@article{KlotzMentrupRegensburgeretal.2012,
  author    = {Klotz, Barbara and Mentrup, Birgit and Regensburger, Martina and Zeck, Sabine and Schneidereit, Jutta and Schupp, Nicole and Linden, Christian and Merz, Cornelia and Ebert, Regina and Jakob, Franz},
  title     = {1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Treatment Delays Cellular Aging in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells while Maintaining Their Multipotent Capacity},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0029959},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133392},
  pages     = {e29959},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) was reported to induce premature organismal aging in fibroblast growth factor-23 (Fgf23) and klotho deficient mice, which is of main interest as 1,25D3 supplementation of its precursor cholecalciferol is used in basic osteoporosis treatment. We wanted to know if 1,25D3 is able to modulate aging processes on a cellular level in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Effects of 100 nM 1,25D3 on hMSC were analyzed by cell proliferation and apoptosis assay, beta-galactosidase staining, VDR and surface marker immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR of 1,25D3-responsive, quiescence-and replicative senescence-associated genes. 1,25D3 treatment significantly inhibited hMSC proliferation and apoptosis after 72 h and delayed the development of replicative senescence in long-term cultures according to beta-galactosidase staining and P16 expression. Cell morphology changed from a fibroblast like appearance to broad and rounded shapes. Long term treatment did not induce lineage commitment in terms of osteogenic pathways but maintained their clonogenic capacity, their surface marker characteristics (expression of CD73, CD90, CD105) and their multipotency to develop towards the chondrogenic, adipogenic and osteogenic pathways. In conclusion, 1,25D3 delays replicative senescence in primary hMSC while the pro-aging effects seen in mouse models might mainly be due to elevated systemic phosphate levels, which propagate organismal aging.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Glaser2012,
  author    = {Glaser, Nina},
  title     = {Influence of natural food compounds on DNA stability},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72872},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Cancer is one of the leading causes of death all over the world. Malnutrition and toxic contaminations of food with substances such as mycotoxins have been thought to account for a high percentage of cancers. However, human diet can deliver both mutagens and components that decrease the cancer risk. Genomic damage could be reduced by food components through different mechanisms such as scavenging of reactive oxygen species. In the first part of this study we tried to investigate the effects of patulin and resveratrol on DNA stability in V79 cells. Patulin is a mycotoxin, which is frequently found in spoiled apples and other fruits. The WHO has established a safety level of 50 µg/L, which is indeed not observed by all manufacturers. The acute toxicity of patulin in high concentrations is well known, however its potential carcinogenicity is still a matter of debate. Therefore we wanted to investigate further steps in the mechanism of patulin-induced genotoxicity. Patulin caused the formation of micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges in a dose-dependent manner. Further analysis revealed that patulin induced both kinetochore-negative and positive micronuclei. Time course of incubation indicate a new mechanism for patulin-induced nucleoplasmic bridge formation. We hypothized a mechanism via cross-linking of DNA, which was confirmed by a modified version of comet assay. Incubations of cells with patulin led to an increased number of multinucleated cells and multipolar mitoses. Cell cytometry revealed a G2 arrest by patulin, which might explain the amplification of centrosomes and patulin-induced aneuploidy. Patulin cause a dose-dependent DNA damage in comet assay which was influenced by the cellular GSH content. However, an induction of oxidative stress was just seen with higher concentrations of patulin. Levels of cellular glutathione were increased after 24 h incubation indicating an adaptive response to patulin-induced stress. There is growing interest in polyphenols such as resveratrol which have shown many positive effects on human health. The beneficial properties are partially attributed to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species. Co-incubation of V79 cells with patulin and 10 µM of the antioxidant resveratrol led to a slight reduction of micronucleus frequency compared to cells which were just treated with patulin. However, in higher concentrations resveratrol themselves caused the formation of micronuclei in V79 cells. Kinetochore analysis indicated only clastogenic properties for resveratrol but no disturbance of mitosis. The antioxidant properties of resveratrol were shown in ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. However, in cellular system resveratrol in higher concentrations revealed also prooxidative properties, as shown in 2,7-dichlordihydrofluorescein (DCF) assay. The increased level of glutathione after resveratrol treatment might reflect an adaptive response to resveratrol-induced oxidative stress. For the second part of this thesis we investigated the effects of an anthocyanin-rich grape extract on hypertensive Ren-2 rats. Ren-2 rats are an accepted genetically modified rat model for the investigation of hypertension and increased oxidative stress. We divided 23 female Ren-2 rats into three groups. One group was fed with an anthocyanin-rich Dacapo grape extract, one group was treated with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor ramipril and the third group was kept without medication during the experiment. After one week untreated group showed a clear increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to the ramipril treated rats. This was in part attenuated in the animals fed with anthocyanin-rich Dacapo grape extract. Effects on blood pressure were also reflected in an increased thirst of untreated and extract fed animals. Comet assay with cells of kidney and liver revealed a slight protective impact of Dacapo extract on DNA damage compared to the other groups. Similar results were obtained after evaluation of ɣ-H2AX-staining of kidney and heart sections. However, in the small intestine oppositional effects were seen, indicating an increased number of double strand breaks probably due to the high local concentration of polyphenols after oral ingestion. Antioxidative properties of the extract were shown in FRAP assay. However, this effect was not reflected in an increased antioxidative capacity in serum or a protective impact in the dihydroethidium (DHE) assay. The extract showed protective effects on DNA damage in comet assay and ɣ-H2AX-staining, but was not able to reduce hypertension back to the control level of ramipril treated animals. High local concentrations could also result in an increased damage of the affected tissue. Therefore, the administration of such concentrated compounds should be handled with care.},
  subject      = {Patulin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Brand2012,
  author    = {Brand, Susanne},
  title     = {Oxidativer Stress und DNA-Sch{\"a}den induziert durch das Peptidhormon Angiotensin II in vivo : Identifizierung des AT1-Rezeptors und reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies als urs{\"a}chliche Faktoren},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77573},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Das Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System (RAAS) reguliert den Blutdruck und den Wasser- und Elektrolythaushalt des K{\"o}rpers. Angiotensin II (Ang II), das aktive Peptid des RAAS, bewirkt eine Vasokonstriktion und in h{\"o}heren Konzentrationen Bluthochdruck. Epidemiologische Studien haben gezeigt, dass eine Verbindung zwischen Hypertonie und dem geh{\"a}uften Auftreten von Krebs besteht. Eine Metaanalyse von 13 Fall-Kontroll-Studien konnte einen Zusammenhang zwischen Hypertonie und einem erh{\"o}hten Risiko, an einem Nierenzellkarzinom zu erkranken nachweisen. In vitro-Studien und Studien an der isolierten Niere konnten bereits genotoxische Effekte des blutdruckregulierenden Hormons Ang II zeigen. Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit war es, zun{\"a}chst in vivo zu pr{\"u}fen, ob steigende Ang II-Konzentrationen einen Einfluss auf die genomische Stabilit{\"a}t von Nieren- und Herzzellen besitzen. Hierzu wurden im Dosisversuch m{\"a}nnliche C57BL/6-M{\"a}use mit osmotischen Minipumpen ausgestattet, die Ang II in vier verschiedenen Konzentrationen zwischen 60 ng/kg min und 1 µg/kg min {\"u}ber einen Zeitraum von 28 Tagen abgeben sollten. W{\"a}hrend des Versuchszeitraums fanden regelm{\"a}ßige, nicht-invasive Blutdruckmessungen an der Maus statt. Die Behandlung mit Ang II f{\"u}hrte zu einem signifikanten Anstieg des Blutdrucks und zu histopathologischen Ver{\"a}nderungen der Glomeruli und des Tubulussystems, was sich in einer verschlechterten Albumin-Ausscheidung wiederspiegelte. Außerdem induzierte die Behandlung mit Ang II die dosisabh{\"a}ngige Bildung von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies, DNA-Doppelstrangbr{\"u}chen und oxidativer DNA-Sch{\"a}den. Diese Parameter waren bereits in Tieren erh{\"o}ht, die keinen Bluthochdruck entwickelten und stiegen mit der h{\"o}chsten Ang II-Konzentration noch an, obwohl hier im Vergleich zur Vorg{\"a}ngergruppe, die eine geringere Ang II-Konzentration erhielt, kein h{\"o}herer Blutdruck vorlag. Diese Beobachtung deutet auf eine m{\"o}gliche Unabh{\"a}ngigkeit des entstandenen Schadens vom Bluthochdruck hin und lenkt die Aufmerksamkeit auf Ang II als genomsch{\"a}digenden Faktor. Der folgende Interventionsversuch sollte Aufschluss {\"u}ber die m{\"o}gliche blutdruckunabh{\"a}ngige genomsch{\"a}digende Wirkung von Ang II geben. Dazu wurden C57BL/6-M{\"a}use neben der Ang II-Behandlung in einer Konzentration von 600 ng/kg min zus{\"a}tzlich {\"u}ber einen Zeitraum von 28 Tagen mit 5 verschiedenen Substanzen behandelt: Candesartan, Ramipril, Hydralazin, Eplerenon und Tempol. Candesartan ist ein Ang II-Rezeptor-Antagonist, der selektiv den AT1-Rezeptor blockiert. Ramipril wirkt als Hemmer des Angiotensin-Konversions-Enzyms und verhindert die Bildung von endogenem Ang II aus Ang I. Hydralazin, als Vasodilatator, greift nicht in das Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System ein. Eplerenon blockiert als selektiver Aldosteronantagonist den Mineralkortikoidrezeptor. Tempol wirkt als Antioxidans. Die Behandlung mit Ang II in einer Konzentration von 600 ng/kg min im Interventionsversuch f{\"u}hrte zur Hochregulierung der NADPH-Oxidase 4 und zur Produktion reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies in der Niere und im kardiovaskul{\"a}ren Gewebe. Der entstandene oxidative Stress f{\"u}hrte wiederum zu DNA-Sch{\"a}den und einer Aktivierung der Transkriptionsfaktoren Nrf2 und NF-B. Nrf2-vermittelt wurde die Induktion antioxidativer Gene ausgel{\"o}st, was allerdings nicht ausreichend war, um vor Ang II-induzierten ROS und DNA-Sch{\"a}den zu sch{\"u}tzen. Eine l{\"a}ngerfristige NF-B-Aktivierung durch hohe Ang II-Spiegel kann das {\"U}berleben und die Proliferation von Zellen, die DNA-Sch{\"a}den in Form von Doppelstrangbr{\"u}chen tragen, f{\"o}rdern, was eine Tumor-initiierende Wirkung haben k{\"o}nnte. Die beschriebenen Effekte erh{\"o}hter Ang II-Spiegel konnten durch die Intervention mit dem AT1-Rezeptorblocker Candesartan verhindert werden, was die Beteiligung des Rezeptors nachweist. Eine blutdruckunabh{\"a}ngige, genomsch{\"a}digende Wirkung von Ang II konnte leider durch die Intervention mit Hydralazin nicht verdeutlicht werden, da die erw{\"u}nschte langfristige Blutdrucksenkung ausblieb. Allerdings zeigte die Intervention mit Tempol eine Abnahme an oxidativem Stress und DNA-Sch{\"a}den trotz ausbleibender Blutdrucksenkung. Die Bedeutung von ROS in der Bildung von DNA-Sch{\"a}den und die Unabh{\"a}ngigkeit dieser Sch{\"a}den vom Blutdruck konnten somit hervorgehoben werden. Die Tatsache, dass die Intervention mit Ramipril den Blutdruck nicht senken konnte, der oxidative Stress und die DNA-Sch{\"a}den durch m{\"o}gliche antioxidative Eigenschaften aber vermindert wurden, unterst{\"u}tzt diese Beobachtung. Die Intervention mit Eplerenon f{\"u}hrte zum Teil zu einer Verminderung an ROS und DNA-Sch{\"a}den, brachte diese Parameter aber nicht auf Kontrollniveau zur{\"u}ck. Somit ist eine Beteiligung von Aldosteron nicht auszuschließen.},
  subject      = {Oxidativer Stress},
  language  = {de}
}