary and lead to a strongly positive effect of landscape complexity on pest control. Increasing the availability of seminatural habitats in agricultural landscapes may thus benefit not only natural enemies, but also the effectiveness of aphid natural pest control.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BartomeusPottsSteffanDewenteretal.2014,
  author    = {Bartomeus, Ignasi and Potts, Simon G. and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Vaissiere, Bernard E. and Woyciechowski, Michal and Krewenka, Kristin M. and Tscheulin, Thomas and Roberts, Stuart P. M. and Szentgyoergyi, Hajnalka and Westphal, Catrin and Bommarco, Riccardo},
  title     = {Contribution of insect pollinators to crop yield and quality varies with agricultural intensification},
  series = {PEERJ},
  volume    = {2},
  journal   = {PEERJ},
  number    = {e328},
  issn      = {2167-9843},
  doi       = {10.7717/peerj.328},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116928},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background. Up to 75\% of crop species benefit at least to some degree from animal pollination for fruit or seed set and yield. However, basic information on the level of pollinator dependence and pollinator contribution to yield is lacking for many crops. Even less is known about how insect pollination affects crop quality. Given that habitat loss and agricultural intensification are known to decrease pollinator richness and abundance, there is a need to assess the consequences for different components of crop production. Methods. We used pollination exclusion on flowers or inflorescences on a whole plant basis to assess the contribution of insect pollination to crop yield and quality in four flowering crops (spring oilseed rape, field bean, strawberry, and buckwheat) located in four regions of Europe. For each crop, we recorded abundance and species richness of flower visiting insects in ten fields located along a gradient from simple to heterogeneous landscapes. Results. Insect pollination enhanced average crop yield between 18 and 71\% depending on the crop. Yield quality was also enhanced in most crops. For instance, oilseed rape had higher oil and lower chlorophyll contents when adequately pollinated, the proportion of empty seeds decreased in buckwheat, and strawberries' commercial grade improved; however, we did not find higher nitrogen content in open pollinated field beans. Complex landscapes had a higher overall species richness of wild pollinators across crops, but visitation rates were only higher in complex landscapes for some crops. On the contrary, the overall yield was consistently enhanced by higher visitation rates, but not by higher pollinator richness. Discussion. For the four crops in this study, there is clear benefit delivered by pollinators on yield quantity and/or quality, but it is not maximized under current agricultural intensification. Honeybees, the most abundant pollinator, might partially compensate the loss of wild pollinators in some areas, but our results suggest the need of landscape-scale actions to enhance wild pollinator populations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BreezeVaissiereBommarcoetal.2014,
  author    = {Breeze, Tom D. and Vaissiere, Bernhard E. and Bommarco, Riccardo and Petanidou, Theodora and Seraphides, Nicos and Kozak, Lajos and Scheper, Jeroen and Biesmeijer, Jacobus C. and Kleijn, David and Gyldenk{\ae}rne, Steen and Moretti, Marco and Holzschuh, Andrea and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Stout, Jane C. and P{\"a}rtel, Meelis and Zobel, Martin and Potts, Simon G.},
  title     = {Agricultural Policies Exacerbate Honeybee Pollination Service Supply-Demand Mismatches Across Europe},
  series = {PLOS ONE},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {PLOS ONE},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0082996},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117692},
  pages     = {e82996},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Declines in insect pollinators across Europe have raised concerns about the supply of pollination services to agriculture. Simultaneously, EU agricultural and biofuel policies have encouraged substantial growth in the cultivated area of insect pollinated crops across the continent. Using data from 41 European countries, this study demonstrates that the recommended number of honeybees required to provide crop pollination across Europe has risen 4.9 times as fast as honeybee stocks between 2005 and 2010. Consequently, honeybee stocks were insufficient to supply >90\% of demands in 22 countries studied. These findings raise concerns about the capacity of many countries to cope with major losses of wild pollinators and highlight numerous critical gaps in current understanding of pollination service supplies and demands, pointing to a pressing need for further research into this issue.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HopfenmuellerSteffanDewenterHolzschuh2014,
  author    = {Hopfenmueller, Sebastian and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Holzschuh, Andrea},
  title     = {Trait-Specific Responses of Wild Bee Communities to Landscape Composition, Configuration and Local Factors},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0104439},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112872},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Land-use intensification and loss of semi-natural habitats have induced a severe decline of bee diversity in agricultural landscapes. Semi-natural habitats like calcareous grasslands are among the most important bee habitats in central Europe, but they are threatened by decreasing habitat area and quality, and by homogenization of the surrounding landscape affecting both landscape composition and configuration. In this study we tested the importance of habitat area, quality and connectivity as well as landscape composition and configuration on wild bees in calcareous grasslands. We made detailed trait-specific analyses as bees with different traits might differ in their response to the tested factors. Species richness and abundance of wild bees were surveyed on 23 calcareous grassland patches in Southern Germany with independent gradients in local and landscape factors. Total wild bee richness was positively affected by complex landscape configuration, large habitat area and high habitat quality (i.e. steep slopes). Cuckoo bee richness was positively affected by complex landscape configuration and large habitat area whereas habitat specialists were only affected by the local factors habitat area and habitat quality. Small social generalists were positively influenced by habitat area whereas large social generalists (bumblebees) were positively affected by landscape composition (high percentage of semi-natural habitats). Our results emphasize a strong dependence of habitat specialists on local habitat characteristics, whereas cuckoo bees and bumblebees are more likely affected by the surrounding landscape. We conclude that a combination of large high-quality patches and heterogeneous landscapes maintains high bee species richness and communities with diverse trait composition. Such diverse communities might stabilize pollination services provided to crops and wild plants on local and landscape scales.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RinawatiSteinLindner2013,
  author    = {Rinawati, Fitria and Stein, Katharina and Lindner, Andr{\´e}},
  title     = {Climate change impacts on biodiversity-the setting of a lingering global crisis},
  series = {Diversity},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Diversity},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.3390/d50100114},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-131866},
  pages     = {114-123},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Climate change has created potential major threats to global biodiversity. The multiple components of climate change are projected to affect all pillars of biodiversity, from genes over species to biome level. Of particular concerns are "tipping points" where the exceedance of ecosystem thresholds will possibly lead to irreversible shifts of ecosystems and their functioning. As biodiversity underlies all goods and services provided by ecosystems that are crucial for human survival and wellbeing, this paper presents potential effects of climate change on biodiversity, its plausible impacts on human society as well as the setting in addressing a global crisis. Species affected by climate change may respond in three ways: change, move or die. Local species extinctions or a rapidly affected ecosystem as a whole respectively might move toward its particular "tipping point", thereby probably depriving its services to human society and ending up in a global crisis. Urgent and appropriate actions within various scenarios of climate change impacts on biodiversity, especially in tropical regions, are needed to be considered. Foremost a multisectoral approach on biodiversity issues with broader policies, stringent strategies and programs at international, national and local levels is essential to meet the challenges of climate change impacts on biodiversity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hsieh2011,
  author    = {Hsieh, Samuel Yu-Lung},
  title     = {The diversity and ecology of the spider communities of European beech canopy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66966},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Ein wesentliches Ziel {\"o}kologischer Forschung ist es, die Frage zu beantworten, wie Arten koexistieren k{\"o}nnen und die biologische Vielfalt erhalten bleibt. Um zu verstehen, wie dabei Gemeinschaften in unterschiedlichen r{\"a}umlich-zeitlichen Dimensionen interagieren, um die biologische Vielfalt zu erhalten, ist ein umfassendes prozessorientiertes Wissen erforderlich. Demzufolge konzentrierte sich meine Studie im Wesentlichen auf die Biodiversit{\"a}t und die sie beeinflussenden raum-zeitlichen {\"o}kologischen Prozesse. Vergleicht man die {\"A}hnlich- bzw. Un{\"a}hnlichkeit der in verschieden alten Best{\"a}nden lebenden Spinnengemeinschaften der Buchen (Fagus sylvatica L.), dann zeigt sich, dass die {\"a}lteste Baumkohorte offensichtlich einzigartige Ressourcen besitzt, welche die Zusammensetzung der Spinnengemeinschaften deutlich pr{\"a}gen. {\"U}ber das Jahr hin zeigten die Spinnengemeinschaften trotz der jahreszeitlich unterschiedlich {\"o}kologischen Randbedingungen eine sich wiederholende, vorhersehbare Dynamik. Der Vergleich {\"u}ber die Jahre ergab, dass das "Neutrale Modell" und das "Nischen-Modell" gleichzeitig funktionieren k{\"o}nnen. Beide sind notwendig, um die Dynamik der in den Buchenkronen der verschiedenen Altersklassen lebenden Spinnengemeinschaften vollst{\"a}ndig erkl{\"a}ren zu k{\"o}nnen.},
  subject      = {Spinnen},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Goetzke2006,
  author    = {G{\"o}tzke, Armin},
  title     = {Entwicklung einer Naturschutzkonzeption in Weinbaugebieten auf der Grundlage einer vergleichenden Untersuchung faunistischer und betriebswirtschaftlicher Parameter praxis{\"u}blich und {\"o}kologisch erzeugender Weinbaubetriebe},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-21989},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {1) Wenn der Erhalt der biologischen Vielfalt gesellschaftliche Zielvorgabe ist und daf{\"u}r landwirtschaftlich genutzte Fl{\"a}chen einbezogen werden sollen, sind Maßnahmen zu pr{\"a}ferieren, deren Opportunit{\"a}tskosten gering sind. Diese Arbeit stellt den Versuch dar, solche Maßnahmen am Beispielsystem „Weinbau" zu entwickeln. 2) Die Anbauform „Weinbau" ist f{\"u}r diese Studie aus folgenden Gr{\"u}nden besonders geeignet: Rebfl{\"a}chen sind an Standorte mit besonderen klimatischen Bedingungen gebunden, die ebenfalls f{\"u}r Lebensgemeinschaften von Bedeutung sind, die in Deutschland als besonders gef{\"a}hrdet gelten (thermophile und xerothermophile Gemeinschaften). Auch die speziellen, fr{\"u}her artenreichen „Weinbergsgesellschaften" (Flora und Fauna) verdienen besondere Beachtung; zudem ist in Unterfranken eine starke r{\"a}umliche Beziehung zwischen Naturschutzgebieten, die thermophile und xerothermophile Artengemeinschaften sch{\"u}tzen sollen, und umgebenden Rebfl{\"a}chen gegeben. Weiterhin erscheinen Rebfl{\"a}chen durch die Trennung der Anbaufl{\"a}che in die Bereiche „Zeile" (die den linienf{\"o}rmig angepflanzten Reben entspricht) und „Gasse" (ein etwa zwei Meter breiter Streifen zwischen den Zeilen) hervorragend geeignet, landwirtschaftliche Produktion und biodiversit{\"a}ts-orientierte Maßnahmen zu verbinden. 3) In der Region „Mainfranken" (Deutschland, Bayern) wurden drei Vergleichsfl{\"a}chenpaare in Ertragsrebfl{\"a}chen ausgew{\"a}hlt, die einerseits praxis{\"u}blich, andererseits nach den Vorschriften des „{\"o}kologischen Landbaus" i.S. des BML wirtschaften. 4) In der naturschutzfachlichen Analyse wurden folgende Gesellschaften der Vergleichsfl{\"a}chen faunistisch untersucht: bodenaktive (epig{\"a}ische) Spinnen (Araneae), Laufk{\"a}fer (Carabidae), Zikaden (Auchenorrhyncha) und Heuschrecken (Saltatoria). Im betriebswirtschaftlichen Teil wurde nach Literaturdaten und Arbeitstageb{\"u}chern die Außenwirtschaft der Weinbaubetriebe analysiert. Beide Datengruppen wurden zusammengef{\"u}hrt, um die Auswirkungen betrieblicher Maßnahmen der Außenwirtschaft sowohl im Hinblick auf ihre naturschutzfachliche als auch betriebswirtschaftliche Wirksamkeit zu ermitteln und hieraus Umstellungsstrategien im Weinbau abzuleiten. Zudem wurden die monet{\"a}ren Differenzen quantifiziert, um die H{\"o}he etwaiger Ausgleichszahlungen bestimmen zu k{\"o}nnen. 5) Die naturschutzfachliche Analyse zeigte, dass mit Ausnahme der Heuschrecken alle Gruppen eine starke F{\"o}rderung durch den {\"o}kologischen Anbau erfuhren; die F{\"o}rderung betraf sowohl die allgemeine Diversit{\"a}t wie naturschutzfachlich bedeutsame Arten. Diese Effekte konnten vor allem auf den Faktor „Einf{\"u}hrung einer struktur- und artenreichen Dauerbegr{\"u}nung" sowie auf die Etablierung ungest{\"o}rter R{\"u}ckzugsbereiche zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden. Die Ver{\"a}nderungen des Pflanzenschutzes wurden als nicht wirksam eingestuft, die Kupferbehandlungen im {\"o}kologischen Weinbau werden sogar als problematisch angesehen. Weiterhin wurde die Maßnahme „Mulchen" des {\"o}kologischen Weinbaus als problematische Maßnahme der Begr{\"u}nungspflege identifiziert. 6) Die betriebswirtschaftliche Analyse zeigte, dass f{\"u}r die Ertragssituation der Betriebe vor allem der Pflanzenschutz bedeutsam ist. Von der Einf{\"u}hrung einer Dauerbegr{\"u}nung gehen moderate Effekte aus, die zudem oftmals auf eine „Umstellungsphase" befristet sind. 7) In der Zusammenf{\"u}hrung beider Analysen wird ein Anbauschema vorgeschlagen, dass ein modifiziertes Begr{\"u}nungsmodell nach {\"o}kologischer Wirtschaftsweise mit einem modifizierten Pflanzenschutzsystem nach praxis{\"u}blicher Wirtschaftsweise kombiniert. Die Kalkulation eines solchen Systems zeigt, dass auf Ausgleichszahlungen verzichtet werden k{\"o}nnte, bzw. geleistete Zahlungen nicht als Kompensation i.e.S., sondern als Anreizzahlungen zu verstehen w{\"a}ren. 8) Die Notwendigkeit einer {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung des entwickelten Schemas in einem Konversionsexperiment wird dargelegt.},
  language  = {de}
}