@article{SchultzKeller2013,
  author    = {Schultz, J{\"o}rg and Keller, Daniela Barbara},
  title     = {Connectivity, Not Frequency, Determines the Fate of a Morpheme},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0069945},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97039},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words and therefore represent a natural unit to study the evolution of words. To analyze the influence of language change on morphemes, we performed a large scale analysis of German and English vocabulary covering the last 200 years. Using a network approach from bioinformatics, we examined the historical dynamics of morphemes, the fixation of new morphemes and the emergence of words containing existing morphemes. We found that these processes are driven mainly by the number of different direct neighbors of a morpheme in words (connectivity, an equivalent to family size or type frequency) and not its frequency of usage (equivalent to token frequency). This contrasts words, whose survival is determined by their frequency of usage. We therefore identified features of morphemes which are not dictated by the statistical properties of words. As morphemes are also relevant for the mental representation of words, this result might enable establishing a link between an individual's perception of language and historical language change.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{LutStarenkova2022,
  author    = {Lut, Kateryna and Starenkova, Hanna},
  title     = {The Relationship between Language, Culture, and Development of Society},
  series = {Studies in Modern English},
  booktitle = {Studies in Modern English},
  editor    = {Lazebna, Nataliia and Kumar, Dinesh},
  publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  address   = {W{\"u}rzburg},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-199-0-63},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-296484},
  publisher      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {63-72},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The paper analyses specific characteristics of language that influence the development of culture and societies. The problem of the connection between language and culture has occupied the minds of many famous scientists: some believe that language is a part of the culture as a whole; others think that language is only a form of cultural expression. Undoubtedly, language constitutes a vital component of the cultural background underlying social development. Language is an essential means of communication and interaction. However, language is at the same time sovereign about culture as a whole and can be separate from culture or compared to culture as an equal element (i.e., that language is neither a form nor a component of culture).},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Kumar2022,
  author    = {Kumar, Dinesh},
  title     = {A Brief Historical and Present Perspective of ELT in India},
  series = {Studies in Modern English},
  booktitle = {Studies in Modern English},
  editor    = {Lazebna, Nataliia and Kumar, Dinesh},
  publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  address   = {W{\"u}rzburg},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-199-0-11},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-296434},
  publisher      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {11-17},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {English language is being taught as a second foreign language in India. For most of the learners in India, English still a foreign language or target language. The study of this language is important to fulfill different kinds of academic and professional requirements. Still, there is a big gulf between demand and supply for which the failure of the system is largely responsible as its main emphasis on to adherence to the foreign curriculum. The government tries to impose this curriculum on English teachers, but, in fact, the curriculum is outdated.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KellerSchultz2014,
  author    = {Keller, Daniela Barbara and Schultz, J{\"o}rg},
  title     = {Word Formation Is Aware of Morpheme Family Size},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0093978},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112848},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Words are built from smaller meaning bearing parts, called morphemes. As one word can contain multiple morphemes, one morpheme can be present in different words. The number of distinct words a morpheme can be found in is its family size. Here we used Birth-Death-Innovation Models (BDIMs) to analyze the distribution of morpheme family sizes in English and German vocabulary over the last 200 years. Rather than just fitting to a probability distribution, these mechanistic models allow for the direct interpretation of identified parameters. Despite the complexity of language change, we indeed found that a specific variant of this pure stochastic model, the second order linear balanced BDIM, significantly fitted the observed distributions. In this model, birth and death rates are increased for smaller morpheme families. This finding indicates an influence of morpheme family sizes on vocabulary changes. This could be an effect of word formation, perception or both. On a more general level, we give an example on how mechanistic models can enable the identification of statistical trends in language change usually hidden by cultural influences.},
  language  = {en}
}