@article{ReinersSchneiderPlatonovaetal.2020,
  author    = {Reiners, Christoph and Schneider, Rita and Platonova, Tamara and Fridman, Mikhail and Malzahn, Uwe and M{\"a}der, Uwe and Vrachimis, Alexis and Bogdanova, Tatiana and Krajewska, Jolanta and Elisei, Rossella and Vaisman, Fernanda and Mihailovic, Jasna and Costa, Gracinda and Drozd, Valentina},
  title     = {Breast Cancer After Treatment of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer With Radioiodine in Young Females: What We Know and How to Investigate Open Questions. Review of the Literature and Results of a Multi-Registry Survey},
  series = {Frontiers in Endocrinology},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Endocrinology},
  issn      = {1664-2392},
  doi       = {10.3389/fendo.2020.00381},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207766},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Published studies on the risk of radiation-induced second primary malignancy (SPM) after radioiodine treatment (RAI) of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) refer mainly to patients treated as middle-aged or older adults and are not easily generalizable to those treated at a younger age. Here we review available literature on the risk of breast cancer as an SPM after RAI of DTC with a focus on females undergoing such treatment in childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood. Additionally, we report the results of a preliminary international survey of patient registries from academic tertiary referral centers specializing in pediatric DTC. The survey sought to evaluate the availability of sufficient patient data for a potential international multicenter observational case-control study of females with DTC given RAI at an early age. Our literature review identified a bi-directional association of DTC and breast cancer. The general breast cancer risk in adult DTC survivors is low, ~2\%, slightly higher in females than in males, but presumably lower, not higher, in those diagnosed as children or adolescents than in those diagnosed at older ages. RAI presumably does not substantially influence breast cancer risk after DTC. However, data from patients given RAI at young ages are sparse and insufficient to make definitive conclusions regarding age dependence of the risk of breast cancer as a SPM after RAI of DTC. The preliminary analysis of data from 10 thyroid cancer registries worldwide, including altogether 6,449 patients given RAI for DTC and 1,116 controls, i.e., patients not given RAI, did not show a significant increase of breast cancer incidence after RAI. However, the numbers of cases and controls were insufficient to draw statistically reliable conclusions, and the proportion of those receiving RAI at the earliest ages was too low.In conclusion, a potential international multicenter study of female patients undergoing RAI of DTC as children, adolescents, or young adults, with a sufficient sample size, is feasible. However, breast cancer screening of a larger cohort of DTC patients is not unproblematic for ethical reasons, due to the likely, at most slightly, increased risk of breast cancer post-RAI and the expected ~10\% false-positivity rate which potentially produced substantial "misdiagnosis."},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PaschkeLinckeMuelleretal.2015,
  author    = {Paschke, Ralf and Lincke, Thomas and M{\"u}ller, Stefan P. and Kreissl, Michael C. and Dralle, Henning and Fassnacht, Martin},
  title     = {The Treatment of Well-Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma},
  series = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt International},
  volume    = {112},
  journal   = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt International},
  doi       = {10.3238/arztebl.2015.0452},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151636},
  pages     = {452 -- 458},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Background: Recent decades have seen a rise in the incidence of well-differentiated (mainly papillary) thyroid carcinoma around the world. In Germany, the age-adjusted incidence of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma in 2010 was 3.5 per 100 000 men and 8.7 per 100 000 women per year. Method: This review is based on randomized, controlled trials and multicenter trials on the treatment of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma that were retrieved by a selective literature search, as well as on three updated guidelines issued in the past two years. Results: The recommended extent of surgical resection depends on whether the tumor is classified as low-risk or high-risk, so that papillary microcar cinomas, which carry a highly favorable prognosis, will not be overtreated. More than 90\% of localized, well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas can be cured with a combination of surgery and radioactive iodine therapy. Radio active iodine therapy is also effective in the treatment of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas with distant metastases, yielding a 10-year survival rate of 90\%, as long as there is good iodine uptake and the tumor goes into remission after treatment; otherwise, the 10-year survival rate is only 10\%. In the past two years, better treatment options have become available for radioactive-iodine-resistant thyroid carcinoma. Phase 3 studies of two different tyrosine kinase inhibitors have shown that either one can markedly prolong progression-free survival, but not overall survival. Their more common clinically significant side effects are hand-foot syndrome, hypertension, diarrhea, proteinuria, and weight loss. Conclusion: Slow tumor growth, good resectability, and susceptibility to radioactive iodine therapy lend a favorable prognosis to most cases of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The treatment should be risk-adjusted and interdisciplinary, in accordance with the current treatment guidelines. Even metastatic thyroid carcinoma has a favorable prognosis as long as there is good iodine uptake. The newly available medical treatment options for radioactive-iodine-resistant disease need to be further studied.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JunGholamiSongetal.2014,
  author    = {Jun, Kyong-Hwa and Gholami, Spedideh and Song, Tae-Jin and Au, Joyce and Haddad, Dana and Carson, Joshua and Chen, Chun-Hao and Mojica, Kelly and Zanzonico, Pat and Chen, Nanhai G. and Zhang, Qian and Szalay, Aladar and Fong, Yuman},
  title     = {A novel oncolytic viral therapy and imaging technique for gastric cancer using a genetically engineered vaccinia virus carrying the human sodium iodide symporter},
  series = {Journal of Experimental \& Clinical Cancer Research},
  volume    = {33},
  journal   = {Journal of Experimental \& Clinical Cancer Research},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {1756-9966},
  doi       = {10.1186/1756-9966-33-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117716},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Gastric cancers have poor overall survival despite recent advancements in early detection methods, endoscopic resection techniques, and chemotherapy treatments. Vaccinia viral therapy has had promising therapeutic potential for various cancers and has a great safety profile. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a novel genetically-engineered vaccinia virus carrying the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) gene, GLV-1 h153, on gastric cancers and its potential utility for imaging with Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy and I-124 positron emission tomography (PET). Methods: GLV-1 h153 was tested against five human gastric cancer cell lines using cytotoxicity and standard viral plaque assays. In vivo, subcutaneous flank tumors were generated in nude mice with human gastric cancer cells, MKN-74. Tumors were subsequently injected with either GLV-1 h153 or PBS and followed for tumor growth. Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy and I-124 microPET imaging were performed. Results: GFP expression, a surrogate for viral infectivity, confirmed viral infection by 24 hours. At a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1, GLV-1 h153 achieved > 90\% cytotoxicity in MNK-74, OCUM-2MD3, and AGS over 9 days, and >70\% cytotoxicity in MNK-45 and TMK-1. In vivo, GLV-1 h153 was effective in treating xenografts (p < 0.001) after 2 weeks of treatment. GLV-1 h153-infected tumors were readily imaged by Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy and I-124 microPET imaging 2 days after treatment. Conclusions: GLV-1 h153 is an effective oncolytic virus expressing the hNIS protein that can efficiently regress gastric tumors and allow deep-tissue imaging. These data encourages its continued investigation in clinical settings.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EberleinPeperFernandezetal.2015,
  author    = {Eberlein, Uta and Peper, Michel and Fern{\´a}ndez, Maria and Lassmann, Michael and Scherthan, Harry},
  title     = {Calibration of the \(\gamma\)-H2AX DNA double strand break focus assay for internal radiation exposure of blood lymphocytes},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0123174},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148697},
  pages     = {e0123174},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {DNA double strand break (DSB) formation induced by ionizing radiation exposure is indicated by the DSB biomarkers \(\gamma\)-H2AX and 53BP1. Knowledge about DSB foci formation in-vitro after internal irradiation of whole blood samples with radionuclides in solution will help us to gain detailed insights about dose-response relationships in patients after molecular radiotherapy (MRT). Therefore, we studied the induction of radiation-induced co-localizing \(\gamma\)-H2AX and 53BP1 foci as surrogate markers for DSBs in-vitro, and correlated the obtained foci per cell values with the in-vitro absorbed doses to the blood for the two most frequently used radionuclides in MRT (I-131 and Lu-177). This approach led to an in-vitro calibration curve. Overall, 55 blood samples of three healthy volunteers were analyzed. For each experiment several vials containing a mixture of whole blood and radioactive solutions with different concentrations of isotonic NaCl-diluted radionuclides with known activities were prepared. Leukocytes were recovered by density centrifugation after incubation and constant blending for 1 h at 37°C. After ethanol fixation they were subjected to two-color immunofluorescence staining and the average frequencies of the co-localizing \(\gamma\)-H2AX and 53BP1 foci/nucleus were determined using a fluorescence microscope equipped with a red/green double band pass filter. The exact activity was determined in parallel in each blood sample by calibrated germanium detector measurements. The absorbed dose rates to the blood per nuclear disintegrations occurring in 1 ml of blood were calculated for both isotopes by a Monte Carlo simulation. The measured blood doses in our samples ranged from 6 to 95 mGy. A linear relationship was found between the number of DSB-marking foci/nucleus and the absorbed dose to the blood for both radionuclides studied. There were only minor nuclide-specific intra-and inter-subject deviations.},
  language  = {en}
}