@phdthesis{Gupta2018,
  author    = {Gupta, Shishir Kumar},
  title     = {Re-annotation of Camponotus floridanus Genome and Characterization of Innate Immunity Transcriptome Responses to Bacterial Infections},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140168},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The sequencing of several ant genomes within the last six years open new research avenues for understanding not only the genetic basis of social species but also the complex systems such as immune responses in general. Similar to other social insects, ants live in cooperative colonies, often in high densities and with genetically identical or closely related individuals. The contact behaviours and crowd living conditions allow the disease to spread rapidly through colonies. Nevertheless, ants can efficiently combat infections by using diverse and effective immune mechanisms. However, the components of the immune system of carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus and also the factors in bacteria that facilitate infection are not well understood. To form a better view of the immune repository and study the C. floridanus immune responses against the bacteria, experimental data from Illumina sequencing and mass-spectrometry (MS) data of haemolymph in normal and infectious conditions were analysed and integrated with the several bioinformatics approaches. Briefly, the tasks were accomplished in three levels. First, the C. floridanus genome was re-annotated for the improvement of the existing annotation using the computational methods and transcriptomics data. Using the homology based methods, the extensive survey of literature, and mRNA expression profiles, the immune repository of C. floridanus were established. Second, large-scale protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and signalling network of C. floridanus were reconstructed and analysed and further the infection induced functional modules in the networks were detected by mapping of the expression data over the networks. In addition, the interactions of the immune components with the bacteria were identified by reconstructing inter-species PPIs networks and the interactions were validated by literature. Third, the stage-specific MS data of larvae and worker ants were analysed and the differences in the immune response were reported. Concisely, all the three omics levels resulted to multiple findings, for instance, re-annotation and transcriptome profiling resulted in the overall improvement of structural and functional annotation and detection of alternative splicing events, network analysis revealed the differentially expressed topologically important proteins and the active functional modules, MS data analysis revealed the stage specific differences in C. floridanus immune responses against bacterial pathogens. Taken together, starting from re-annotation of C. floridanus genome, this thesis provides a transcriptome and proteome level characterization of ant C. floridanus, particularly focusing on the immune system responses to pathogenic bacteria from a biological and a bioinformatics point of view. This work can serve as a model for the integration of omics data focusing on the immuno-transcriptome of insects.},
  subject      = {Camponotus floridanus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hartmann2010,
  author    = {Hartmann, Thomas},
  title     = {Nitrogen metabolism in Aspergillus fumigatus with emphasis on the oligopeptide transporter (OPT) gene family},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54027},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The saprophytic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus has been gaining importance as an opportunistic human pathogen over the past decades. Advances in modern medicine have created a growing group of patients susceptible to infection with A. fumigatus, often contracting potentially deadly invasive aspergillosis. The virulence of this pathogen appears to be a multifactorial trait, a combination of physiological characteristics that enables the fungus to infect immunocompromised humans. This work concentrates on the nitrogen metabolism of A. fumigatus, which is essential for meeting the nutritional needs inside the human host. Using DNA microarrays, the transcriptional response during growth on three different secondary nitrogen sources was examined, which revealed the metabolic versatility of A. fumigatus, especially when challenged with proteins as the sole source of nitrogen. In-depth transcriptional profiling of the eight-member oligopeptide transporter (OPT) gene family underlined the importance of oligopeptide transport for growth on complex nitrogen sources like BSA or collagen. Heterologous expression of the opt genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed their functionality as oligopeptide transporters, and characterized their substrate specificity. Using a Cre/loxP based genetic tool, a complete deletion of all opt genes in A. fumigatus was achieved. The resultant strain exhibited diminished growth on medium where the oligopeptide GPGG was the sole nitrogen source, but did not show any other in vitro phenotype. The opt deletion strain was not attenuated in virulence in a murine model of pulmonary aspergillosis, suggesting that the OPT gene family is not necessary for successful infection. The connection of oligopeptide transport and extracellular proteolytic activity was investigated by deleting the genes encoding Dpp4 and Dpp5, two dipeptidyl peptidases, or PrtT, the transcriptional regulator of major secreted proteases, in the complete opt deletion background. In contrast to the deletion of dpp4 and dpp5, which did not result in any additional phenotype, the absence of prtT led to a drastic growth defect on porcine lung agar. This suggests a synergistic action of extracellular proteolytic digest of proteins and transport of oligopeptide degradation products into the cell. Finally, this work established the bacterial β-Rec/six site-specific recombination system as a novel genetic tool for targeted gene deletion in A. fumigatus.},
  subject      = {Aspergillus fumigatus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Herter2015,
  author    = {Herter, Eva Kristine},
  title     = {Characterization of direct Myc target genes in Drosophila melanogaster and Investigating the interaction of Chinmo and Myc},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122272},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The correct regulation of cell growth and proliferation is essential during normal animal development. Myc proteins function as transcription factors, being involved in the con-trol of many growth- and proliferation-associated genes and deregulation of Myc is one of the main driving factors of human malignancies. The first part of this thesis focuses on the identification of directly regulated Myc target genes in Drosophila melanogaster, by combining ChIPseq and RNAseq approaches. The analysis results in a core set of Myc target genes of less than 300 genes which are mainly involved in ribosome biogenesis. Among these genes we identify a novel class of Myc targets, the non-coding small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). In vivo studies show that loss of snoRNAs not only impairs growth during normal development, but that overexpression of several snoRNAs can also enhance tumor development in a neu-ronal tumor model. Together the data show that Myc acts as a master regulator of ribo-some biogenesis and that Myc's transforming effects in tumor development are at least partially mediated by the snoRNAs. In the second part of the thesis, the interaction of Myc and the Zf-protein Chinmo is described. Co-immunoprecipitations of the two proteins performed under endogenous and exogenous conditions show that they interact physically and that neither the two Zf-domains nor the BTB/POZ-domain of Chinmo are important for this interaction. Fur-thermore ChIP experiments and Myc dependent luciferase assays show that Chinmo and Myc share common target genes, and that Chinmo is presumably also involved in their regulation. While the exact way of how Myc and Chinmo genetically interact with each other still has to be investigated, we show that their interaction is important in a tumor model. Overexpression of the tumor-suppressors Ras and Chinmo leads to tu-mor formation in Drosophila larvae, which is drastically impaired upon loss of Myc.},
  subject      = {Myc},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hofstetter2022,
  author    = {Hofstetter, Julia Eva Ines},
  title     = {MYC shapes the composition of RNA polymerase II through direct recruitment of transcription elongation factors},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24035},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-240358},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The transcription factor MYC is a onco-protein, found to be deregulated in many human cancers. High MYC levels correlate with an aggressive tumor outcome and poor survival rates. Despite MYC being discovered as an oncogene already in the 1970s, how MYC regulates transcription of its target genes, which are involved in cellular growth and proliferation, is not fully understood yet. In this study, the question how MYC influences factors interacting with the RNA polymerase II ensuring productive transcription of its target genes was addressed using quantitative mass spectrometry. By comparing the interactome of RNA polymerase II under varying MYC levels, several potential factors involved in transcriptional elongation were identified. Furthermore, the question which of those factors interact with MYC was answered by employing quantitative mass spectrometry of MYC itself. Thereby, the direct interaction of MYC with the transcription elongation factor SPT5, a subunit of the DRB-sensitivity inducing factor, was discovered and analyzed in greater detail. SPT5 was shown to be recruited to chromatin by MYC. In addition, the interaction site of MYC on SPT5 was narrowed down to its evolutionary conserved NGN-domain, which is the known binding site for SPT4, the earlier characterized second subunit of the DRB-sensitivity inducing factor. This finding suggests a model in which MYC and SPT4 compete for binding the NGN-domain of SPT5. Investigations of the SPT5-interacting region on MYC showed binding of SPT5 to MYC's N-terminus including MYC-boxes 0, I and II. In order to analyze proteins interacting specifically with the N-terminal region of MYC, a truncated MYC-mutant was used for quantitative mass spectrometric analysis uncovering reduced binding for several proteins including the well-known interactor TRRAP and TRRAP-associated complexes. Summarized, ...},
  subject      = {Transkription <Genetik>},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jung2016,
  author    = {Jung, Lisa Anna},
  title     = {Targeting MYC Function as a Strategy for Tumor Therapy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146993},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {A large fraction of human tumors exhibits aberrant expression of the oncoprotein MYC. As a transcription factor regulating various cellular processes, MYC is also crucially involved in normal development. Direct targeting of MYC has been a major challenge for molecular cancer drug discovery. The proof of principle that its inhibition is nevertheless feasible came from in vivo studies using a dominant-negative allele of MYC termed OmoMYC. Systemic expression of OmoMYC triggered long-term tumor regression with mild and fully reversible side effects on normal tissues. In this study, OmoMYC's mode of action was investigated combining methods of structural biology and functional genomics to elucidate how it is able to preferentially affect oncogenic functions of MYC. The crystal structure of the OmoMYC homodimer, both in the free and the E-box-bound state, was determined, which revealed that OmoMYC forms a stable homodimer, and as such, recognizes DNA via the same base-specific DNA contacts as the MYC/MAX heterodimer. OmoMYC binds DNA with an equally high affinity as MYC/MAX complexes. RNA-sequencing showed that OmoMYC blunts both MYC-dependent transcriptional activation and repression. Genome-wide DNA-binding studies using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing revealed that OmoMYC competes with MYC/MAX complexes on chromatin, thereby reducing their occupancy at consensus DNA binding sites. The most prominent decrease in MYC binding was seen at low-affinity promoters, which were invaded by MYC at oncogenic levels. Strikingly, gene set enrichment analyses using OmoMYC-regulated genes enabled the identification of tumor subgroups with high MYC levels in multiple tumor entities. Together with a targeted shRNA screen, this identified novel targets for the eradication of MYC-driven tumors, such as ATAD3A, BOP1, and ADRM1. In summary, the findings suggest that OmoMYC specifically inhibits tumor cell growth by attenuating the expression of rate-limiting proteins in cellular processes that respond to elevated levels of MYC protein using a DNA-competitive mechanism. This opens up novel strategies to target oncogenic MYC functions for tumor therapy.},
  subject      = {Myc},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jaenicke2015,
  author    = {J{\"a}nicke, Laura Annika},
  title     = {Regulation of MYC Activity by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123339},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The oncogenic MYC protein is a transcriptional regulator of multiple cellular processes and is aberrantly activated in a wide range of human cancers. MYC is an unstable protein rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Ubiquitination can both positively and negatively affect MYC function, but its direct contribution to MYC-mediated transactivation remained unresolved. To investigate how ubiquitination regulates MYC activity, a non-ubiquitinatable MYC mutant was characterized, in which all lysines are replaced by arginines (K-less MYC). The absence of ubiquitin-acceptor sites in K-less MYC resulted in a more stable protein, but did not affect cellular localization, chromatin-association or the ability to interact with known MYC interaction partners. Unlike the wild type protein, K-less MYC was unable to promote proliferation in immortalized mammary epithelial cells. RNA- and ChIP-Sequencing analyses revealed that, although K-less MYC was present at MYC-regulated promoters, it was a weaker transcriptional regulator. The use of K-less MYC, a proteasomal inhibitor and reconstitution of individual lysine residues showed that proteasomal turnover of MYC is required for MYC target gene induction. ChIP-Sequencing of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) revealed that MYC ubiquitination is dispensable for RNAPII recruitment and transcriptional initiation but is specifically required to promote transcriptional elongation. Turnover of MYC is required to stimulate histone acetylation at MYC-regulated promoters, which depends on a highly conserved region in MYC (MYC box II), thereby enabling the recruitment of BRD4 and P-TEFb and the release of elongating RNAPII from target promoters. Inhibition of MYC turnover enabled the identification of an intermediate in MYC-mediated transactivation, the association of MYC with the PAF complex, a positive elongation factor, suggesting that MYC acts as an assembly factor transferring elongation factors onto RNAPII. The interaction between MYC and the PAF complex occurs via a second highly conserved region in MYC's amino terminus, MYC box I. Collectively, the data of this work show that turnover of MYC coordinates histone acetylation with recruitment and transfer of elongation factors on RNAPII involving the cooperation of MYC box I and MYC box II.},
  subject      = {Myc},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kraeussling2011,
  author    = {Kr{\"a}ußling, Michael},
  title     = {Analysis on division patterns and transcriptional activity in embryos from medaka "Oryzias latipes" before the midblastula transition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66911},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Das Studium der Entwicklung von Tieren ist eine der {\"a}ltesten Disziplinen in der Biologie. Die gesammelten Daten von unz{\"a}hligen Untersuchungen an den verschiedensten Spezies wurden dazu benutzt, um ein generelles Verst{\"a}ndnis des tierischen Lebenszykluses zu formulieren. Ein wichtiges Ergebnis der intensiven Untersuchungen war vor etwa einem Jahrhundert die Entdeckung spezifischer morphologischer Ver{\"a}nderungen, die sich w{\"a}hrend der Teilungsphase, der Zeitperiode die der Befruchtung und Aktivierung des Eies am Anfang der Embryogenese folgt, vollziehen. Diese Befunde f{\"u}hrten schlussendlich zur Formulierung des Konzepts einer „Mid-Blastula Transition" (MBT). Bisher gibt es nur eine Theorie die die Regulierung der MBT in befriedigender Weise erkl{\"a}rt. Dies ist das Model des Kern/Plasma-Verh{\"a}ltnis, welches sich aus dem Verh{\"a}ltnis DNA-Menge zu Zytoplasmavolumen ableitet. Es erkl{\"a}rt die MBT-Aktivierung durch bisher unbekannte, maternal deponierte Faktoren im Ei, welche die MBT Aktivierung kontrollieren, deren Konzentration allerdings mit jeder Zellteilung verd{\"u}nnt wird, bis sie schließlich ihre blockierende Funktion verloren haben. Zwar wurde die Existenz dieses Mechanismuses schon in zahlreichen Spezies experimentell bewiesen, allerdings bleibt er nur eine ungenaue Beschreibung der ablaufenden Prozesse und l{\"a}sst weiterhin viele Fragen unbeantwortet. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat diese Arbeit gezeigt, dass die Zellzyklen in Embryonen von Medaka (Oryzias latipes) ihre Synchronit{\"a}t schon nach dem vierten oder f{\"u}nften Teilung verlieren, und diese durch ein Teilungsmuster ersetzt wird, das als „metasynchron" bezeichnet wird. In diesem Teilungsmuster verlaufen die Zellteilungen in Wellen, die im Zentrum des Embryos beginnen und sich von dort nach außen hin radial ausbreiten. Noch ist der Sinn einer auf diese Art verlaufenden Zellteilung unbekannt, auch wenn es verschiedene Theorien gibt die versuchen den zugrunde liegenden Mechanismus zu erkl{\"a}ren. Allen voran steht die Theorie eines unterschiedlichen Zugangs zu Faktoren innerhalb des Dotters. Allerdings wird diese Theorie durch die Beobachtungen in verformten Embryonen wiederlegt, in denen sich die Teilungswellen von einer Seite des Embryos zur gegen{\"u}berliegenden Seite ausgebreitet haben. Somit bleibt der Mechanismus f{\"u}r diese Art der Zellteilung weiterhin unklar. Nicht zu vergessen ist, dass diese deformierten Embryonen eine der m{\"o}glichen Konsequenzen asymmetrischer Furchung w{\"a}hrend einer fr{\"u}hen Zellteilung sind. Asymmetrische Teilungen treten in Medaka in einer erheblichen Anzahl von Embryonen auf und haben einen direkten Einfluss auf die gleichm{\"a}ßige Verteilung des Zytoplasma. Leider war es nicht m{\"o}glich die Auswirkungen einer solchen ungleichm{\"a}ßigen Verteilung aufzudecken, auch wenn man davon ausgehen kann, dass ein ausreichend großes Ungleichgewicht zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten der MBT-Aktivierung in verschiedenen Zellgruppen f{\"u}hren m{\"u}sste. {\"A}hnliche Beobachtungen wurden bereits in anderen Spezies gemacht, und es wurde vermutet, dass diese in ungleichm{\"a}ßigen Zellteilungen begr{\"u}ndet lagen. Weiterhin wurde bewiesen, dass die zygotische Transkription schon wesentlich vor dem bisher angenommenen fr{\"u}hesten Zeitpunkt aktiv ist. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wurden Hinweise gefunden, die darauf hindeuten, dass die Transkription in Embryonen von Medaka in zwei Schritten einsetzt. Der erste Zeitpunkt ist das 16-Zellen-Stadium, in dem die ersten Zellen identifiziert wurden, die Phosphorylierung f{\"u}r RNAPII zeigten, und der zweite das64-Zellen Stadium, in dem der Anteil an p-RNAPII positiven Zellen signifikant anstieg. Ein schrittweiser Anstieg der Transkription wurde bereits in anderen Spezies beobachtet, auch wenn in diesen F{\"a}llen nur eine Erh{\"o}hung der mRNA-Menge festgestellt wurde, und nicht die unterschiedliche Anzahl an transkriptionell aktiven Zellen untersucht wurde.Zusammenfassend best{\"a}tigen und erweitern die hier gezeigten Daten die grundliegenden Kenntnisse {\"u}ber die Prozesse vor und w{\"a}hren der MBT, liefern dar{\"u}ber hinaus aber auch Anzeichen f{\"u}r viele Prozesse vor und w{\"a}hrend der MBT, die nur wenig oder gar nicht verstanden sind.},
  subject      = {Japank{\"a}rpfling},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schielke2010,
  author    = {Schielke, Stephanie},
  title     = {Functional and molecular characterization of FarR - a transcriptional regulator of the MarR family in Neisseria meningitidis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48550},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Neisseria meningitidis is a facultatively pathogenic human commensal and strictly adapted to its niche within the human host, the nasopharynx. Not much is known about the regulatory processes required for adaptation to this environment. Therefore the role of the transcriptional regulator NMB1843, one of the two predicted regulators of the MarR family in the meningococcal genome, was investigated. As this gene displayed a high sequence homology to FarR, the Fatty acid resistance Regulator in N. gonorrhoeae, we designated the meningococcal protein FarR (NmFarR). Homology modeling of this protein revealed a dimeric structure with the characteristic winged helix-turn-helix DNA binding motif of the MarR family. NmFarR is highly conserved among meningococcal strains and expression of farR during exponential growth is controlled post-transcriptionally, being highest in the late exponential phase. By means of electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) the direct and specific binding of FarR to the farAB promoter region was shown, comparable to its homologue in gonococci. As FarR is involved in fatty acid resistance in N. gonorrhoeae, susceptibility assays with the medium chain lauric acid (C12:0), the long chain saturated palmitic acid (C16:0) and the long chain unsaturated linoleic acid (C18:2) were performed, testing a wide variety of strains of both species. In contrast to the unusually susceptible gonococci, a high intrinsic fatty acid resistance was detected in almost all meningococcal isolates. The molecular basis for this intrinsic resistance in N. meningitidis was elucidated, showing that both a functional FarAB efflux pump system as well as an intact lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are responsible for palmitic acid resistance. However, even despite circumvention of the intrinsic resistance, FarR could not be connected with fatty acid resistance in meningococci. Instead, FarR was shown to directly and specifically repress expression of the Neisseria adhesin A (nadA), a promising vaccine candidate absent in N. gonorrhoeae. Microarray analyses verified these results and disclosed no further similarly regulated genes, rendering the FarR regulon the smallest regulon in meningococci reported until now. The exact FarR binding site within the nadA promoter region was identified as a 16 bp palindromic repeat and its influence on nadA transcription was proved by reporter gene fusion assays. This repression was also shown to be relevant for infection as farR deficient mutant strains displayed an increased attachment to epithelial cells. Furthermore, farR transcription was attested to be repressed upon contact with active complement components within human serum. Concluding, it is shown that FarR adopted a role in meningococcal host niche adaptation, holding the balance between immune evasion by repressing the highly antigenic nadA and host cell attachment via this same adhesin.},
  subject      = {Transkription <Genetik>},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schulz2003,
  author    = {Schulz, Heidi},
  title     = {Towards a comprehensive description of the human retinal transcriptome: identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-7278},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {The human retina is a multilayered neuroectodermal tissue specialized in the transformation of light energy into electric impulses which can be transmitted to the brain where they are perceived as vision. Since the retina is easily accessible and functional aspects are directly recordable, the study of this tissue has been at the forefront of neuroscience research for over a century. Studies have revealed that the distinct functions of the retina require a large degree of differentiation which is achieved by the coordinated function of approximately 55 different cell types. The highly structured anatomy and the functional differentiation of the retina is a result of its distinctive transcriptome and proteome. Due to the complexity of the retina it has been difficult to estimate the number of genes actively transcribed in this tissue. Great efforts in the elucidation of retinal disease genes have led to the identification of 139 retina disease loci with 90 of the corresponding genes cloned thus far . In contrast to the success in the hereditary disorders, efforts to identify the genetic factors conferring manifestations known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have revealed sparse results. AMD is a retinal disease affecting a significant percentage of the older population. This disorder is likely due to exogenic as well as genetic factors. To further our understanding of retinal physiology and facilitate the identification of genes underlying retinal degenerations, particularly AMD, our efforts concentrated on the systematic analysis of the retinal transcriptome. Since approximately half of all retinal degeneration-associated genes identified to date are preferentially expressed in retina, it is plausible that the investigation of gene expression profiles and the identification of retina-expressed transcripts could be an important starting point for characterizing candidate genes for the retinal diseases. The expressed sequence tags approach included the assessment of all retinal expressed sequence tags (EST) clusters indexed in the UniGene database and of 1080 single-pass ESTs derived from an in-house generated human retina suppression subtracted hybridization (SSH) cDNA library. In total, 6603 EST clusters were evaluated during this thesis and detailed in-silico analysis was performed on 750 EST clusters. The expression of the genes was evaluated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), followed by confirmation using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), as well as conventional and virtual Northern blot analysis. The expression profiling of 337 selected EST clusters led to the identification of 111 transcripts, of which 60 are specific or abundant to the retina, 3 are expressed at high levels in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and 48 are expressed in brain as well as in retina. The EST approach used to select candidate transcripts allowed us to assess the effectiveness of the two available resources, the UniGene database and the retinal SSH (retSSH) cDNA library. From the results obtained, it is evident that the generation of suppression subtracted libraries to identify cell-specific transcripts constitutes the most straight-forward and efficient strategy. In addition to the high percentage of candidate genes that are identified from an SSH cDNA library, it has the added benefit that genes expressed at low levels can be identified. Furthermore, comparison of our retina-enriched gene set with previously published studies demonstrated only limited overlap of the identified genes further confirming the valuable source of retinal genes from our retinal SSH cDNA library. The effort of our and other groups has resulted in the establishment of the full-length coding sequence of 55 of the 111 genes uniquely or preferentially expressed in the retina. Using various methods such as bioinformatical analysis, EST assembly, cDNA library screening, and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) a number of genes were cloned in the scope of this thesis including C1orf32, C4orf11, C7orf9, C12orf7, C14orf29, DAPL1, and GRM7. Bioinformatic analyses and cDNA library screening were used to isolate the full-length cDNA sequence and determine the genomic organization of C7orf9, also identified as RFRP. This 1190 bp retina-specific transcript from chromosome 7p15.3 encodes a precursor protein for at least two small neuropeptides, referred to as RFRP-1 and RFRP-3. Since C7orf9 is localized in the critical region for dominant cystoid macular dystrophy (CYMD) its role in the pathology was investigated. Southern blot analysis and sequencing of samples from two affected individuals of the original pedigree used to localize the disease gene excluded the gene from involvement in this disease. Multiple isoforms of the C12orf7 gene were assembled from a number of clones identified from library screenings, PCR amplifications, and RACE experiments. The gene variants, transcribed from chromosome 12q13.13, have been found to be expressed exclusively in retina. Because of the multiple alternative splicing of the gene, we can only speculate about the nature of the protein it encodes. The longest transcript, which includes all six exons plus the last intervening sequence, encodes a 471 aa protein which contains a nuclear localization signal and five ankyrin repeats. The existence of many isoforms is also observed in mouse suggesting that they may have a relevant role in cellular physiology. Five novel splice variants of the glutamate metabotropic receptor 7 (GRM7) resulting from the use of alternative 3'-end exons were identified and characterized. One of the novel variants, GRM7_v3, encodes a 924 aa protein and is therefore the longest putative GRM7 protein reported to date. Even though they are not retina-specific, the isoforms are preferentially expressed in the nervous system. Although the functional properties of the specific carboxyl-termini are still unclear, it is known that axon targeting of GRM7_v1 is mediated by the last 60 aa of the protein. Hence the novel isoforms may direct the protein to specific subcellular localizations. The C1orf32 gene, preferentially expressed in retina, is organized in 10 exons and is transcribed from chromosome 1q24.1. Bioinformatic analyses of the 639 aa putative protein not only identified the mouse and rat orthologous genes but also the LISCH7 gene as a potential member of the same family. Since the LISCH7 protein has been shown to function as a low density lipoprotein receptor, the C1orf32 protein may be involved in retinal lipid homeostasis. Disturbances in lipid metabolism have been proposed as one of the pathways involved in AMD etiology. Thus, the role of C1orf32 in this complex disease should be investigated. Expression analyses of the death-associated protein-like 1 (DAPL1) gene revealed that it is expressed in both the retina and the RPE at high levels. The 552 bp transcript encodes a 107 aa putative protein and is transcribed from chromosome 2q24.1. In-silico analyses identified an additional 12 related proteins from various species which share high similarity constituting a novel protein family. The similarity to the death-associated-protein (DAP) is particularly interesting since this protein has been found to be indispensable for programmed cell death. Therefore, DAPL1 is an excellent candidate for retinal disease as apoptosis is generally the ultimate cause in retinal degeneration. The retina-specific C4orf11 and C14orf29 genes localized on chromosome 4q21.22 and 14q22.1, respectively, are both transcribed in more than one isoform. The encoded proteins do not contain any known domains but because of their retina-specific expression they may be important for proper retinal physiology. As part of the long-term goals of the project, several of the cloned genes are being genotyped to construct single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) maps. Projects to investigate haplotype frequencies of candidate genes in large cohorts of controls and AMD patients are ongoing. Thus, by establishing a collection of 111 genes expressed exclusively or preferentially in the retina, the present work has laid the foundation for future research in retinal diseases.},
  subject      = {Netzhaut},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schwarz2023,
  author    = {Schwarz, Jessica Denise},
  title     = {Genome-wide reporter screens identify transcriptional regulators of ribosome biogenesis},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-27901},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-279010},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Cellular growth and proliferation are among the most important processes for cells and organisms. One of the major determinants of these processes is the amount of proteins and consequently also the amount of ribosomes. Their synthesis involves several hundred proteins and four different ribosomal RNA species, is highly coordinated and very energy-demanding. However, the molecular mechanims of transcriptional regulation of the protein-coding genes involved, is only poorly understood in mammals. In this thesis, unbiased genome-wide knockout reporter screens were performed, aiming to identify previously unknown transcriptional regulators of ribosome biogenesis factors (RiBis), which are important for the assembly and maturation of ribosomes, and ribosomal proteins (RPs), which are ribosomal components themself. With that approach and follow-up (validation) experiments, ALDOA and RBM8A among others, could be identified as regulators of ribosome biogenesis. Depletion of the glycolytic enzyme ALDOA led to a downregulation of RiBi- and RPpromoter driven reporters on protein and transcript level, as well as to a downregulation of ribosome biogenesis gene transcripts and of mRNAs of other genes important for proliferation. Reducing the amount of the exon junction complex protein RBM8A, led to a more prominent downregulation of one of the fluorescent reporters, but this regulation was independent of the promoter driving the expression of the reporter. However, acute protein depletion experiments in combination with nascent RNA sequencing (4sU-Seq) revealed, that mainly cytosolic ribosomal proteins (CRPs) were downregulated upon acute RBM8A withdrawal. ChIP experiments showed RBM8A binding to promoters of RP genes, but also to other chromatin regions. Total POL II or elongating and initiating POL II levels were not altered upon acute RBM8A depletion. These data provide a starting point for further research on the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of RP and RiBi genes in mammals.},
  subject      = {Ribosom},
  language  = {en}
}