@phdthesis{Pohl2011,
  author    = {Pohl, Carsten},
  title     = {Feature processing and feature integration in unconscious processing : A Study with chess novices and experts},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67190},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The scope of the present work encompasses the influence of experience (i.e. expertise) for feature processing in unconscious information processing. In the introduction, I describe the subliminal priming paradigm, a method to examine how stimuli, we are not aware of, nonetheless influence our actions. The activation of semantic response categories, the impact of learned stimulus-response links, and the action triggering through programmed stimulus-response links are the main three hypotheses to explain unconscious response activation. Besides, the congruence of perceptual features can also influence subliminal priming. On the basis of the features location and form, I look at evidence that exists so far for perceptual priming. The second part of the introduction reviews the literature showing perceptual superiority of experts. This is illustrated exemplarily with three domains of expertise - playing action video games, which constitutes a general form of perceptual expertise, radiology, a more natural form of expertise, and expertise in the game of chess, which is seen as the Drosophila of psychology. In the empirical section, I report nine experiments that applied a subliminal check detection task. Experiment 1 shows subliminal response priming for chess experts but not for chess novices. Thus, chess experts are able to judge unconsciously presented chess configurations as checking or nonchecking. The results of Experiment 2 suggest that acquired perceptual chunks, and not the ability to integrate perceptual features unconsciously, was responsible for unconscious check detection, because experts' priming does not occur for simpler chess configurations which afforded an unfamiliar classification. With a more complex chess detection task, Experiment 3 indicates that chess experts are not able to process perceptual features in parallel or alternatively, that chess experts are not able to form specific expectations which are obviously necessary to elicit priming if many chess displays are applied. The aim of Experiment 4-9 was to further elaborate on unconscious processing of the single features location and form in novices. In Experiment 4 and 5, perceptual priming according the congruence of the single features location and form outperformed semantically-based response priming. Experiment 6 and 7 show that (in contrast to form priming) the observed location priming effect is rather robust and is also evident for an unexpected form or colour. In Experiment 8, location and form priming, which was additionally related to response priming, were directly compared to each other. Location priming was again stronger than form priming. Finally, Experiment 9 demonstrates that with the subliminal check detection task it is possible to induce response priming in novices when the confounding influences of location and form are absent. In the General discussion, I first summarized the findings. Second, I discuss possible underlying mechanisms of different subliminal perception in experts and novices. Third, I focus on subliminal perceptual priming in novices, especially on the impact of the features location and form. And finally, I discuss a framework, the action trigger account that integrates the different results of the present work.},
  subject      = {Bewusstsein},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Shishkova2008,
  author    = {Shishkova, Yoana},
  title     = {Investigations of Measles virus regulation on activation and function of antigen presenting cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-28283},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Interaction with dendritic cells (DCs) is considered as central to immunosuppression induced by viruses, including measles virus (MV). Commonly, viral infection of DCs abrogates their ability to promote T cell expansion, yet underlying mechanisms at a cellular level are undefined. It appears that MV-WTF infection modulate DCs morphology and dynamic adhesion on extra cellular matrix proteins such as FN or ICAM-1. By morphological criteria, WTF-DCs resembled LPS-DCs, associated with their mature phenotype also adhered less efficiently to the FN or ICAM-1 support. Reduced adhesion could not be explained by a lack of \&\#61538;1-integrin expression or activation. Similarly, MV-DCs strongly resembled LPS-DCs in that levels of focal adhesion kinase phosphorylated at Y397 were high and not further enhanced upon FN ligation. Fascin, a downstream effector of integrin signaling was highly upregulated in LPS-DCs and moderately in WTF-DCs, and differences in its subcellular distribution were not observed between both cell cultures. Apparently, however, fascin associated less efficiently with PKC\&\#61537; in WTF-DCs then in LPS-DCs. In line with findings for murine DCs, high motility of mature human DCs was found to require expression of Rac-GTPases. Human LPS-DCs and more so, DC transfected to express constitutively active Rac1 were the most motile DC-species analysed, confirming that migration of human DC also involved Rac activity. The velocity of WTF-DCs on FN is below that of LPS-DCs, indicating that maturation induced by WTF may be insufficient to completely promote integrin signaling which leads to Rac activation. The organisation of MV-DC/T cell interfaces was consistent with that of functional immune synapses with regard to CD3 clustering, MHC class II surface recruitment and MTOC location. These analyses are based in the selection of stable conjugates. Subsequently, however, neither contacts nor calcium flux can be stabilised and sustained in the majority of MV-DC/T cell conjugates and only promoted abortive T cell activation. Formation of spatially organised IS in T cells requites, prolonged contact durations. Therefore, aberrant distribution patterns of CD3 in these structures, if occurring, are not likely to contribute to the type of contacts predominating for WTF-DC/T cell interactions. It is also likely that transient interactions of less than 2 minutes may if at all, not efficiently support viral transmission to T cells. Transient interactions are typically observed with immature DCs in the absence of antigen, but this is not likely to be relevant in our allogenic system, which includes SA-loaded WTF-DCs. Thus, MV-infected DCs retain activities required for initiating, but not sustaining T cell conjugation and activation. This is partially rescued if surface expression of the MV glycoproteins on DCs is abolished by infection with a recombinant MV encoding VSV G protein instead, indicating that these contribute directly to synapse destabilisation and thereby act as effectors of T cell inhibition.},
  subject      = {Masern},
  language  = {en}
}