@article{HofstetterOgunleyeKutschkeetal.2024, author = {Hofstetter, Julia and Ogunleye, Ayoola and Kutschke, Andr{\´e} and Buchholz, Lisa Marie and Wolf, Elmar and Raabe, Thomas and Gallant, Peter}, title = {Spt5 interacts genetically with Myc and is limiting for brain tumor growth in Drosophila}, series = {Life Science Alliance}, volume = {7}, journal = {Life Science Alliance}, number = {1}, issn = {2575-1077}, doi = {10.26508/lsa.202302130}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-350197}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The transcription factor SPT5 physically interacts with MYC oncoproteins and is essential for efficient transcriptional activation of MYC targets in cultured cells. Here, we use Drosophila to address the relevance of this interaction in a living organism. Spt5 displays moderate synergy with Myc in fast proliferating young imaginal disc cells. During later development, Spt5-knockdown has no detectable consequences on its own, but strongly enhances eye defects caused by Myc overexpression. Similarly, Spt5-knockdown in larval type 2 neuroblasts has only mild effects on brain development and survival of control flies, but dramatically shrinks the volumes of experimentally induced neuroblast tumors and significantly extends the lifespan of tumor-bearing animals. This beneficial effect is still observed when Spt5 is knocked down systemically and after tumor initiation, highlighting SPT5 as a potential drug target in human oncology.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pitsch2024, author = {Pitsch, Maximilian Jonathan}, title = {Zyklisches Adenosinmonophosphat (cAMP) als {\"A}quivalent akkumulierter neuronaler Evidenz}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-35129}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-351292}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Die vier Crz-Neurone des ventralen Nervensystems von Drosophila melanogaster sammeln Evidenz, wann im Rahmen eines Paarungsakts zirka 6 Minuten vergangen sind. Diese Entscheidung ist f{\"u}r die m{\"a}nnliche Fliege von Bedeutung, da das M{\"a}nnchen vor Ablauf dieser ~6 Minuten, welche den Zeitpunkt der Ejakulation darstellen, eher das eigene Leben opfern w{\"u}rde, als dass es die Paarung beenden w{\"u}rde. Nach Ablauf der ~6 Minuten f{\"a}llt die Motivation des M{\"a}nnchens dagegen dramatisch ab. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde zun{\"a}chst mittels optogenetischer neuronaler Inhibitionsprotokolle sowie Verhaltensanalysen das Ph{\"a}nomen der Evidenz-akkumulation in den Crz-Neuronen genauer charakterisiert. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die akkumulierte Evidenz auch w{\"a}hrend einer elektrischen Inhibition der Crz-Neurone persistierte. Dieses Ergebnis warf die Hypothese auf, dass das {\"A}quivalent der akkumulierten Evidenz in den Crz-Neuronen biochemischer Natur sein k{\"o}nnte. Es wurde daraufhin ein Hochdurchsatzscreening-Verfahren entwickelt, mittels dessen 1388 genetische Manipulationen der Crz-Neurone durchgef{\"u}hrt und auf eine {\"A}nderung der Evidenzakkumulation getestet wurden. Nur ~30 genetische Manipulationen zeigten eine ver{\"a}nderte Evidenzakkumulation, wobei die meisten dieser Manipulationen den cAMP-Signalweg betrafen. Mittels der optogenetischen Photoadenylatzyklase bPAC, einer Reihe weiterer genetischer Manipulationen des cAMP-Signalwegs sowie der ex vivo Kalzium-Bildgebung und Fluoreszenzlebensdauer-Mikroskopie konnte best{\"a}tigt werden, dass cAMP das {\"A}quivalent der in den Crz-Neuronen spannungsabh{\"a}ngig akkumulierten Evidenz darstellt, wobei die Kombination dieser Methoden nahelegte, dass der Schwellenwert der Evidenzakkumulation durch die cAMP-Bindungsaffinit{\"a}t der regulatorischen PKA-Untereinheiten festgelegt sein k{\"o}nnte. Mittels genetischer Mosaikexperimente sowie bildgebenden Verfahren konnte dar{\"u}ber hinaus gezeigt werden, dass innerhalb des Crz-Netzwerks eine positive R{\"u}ckkopplungsschleife aus rekurrenter Aktivit{\"a}t sowie der cAMP-Akkumulation besteht, welche, sobald die cAMP-Spiegel den Schwellenwert erreichen, zu einem netzwerkweit synchronisierten massiven Kalziumeinstrom f{\"u}hrt, was die Abgabe des Crz-Signals an nachgeschaltete Netzwerke triggert. Dieses Ph{\"a}nomen k{\"o}nnte ein Analogon des Aktionspotenzials auf Netzwerkebene sowie auf Intervallzeitskalen darstellen und wurde als „Eruption" bezeichnet. Genetische, optogenetische sowie Bildgebungsexperimente konnten zeigen, dass die CaMKII derartige Eruptionen durch Niedrighalten der cAMP-Spiegel unterdr{\"u}ckt, was den Zeitmessmechanismus des ersten beschriebenen Intervallzeitmessers CaMKII offenlegt.}, subject = {Evidenz}, language = {de} } @article{PuetzKramRauhetal.2021, author = {P{\"u}tz, Stephanie M. and Kram, Jette and Rauh, Elisa and Kaiser, Sophie and Toews, Romy and Lueningschroer-Wang, Yi and Rieger, Dirk and Raabe, Thomas}, title = {Loss of p21-activated kinase Mbt/PAK4 causes Parkinson-like symptoms in Drosophila}, series = {Disease Models \& Mechanisms}, volume = {14}, journal = {Disease Models \& Mechanisms}, number = {6}, doi = {10.1242/dmm.047811}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259222}, pages = {dmm047811}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Parkinson's disease (PD) provokes bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity and postural instability, and also non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, sleep and cognitive impairments. Similar phenotypes can be induced in Drosophila melanogaster through modification of PD-relevant genes or the administration of PD inducing toxins. Recent studies correlated deregulation of human p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) with PD, leaving open the question of a causative relationship of mutations in this gene for manifestation of PD symptoms. To determine whether flies lacking the PAK4 homolog Mushroom bodies tiny (Mbt) show PD-like phenotypes, we tested for a variety of PD criteria. Here, we demonstrate that mbt mutant flies show PD-like phenotypes including age-dependent movement deficits, reduced life expectancy and fragmented sleep. They also react to a stressful situation with higher immobility, indicating an influence of Mbt on emotional behavior. Loss of Mbt function has a negative effect on the number of dopaminergic protocerebral anterior medial (PAM) neurons, most likely caused by a proliferation defect of neural progenitors. The age-dependent movement deficits are not accompanied by a corresponding further loss of PAM neurons. Previous studies highlighted the importance of a small PAM subgroup for age-dependent PD motor impairments. We show that impaired motor skills are caused by a lack of Mbt in this PAM subgroup. In addition, a broader re-expression of Mbt in PAM neurons improves life expectancy. Conversely, selective Mbt knockout in the same cells shortens lifespan. We conclude that mutations in Mbt/PAK4 can play a causative role in the development of PD phenotypes.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schaebler2022, author = {Sch{\"a}bler, Stefan}, title = {Charakterisierung des circadianen Drosophila Metaboloms unter Zuhilfenahme massenspektrometrischer Methoden}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-25190}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251908}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Die F{\"a}higkeit sich an die Rotation der Erde und den daraus resultierenden Tag- und Nacht-Rhythmus anzupassen, basiert auf einer komplexen Regulation verschiedener physiologischer Prozesse. Auf molekularer Ebene liegt diesen Prozessen eine Orchestration von Uhr-Genen zugrunde - auch als innere Uhr bezeichnet - die einen aktivierenden bzw. reprimierenden Einfluss auf die Expression einer Vielzahl weiterer Gene hat. Ausgehend von dieser Regulation lassen sich auf unterschiedlichsten Ebenen tageszeitabh{\"a}ngige, wiederkehrende Rhythmen beobachten. W{\"a}hrend diese wiederkehrenden Rhythmen auf einigen Ebenen bereits gut erforscht und beschrieben sind, gibt es weitere Ebenen wie den Metabolismus, {\"u}ber die das Wissen bisher noch begrenzt ist. So handelt es sich bei Drosophila beispielsweise um den Organismus, dessen innere Uhr auf molekularer Ebene wahrscheinlich mit am besten charakterisiert ist. Dennoch ist bisher nur wenig {\"u}ber Stoffklassen bekannt, deren Metabolismus durch die innere Uhr kontrolliert wird. Zwar konnte bereits gezeigt werden, dass sich eine gest{\"o}rte innere Uhr auf die Anlage der Energiespeicher auswirkt, inwiefern dies allerdings einen Einfluss auf dem intermedi{\"a}ren Stoffwechsel hat, blieb bisher weitgehend unerforscht. Auch die Frage, welche Metaboliten wiederkehrende, tageszeitabh{\"a}ngige Rhythmen aufweisen, wurde bisher nur f{\"u}r eine begrenzte Anzahl Metaboliten untersucht. Bei der hier durchgef{\"u}hrten Arbeit wurden deshalb zun{\"a}chst die globalen Metabolit-Profile von Fliegen mit einer auf molekularer Ebene gest{\"o}rten inneren Uhr (per01) mit Fliegen, die {\"u}ber eine funktionale Uhr verf{\"u}gen (CantonS), zu zwei Zeitpunkten verglichen. Um die Anzahl der zeitgleich untersuchten Gewebe und somit die Komplexit{\"a}t der Probe zu reduzieren, wurden hierf{\"u}r die K{\"o}pfe von den K{\"o}rpern der Fliegen getrennt und separat analysiert. Beide K{\"o}rperteile wurden sowohl auf kleine hydrophile als auch auf hydrophobe Metaboliten hin mittels UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS untersucht. Die anschließend durchgef{\"u}hrte, statistische Analyse brachte hervor, dass sich Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Fliegenlinien besonders in den Spiegeln der essentiellen Aminos{\"a}uren, den Kynureninen, den Pterinaten sowie den Spiegeln der Glycero(phospho)lipiden und Fetts{\"a}ureester zeigten. Bei den Lipiden zeigte sich, dass die Auswirkungen weniger ausgepr{\"a}gt f{\"u}r die Anlage der Speicher- und Strukturlipide als f{\"u}r die Intermediate des Lipidabbaus, die Diacylglycerole (DAGs) sowie die Acylcarnitine (ACs), waren. Um zu best{\"a}tigen, dass die inneren Uhr tats{\"a}chlich einen regulatorischen Einfluss auf die ausgemachten Stoffwechselwege hat, wurden anschließend die Spiegel aller Mitglieder darauf hin untersucht, ob diese wiederkehrende, tageszeitabh{\"a}ngige Schwankungen aufweisen. Hierf{\"u}r wurden Proben alle zwei Stunden {\"u}ber drei aufeinanderfolgende Tage genommen und analysiert, bevor mittels JTK_CYCLE eine statistische Analyse der Daten durchgef{\"u}hrt und die Metaboliten herausgefiltert wurden, die ein rhythmisches Verhalten bei einer Periodenl{\"a}nge von 24h zeigten. Hierbei best{\"a}tigte sich, dass besonders die Mitglieder des intermedi{\"a}ren Lipidmetablismus hiervon betroffen waren. So konnten zwar auch f{\"u}r einige Aminos{\"a}uren robuste Rhythmen ausgemacht werden, besonders ausgepr{\"a}gt waren diese jedoch erneut bei den DAGs und den ACs. Die abschließende Untersuchung letzterer unter Freilaufbedingungen (DD) sowie in per01 brachte hervor, dass die ausgemachten Rhythmen unter diesen Bedingungen entweder nicht mehr detektiert werden konnten oder deutlich abgeschw{\"a}cht vorlagen. Lediglich zwei kurzkettige ACs zeigten auch unter DD-Bedingungen statistisch signifikante Rhythmen in ihren Spiegeln. Dies spricht daf{\"u}r, dass neben der Regulation durch die innere Uhr weitere Faktoren, wie beispielsweise das Licht, eine entscheidende Rolle zu spielen scheinen.}, subject = {Drosophila}, language = {de} } @article{SenthilanHelfrichFoerster2016, author = {Senthilan, Pingkalai R. and Helfrich-F{\"o}rster, Charlotte}, title = {Rhodopsin 7-The unusual Rhodopsin in Drosophila}, series = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, journal = {PeerJ}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.2427}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177998}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Rhodopsins are the major photopigments in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila express six well-characterized Rhodopsins (Rh1-Rh6) with distinct absorption maxima and expression pattern. In 2000, when the Drosophila genome was published, a novel Rhodopsin gene was discovered: Rhodopsin 7 (Rh7). Rh7 is highly conserved among the Drosophila genus and is also found in other arthropods. Phylogenetic trees based on protein sequences suggest that the seven Drosophila Rhodopsins cluster in three different groups. While Rh1, Rh2 and Rh6 form a "vertebrate-melanopsin-type"-cluster, and Rh3, Rh4 and Rh5 form an "insect-type"-Rhodopsin cluster, Rh7 seem to form its own cluster. Although Rh7 has nearly all important features of a functional Rhodopsin, it differs from other Rhodopsins in its genomic and structural properties, suggesting it might have an overall different role than other known Rhodopsins.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dannhaeuser2021, author = {Dannh{\"a}user, Sven}, title = {Function of the Drosophila adhesion-GPCR Latrophilin/CIRL in nociception and neuropathy}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-20158}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201580}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Touch sensation is the ability to perceive mechanical cues which is required for essential behaviors. These encompass the avoidance of tissue damage, environmental perception, and social interaction but also proprioception and hearing. Therefore research on receptors that convert mechanical stimuli into electrical signals in sensory neurons remains a topical research focus. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for mechano-metabotropic signal transduction are largely unknown, despite the vital role of mechanosensation in all corners of physiology. Being a large family with over 30 mammalian members, adhesion-type G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) operate in a vast range of physiological processes. Correspondingly, diverse human diseases, such as developmental disorders, defects of the nervous system, allergies and cancer are associated with these receptor family. Several aGPCRs have recently been linked to mechanosensitive functions suggesting, that processing of mechanical stimuli may be a common feature of this receptor family - not only in classical mechanosensory structures. This project employed Drosophila melanogaster as the candidate to analyze the aGPCR Latrophilin/dCIRL function in mechanical nociception in vivo. To this end, we focused on larval sensory neurons and investigated molecular mechanisms of dCIRL activity using noxious mechanical stimuli in combination with optogenetic tools to manipulate second messenger pathways. In addition, we made use of a neuropathy model to test for an involvement of aGPCR signaling in the malfunctioning peripheral nervous system. To do so, this study investigated and characterized nocifensive behavior in dCirl null mutants (dCirlKO) and employed genetically targeted RNA-interference (RNAi) to cell-specifically manipulate nociceptive function. The results revealed that dCirl is transcribed in type II class IV peripheral sensory neurons - a cell type that is structurally similar to mammalian nociceptors and detects different nociceptive sensory modalities. Furthermore, dCirlKO larvae showed increased nocifensive behavior which can be rescued in cell specific reexpression experiments. Expression of bPAC (bacterial photoactivatable adenylate cyclase) in these nociceptive neurons enabled us to investigate an intracellular signaling cascade of dCIRL function provoked by light-induced elevation of cAMP. Here, the findings demonstrated that dCIRL operates as a down-regulator of nocifensive behavior by modulating nociceptive neurons. Given the clinical relevance of this results, dCirl function was tested in a chemically induced neuropathy model where it was shown that cell specific overexpression of dCirl rescued nocifensive behavior but not nociceptor morphology.}, subject = {Drosophila}, language = {en} } @article{CateGajendraAlsburyetal.2016, author = {Cate, Marie-Sophie and Gajendra, Sangeetha and Alsbury, Samantha and Raabe, Thomas and Tear, Guy and Mitchell, Kevin J.}, title = {Mushroom body defect is required in parallel to Netrin for midline axon guidance in Drosophila}, series = {Development}, volume = {143}, journal = {Development}, number = {6}, doi = {10.1242/dev.129684}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189770}, pages = {972-977}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The outgrowth of many neurons within the central nervous system is initially directed towards or away from the cells lying at the midline. Recent genetic evidence suggests that a simple model of differential sensitivity to the conserved Netrin attractants and Slit repellents is insufficient to explain the guidance of all axons at the midline. In the Drosophila embryonic ventral nerve cord, many axons still cross the midline in the absence of the Netrin genes (NetA and NetB) or their receptor frazzled. Here we show that mutation of mushroom body defect (mud) dramatically enhances the phenotype of Netrin or frazzled mutants, resulting in many more axons failing to cross the midline, although mutations in mud alone have little effect. This suggests that mud, which encodes a microtubule-binding coiled-coil protein homologous to NuMA and LIN-5, is an essential component of a Netrin-independent pathway that acts in parallel to promote midline crossing. We demonstrate that this novel role of Mud in axon guidance is independent of its previously described role in neural precursor development. These studies identify a parallel pathway controlling midline guidance in Drosophila and highlight a novel role for Mud potentially acting downstream of Frizzled to aid axon guidance.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{HornneeBunz2020, author = {Horn [n{\´e}e Bunz], Melanie}, title = {The impact of Drosophila melanogaster`s endogenous clock on fitness: Influence of day length, humidity and food composition}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-21141}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211415}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We are living in a system that underlies permanent environmental changes due to the rotation of our planet. These changes are rhythmic with the most prominent one having a period of about 24 hours, but also shorter and longer rhythms characterize our environment. To cope with the ever-changing environmental conditions, it is thought to be beneficial if an organism can track and anticipate these changes. The so called endogenous clocks enable this and might provide a fitness advantage. To investigate and unravel the mechanism of endogenous clocks Chronobiologists have used different model organisms. In this thesis Drosophila melanogaster was used as model organism with its about 150 clock neurons representing the main endogenous clock of the fly in the central brain. The molecular mechanisms and the interlocked feedback loops with the main circadian key players like period, timeless, clock or cycle are under investigation since the 1970s and are characterized quite well so far. But the impact of a functional endogenous clock in combination with diverse factors and the resulting fitness advantages were analysed in only a few studies and remains for the most part unknown. Therefore the aim of this thesis was to unravel the impact of Drosophila melanogaster`s endogenous clock on the fitness of the fly. To achieve this goal different factors - like day length, humidity and food composition - were analyzed in wild type CS and three different period mutants, namely perL, perS and per01, that carry a point mutation altering or abolishing the free-running period of the fruit fly as well as a second arrhythmic strain, clkAR. In competition assay experiments wild type and clock mutant flies competed for up to 63 generations under a normal 24 hour rhythm with 12 hours light/day and 12 hours darkness/night (LD12:12) or T-cycles with 19 or 29 hours, according to the mutants free-running period, or constant light (LL) in case of the arrhythmic mutant as well as under natural-like outdoor conditions in two consecutive years. Overall the wild type CS strain was outcompeting the clock mutant strains independent of the environmental conditions. As the perL fly strain elongated their free-running period, the competition experiments were repeated with naturally cantonized new fly strains. With these experiments it could be shown that the genetic background of the fly strains - which are kept for decades in the lab, with backcrosses every few years - is very important and influences the fitness of flies. But also the day length impacts the fitness of the flies, enabling them to persist in higher percentage in a population under competition. Further factors that might influence the survival in a competing population were investigated, like e.g. mating preferences and locomotor activity of homo- and heterozygous females or sperm number of males transferred per mating. But these factors can still not explain the results in total and play no or only minor roles and show the complexity of the whole system with still unknown characteristics. Furthermore populations of flies were recorded to see if the flies exhibit a common locomotor activity pattern or not and indeed a population activity pattern could be recorded for the first time and social contact as a Zeitgeber could be verified for Drosophila melanogaster. In addition humidity and its impact on the flies´ fitness as well as a potential Zeitgeber was examined in this thesis. The flies experienced different relative humidities for eclosion and wing expansion and humidity cycle phase shifting experiments were performed to address these two different questions of fitness impact and potential Zeitgeber. The fruit fly usually ecloses in the morning hours when the relative humidity is quite high and the general assumption was that they do so to prevent desiccation. The results of this thesis were quite clear and demonstrate that the relative humidity has no great effect on the fitness of the flies according to successful eclosion or wing expansion and that temperature might be the more important factor. In the humidity cycle phase shifting experiments it could be revealed that relative humidity cannot act as a Zeitgeber for Drosophila melanogaster, but it influences and therefore masks the activity of flies by allowing or surpressing activity at specific relative humidity values. As final experiments the lifespan of wild type and clock mutant flies was investigated under different day length and with different food qualities to unravel the impact of these factors on the fitness and therefore survival of the flies on the long run. As expected the flies with nutrient-poor minimum medium died earlier than on the nutrient-rich maximum medium, but a small effect of day length could also be seen with flies living slightly longer when they experience environmental day length conditions resembling their free-running period. The experiments also showed a fitness advantage of the wild type fly strain against the clock mutant strains for long term, but not short term (about the first 2-3 weeks). As a conclusion it can be said that genetic variation is important to be able to adapt to changing environmental conditions and to optimize fitness and therefore survival. Having a functional endogenous clock with a free-running period of about 24 hours provides fitness advantages for the fruit fly, at least under competition. The whole system is very complex and many factors - known and unknown ones - play a role in this system by interacting on different levels, e.g. physiology, metabolism and/or behavior.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @article{VazeHelfrichFoerster2016, author = {Vaze, Koustubh M. and Helfrich-F{\"o}rster, Charlotte}, title = {Drosophila ezoana uses an hour-glass or highly damped circadian clock for measuring night length and inducing diapause}, series = {Physiological Entomology}, volume = {41}, journal = {Physiological Entomology}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1111/phen.12165}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-204278}, pages = {378-389}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Insects inhabiting the temperate zones measure seasonal changes in day or night length to enter the overwintering diapause. Diapause induction occurs after the duration of the night exceeds a critical night length (CNL). Our understanding of the time measurement mechanisms is continuously evolving subsequent to B{\"u}nning's proposal that circadian systems play the clock role in photoperiodic time measurement (B{\"u}nning, 1936). Initially, the photoperiodic clocks were considered to be either based on circadian oscillators or on simple hour-glasses, depending on 'positive' or 'negative' responses in Nanda-Hamner and B{\"u}nsow experiments (Nanda \& Hammer, 1958; B{\"u}nsow, 1960). However, there are also species whose responses can be regarded as neither 'positive', nor as 'negative', such as the Northern Drosophila species Drosophila ezoana, which is investigated in the present study. In addition, modelling efforts show that the 'positive' and 'negative' Nanda-Hamner responses can also be provoked by circadian oscillators that are damped to different degrees: animals with highly sustained circadian clocks will respond 'positive' and those with heavily damped circadian clocks will respond 'negative'. In the present study, an experimental assay is proposed that characterizes the photoperiodic oscillators by determining the effects of non-24-h light/dark cycles (T-cycles) on critical night length. It is predicted that there is (i) a change in the critical night length as a function of T-cycle period in sustained-oscillator-based clocks and (ii) a fxed night-length measurement (i.e. no change in critical night length) in damped-oscillator-based clocks. Drosophila ezoana flies show a critical night length of approximately 7 h irrespective of T-cycle period, suggesting a damped-oscillator-based photoperiodic clock. The conclusion is strengthened by activity recordings revealing that the activity rhythm of D. ezoana flies also dampens in constant darkness.}, language = {en} } @article{Puetz2019, author = {P{\"u}tz, Stephanie M.}, title = {Mbt/PAK4 together with SRC modulates N-Cadherin adherens junctions in the developing Drosophila eye}, series = {Biology Open}, volume = {8}, journal = {Biology Open}, doi = {10.1242/bio.038406}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200898}, pages = {bio038406}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Tissue morphogenesis is accompanied by changes of adherens junctions (AJ). During Drosophila eye development, AJ reorganization includes the formation of isolated N-Cadherin AJ between photoreceptors R3/R4. Little is known about how these N-Cadherin AJ are established and maintained. This study focuses on the kinases Mbt/PAK4 and SRC, both known to alter E-Cadherin AJ across phyla. Drosophila p21-activated kinase Mbt and the non-receptor tyrosine kinases Src64 and Src42 regulate proper N-Cadherin AJ. N-Cadherin AJ elongation depends on SRC kinase activity. Cell culture experiments demonstrate binding of both Drosophila SRC isoforms to N-Cadherin and its subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation. In contrast, Mbt stabilizes but does not bind N-Cadherin in vitro. Mbt is required in R3/R4 for zipping the N-Cadherin AJ between these cells, independent of its kinase activity and Cdc42-binding. The mbt phenotype can be reverted by mutations in Src64 and Src42. Because Mbt neither directly binds to SRC proteins nor has a reproducible influence on their kinase activity, the conclusion is that Mbt and SRC signaling converge on N-Cadherin. N-Cadherin AJ formation during eye development requires a proper balance between the promoting effects of Mbt and the inhibiting influences of SRC kinases.}, language = {en} } @article{SelchoMillanPalaciosMunozetal.2017, author = {Selcho, Mareike and Mill{\´a}n, Carola and Palacios-Mu{\~n}oz, Angelina and Ruf, Franziska and Ubillo, Lilian and Chen, Jiangtian and Bergmann, Gregor and Ito, Chihiro and Silva, Valeria and Wegener, Christian and Ewer, John}, title = {Central and peripheral clocks are coupled by a neuropeptide pathway in Drosophila}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {8}, journal = {Nature Communications}, number = {15563}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms15563}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170831}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Animal circadian clocks consist of central and peripheral pacemakers, which are coordinated to produce daily rhythms in physiology and behaviour. Despite its importance for optimal performance and health, the mechanism of clock coordination is poorly understood. Here we dissect the pathway through which the circadian clock of Drosophila imposes daily rhythmicity to the pattern of adult emergence. Rhythmicity depends on the coupling between the brain clock and a peripheral clock in the prothoracic gland (PG), which produces the steroid hormone, ecdysone. Time information from the central clock is transmitted via the neuropeptide, sNPF, to non-clock neurons that produce the neuropeptide, PTTH. These secretory neurons then forward time information to the PG clock. We also show that the central clock exerts a dominant role on the peripheral clock. This use of two coupled clocks could serve as a paradigm to understand how daily steroid hormone rhythms are generated in animals.}, language = {en} } @article{ChenMishraGlaessetal.2017, author = {Chen, Yi-chun and Mishra, Dushyant and Gl{\"a}ß, Sebastian and Gerber, Bertram}, title = {Behavioral Evidence for Enhanced Processing of the Minor Component of Binary Odor Mixtures in Larval Drosophila}, series = {Frontiers in Psychology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, number = {1923}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01923}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170011}, year = {2017}, abstract = {A fundamental problem in deciding between mutually exclusive options is that the decision needs to be categorical although the properties of the options often differ but in grade. We developed an experimental handle to study this aspect of behavior organization. Larval Drosophila were trained such that in one set of animals odor A was rewarded, but odor B was not (A+/B), whereas a second set of animals was trained reciprocally (A/B+). We then measured the preference of the larvae either for A, or for B, or for "morphed" mixtures of A and B, that is for mixtures differing in the ratio of the two components. As expected, the larvae showed higher preference when only the previously rewarded odor was presented than when only the previously unrewarded odor was presented. For mixtures of A and B that differed in the ratio of the two components, the major component dominated preference behavior—but it dominated less than expected from a linear relationship between mixture ratio and preference behavior. This suggests that a minor component can have an enhanced impact in a mixture, relative to such a linear expectation. The current paradigm may prove useful in understanding how nervous systems generate discrete outputs in the face of inputs that differ only gradually.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Lyutova2019, author = {Lyutova, Radostina}, title = {Functional dissection of recurrent feedback signaling within the mushroom body network of the Drosophila larva}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-18728}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-187281}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Behavioral adaptation to environmental changes is crucial for animals' survival. The prediction of the outcome of one owns action, like finding reward or avoiding punishment, requires recollection of past experiences and comparison with current situation, and adjustment of behavioral responses. The process of memory acquisition is called learning, and the Drosophila larva came up to be an excellent model organism for studying the neural mechanisms of memory formation. In Drosophila, associative memories are formed, stored and expressed in the mushroom bodies. In the last years, great progress has been made in uncovering the anatomical architecture of these brain structures, however there is still a lack of knowledge about the functional connectivity. Dopamine plays essential roles in learning processes, as dopaminergic neurons mediate information about the presence of rewarding and punishing stimuli to the mushroom bodies. In the following work, the function of a newly identified anatomical connection from the mushroom bodies to rewarding dopaminergic neurons was dissected. A recurrent feedback signaling within the neuronal network was analyzed by simultaneous genetic manipulation of the mushroom body Kenyon cells and dopaminergic neurons from the primary protocerebral anterior (pPAM) cluster, and learning assays were performed in order to unravel the impact of the Kenyon cells-to-pPAM neurons feedback loop on larval memory formation. In a substitution learning assay, simultaneous odor exposure paired with optogenetic activation of Kenyon cells in fruit fly larvae in absence of a rewarding stimulus resulted in formation of an appetitive memory, whereas no learning behavior was observed when pPAM neurons were ablated in addition to the KC activation. I argue that the activation of Kenyon cells may induce an internal signal that mimics reward exposure by feedback activation of the rewarding dopaminergic neurons. My data further suggests that the Kenyon cells-to-pPAM communication relies on peptidergic signaling via short neuropeptide F and underlies memory stabilization.}, subject = {Lernen}, language = {en} } @article{WidmannArtingerBiesingeretal.2016, author = {Widmann, Annekathrin and Artinger, Marc and Biesinger, Lukas and Boepple, Kathrin and Peters, Christina and Schlechter, Jana and Selcho, Mareike and Thum, Andreas S.}, title = {Genetic Dissection of Aversive Associative Olfactory Learning and Memory in Drosophila Larvae}, series = {PLoS Genetics}, volume = {12}, journal = {PLoS Genetics}, number = {10}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1006378}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166672}, pages = {e1006378}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Memory formation is a highly complex and dynamic process. It consists of different phases, which depend on various neuronal and molecular mechanisms. In adult Drosophila it was shown that memory formation after aversive Pavlovian conditioning includes—besides other forms—a labile short-term component that consolidates within hours to a longer-lasting memory. Accordingly, memory formation requires the timely controlled action of different neuronal circuits, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and molecules that were initially identified by classical forward genetic approaches. Compared to adult Drosophila, memory formation was only sporadically analyzed at its larval stage. Here we deconstruct the larval mnemonic organization after aversive olfactory conditioning. We show that after odor-high salt conditioning larvae form two parallel memory phases; a short lasting component that depends on cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and synapsin gene function. In addition, we show for the first time for Drosophila larvae an anesthesia resistant component, which relies on radish and bruchpilot gene function, protein kinase C activity, requires presynaptic output of mushroom body Kenyon cells and dopamine function. Given the numerical simplicity of the larval nervous system this work offers a unique prospect for studying memory formation of defined specifications, at full-brain scope with single-cell, and single-synapse resolution.}, language = {en} } @article{BeckEhmannAndlaueretal.2015, author = {Beck, Katherina and Ehmann, Nadine and Andlauer, Till F. M. and Ljaschenko, Dmitrij and Strecker, Katrin and Fischer, Matthias and Kittel, Robert J. and Raabe, Thomas}, title = {Loss of the Coffin-Lowry syndrome-associated gene RSK2 alters ERK activity, synaptic function and axonal transport in Drosophila motoneurons}, series = {Disease Models \& Mechanisms}, volume = {8}, journal = {Disease Models \& Mechanisms}, doi = {10.1242/dmm.021246}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145185}, pages = {1389-1400}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Plastic changes in synaptic properties are considered as fundamental for adaptive behaviors. Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated signaling has been implicated in regulation of synaptic plasticity. Ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) acts as a regulator and downstream effector of ERK. In the brain, RSK2 is predominantly expressed in regions required for learning and memory. Loss-of-function mutations in human RSK2 cause Coffin-Lowry syndrome, which is characterized by severe mental retardation and low IQ scores in affected males. Knockout of RSK2 in mice or the RSK ortholog in Drosophila results in a variety of learning and memory defects. However, overall brain structure in these animals is not affected, leaving open the question of the pathophysiological consequences. Using the fly neuromuscular system as a model for excitatory glutamatergic synapses, we show that removal of RSK function causes distinct defects in motoneurons and at the neuromuscular junction. Based on histochemical and electrophysiological analyses, we conclude that RSK is required for normal synaptic morphology and function. Furthermore, loss of RSK function interferes with ERK signaling at different levels. Elevated ERK activity was evident in the somata of motoneurons, whereas decreased ERK activity was observed in axons and the presynapse. In addition, we uncovered a novel function of RSK in anterograde axonal transport. Our results emphasize the importance of fine-tuning ERK activity in neuronal processes underlying higher brain functions. In this context, RSK acts as a modulator of ERK signaling.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Toepfer2018, author = {Toepfer, Franziska Helene}, title = {Component selectivity and multistability in a \(Drosophila\) orientation paradigm using incoherent motion stimuli}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-153346}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Visual information is essential for Drosophila to navigate its environment. The visual system of the fly has been studied for many decades and has yielded many insights about vision in general. However, visual information can be ambiguous and the system processing it needs to be able to cope with that. In this study, the visual orientation behavior of Drosophila is challenged by panoramic incoherent motion stimuli to which the fly can respond in three different, equally adaptive ways. The study is conducted in a well-established setup, the so-called flight simulator (Heisenberg and Wolf, 1993), where the fly can control its visual surroundings in stationary flight with its yaw torque, which is simultaneously recorded. The fly can either use one of two incoherently moving panorama patterns or the integrated motion of both as its reference for straight flight. It is observed that flies use all three of these behavioral alternatives for orientation. Previous models of fly motion vision do not predict a bimodal tuning to incoherent wide-field motion stimuli (Joesch et al., 2008, Borst et al., 1995), however, a recent study on blowflies could suggests that they show component selectivity to the individual moving gratings in a compound plaid stimulus (Saleem et al., 2012). Here, it can be shown that the same bimodal tuning manifests in Drosophila, although the stimuli used are different and most of the experiments are conducted in closed loop. It is found that the extent to which the Drosophila expresses this component selectivity in its orientation behavior, i.e. how often it stabilizes a single panorama pattern instead of the integrated motion of both, depends on two properties of the panorama stimuli, pattern contrast and horizontal pattern element distance. Single pattern stabilization decreases with increasing contrast and increasing pattern element distance. In the latter case, it increases again when there are very few horizontal pattern elements, although that appears to be the result of a lack of rivalry between the patterns due to the low number of pattern elements. Both increased pattern contrast and pattern element distance increase the salience of the single pattern elements. A single element in a compound visual stimulus, like a dot within a dot pattern, can be interpreted as a standalone figure or a part of a bigger unit. Previous studies on Drosophila vision have concentrated on how the fly discriminates a figure from the background (Heisenberg and Wolf, 1984, Bahl et al., 2013, Aptekar et al., 2012), but have hardly touched the question of what qualifies a figure or a background (i.e. a panorama) stimulus as such. In the present study, it is observed that, when exposed to incoherent panoramic motion stimuli, the flies prefer to orient themselves towards the average of the two motions when the panorama stimuli possess strong figure features and towards the single patterns when they do not and single pattern elements are therefore less salient. The above-mentioned plaid stimuli are a well-known multistable percept in human psychophysics. Multistability is a property of higher visual systems and considered an indicator of endogenous activity in vision. As Drosophila expresses behavioral multistability in the IPMP, it is evaluated in this respect. The results show several parallels to human multistable perception. For one, the frequency and duration with which a behavior occurs, can be influenced, but the occurrence of the behaviors is non-deterministic and not coupled to the stimulus. It can also be shown that the switches between behaviors do not stem from a rivalry of the two visual hemispheres of the fly, although monocularity does also influence the likelihood with which the behaviors occur. Secondly, like in human perceptual rivalry, individual flies exhibit strong idiosyncrasies regarding the overall durations they spend with the different behaviors and the frequencies with which they switch between them. Finally, the distribution of the durations between the behavioral switches can be fit to the same function as the distribution of percept durations in human multistable perception, the gamma function, although it has a different shape and therefore also differing parameters. The Drosophila mutant radish, which has been shown to have attention-like deficits (van Swinderen and Brembs, 2010, Koenig et al., 2016a), does also express an altered behavior in the IPMP compared to wildtype flies. As these behavioral alterations resemble effects on multistable perception found in humans suffering from ADHD (Amador-Campos et al., 2015) and perceptual multistability is generally considered to be closely related to attention (Leopold and Logothetis, 1999), attentional processes are also very likely to play a role in the flies' behavior in the IPMP. In conclusion, the visual system of Drosophila is capable disentangle incoherent motion stimuli even if they overlap and cover the entire visual field, i.e. it shows component selectivity of wide-field motion. Whether it uses a single wide-field motion component or the average of two as its reference for straight flight depends on pattern contrast and horizontal pattern element density, which indicates an involvement of a figure-background rivalry. This rivalry and the one between the two wide-field motion components elicit a multistability in the orientation behavior of the fly the temporal dynamics of which partially resemble the temporal dynamics of human multistable perception and which also suggests the involvement of attentional processes.}, subject = {Drosophila}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Chen2018, author = {Chen, Jiangtian}, title = {Functions of allatostatin A (AstA) and myoinhibitory peptides (MIPs) in the regulation of food intake and sleep in Drosophila}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156838}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Neuropeptides and peptide hormones carrying neural or physiological information are intercellular signalling substances. They control most if not all biological processes in vertebrates and invertebrates by acting on specific receptors on the target cell. In mammals, many different neuropeptides and peptide hormones are involved in the regulation of feeding and sleep. In \textit{Drosophila}, allatostatin A (AstA) and myoinhibitory peptides (MIPs) are brain-gut peptides. The AstA receptors are homologues of the mammalian galanin receptors and the amino acid sequences of MIPs are similar to a part of galanin, which has an orexigenic effect and is implicated in the control of sleep behaviour in mammals. I am interested in dissecting pleiotropic functions of AstA and MIPs in the regulation of food intake and sleep in \textit{Drosophila}. \par In the first part of the dissertation the roles of brain-gut peptide allatostatin A are analysed. Due to the genetic and molecular tools available, the fruit fly \textit{Drosophila melanogaster} is chosen to investigate functions of AstA. The aims in this part are to identify pleiotropic functions of AstA and assign specific effects to the activity of certain subsets of AstA expressing cells in \textit{Drosophila} adults. A new and restricted \textit{AstA\textsuperscript{34}-Gal4} line was generated. The confocal imaging result showed that AstA neurons are located in the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP), the gnathal ganglia (GNG), the medullae, and thoracic-abdominal ganglion (TAG). AstA producing DLAa neurons in the TAG innervate hindgut and the poterior part of midgut. In addition, AstA are detected in the enteroendocrine cells (EECs).\par Thermogenetic activation and neurogenetic silencing tools with the aid of the \textit{UAS/Gal4} system were employed to manipulate the activity of all or individual subsets of AstA cells and investigate the effects on food intake, locomotor activity and sleep. Our experimental results showed that thermogenetic activation of two pairs of PLP neurons and/or AstA expressing EECs reduced food intake, which can be traced to AstA signalling by using \textit{AstA} mutants. In the locomotor activity, thermogenetic activation of two pairs of PLP neurons and/or AstA expressing EECs resulted in strongly inhibited locomotor activity and promoted sleep without sexual difference, which was most apparent during the morning and evening activity peaks. The experimental and control flies were not impaired in climbing ability. In contrast, conditional silencing of the PLP neurons and/or AstA expressing EECs reduced sleep specifically in the siesta. The arousal experiment was employed to test for the sleep intensity. Thermogenetically activated flies walked significantly slower and a shorter distance than controls for all arousal stimulus intensities. Furthermore, PDF receptor was detected in the PLP neurons and the PLP neurons reacted with an intracellular increase of cAMP upon PDF, only when PDF receptor was present. Constitutive activation of AstA cells by tethered PDF increased sleep and thermogenetic activation of the PDF producing sLNvs promoted sleep specifically in the morning and evening. \par The study shows that the PLP neurons and/or EECs vis AstA signalling subserve an anorexigenic and sleep-regulating function in \textit{Drosophila}. The PLP neurons arborise in the posterior superior protocerebrum, where the sleep relevant dopaminergic neurons are located, and EECs extend themselves to reach the gut lumen. Thus, the PLP neurons are well positioned to regulate sleep and EECs potentially modulate feeding and possibly locomotor activity and sleep during sending the nutritional information from the gut to the brain. The results of imaging, activation of the PDF signalling pathway by tethered PDF and thermoactivation of PDF expressing sLNvs suggest that the PLP neurons are modulated by PDF from sLNv clock neurons and AstA in PLP neurons is the downstream target of the central clock to modulate locomotor activity and sleep. AstA receptors are homologues of galanin receptors and both of them are involved in the regulation of feeding and sleep, which appears to be conserved in evolutionary aspect.\par In the second part of the dissertation, I analysed the role of myoinhibitory peptides. MIPs are brain-gut peptides in insects and polychaeta. Also in \textit{Drosophila}, MIPs are expressed in the CNS and EECs in the gut. Previous studies have demonstrated the functions of MIPs in the regulation of food intake, gut motility and ecdysis in moths and crickets. Yet, the functions of MIPs in the fruit fly are little known. To dissect effects of MIPs regarding feeding, locomotor activity and sleep in \textit{Drosophila melanogater}, I manipulated the activity of MIP\textsuperscript{W{\"U}} cells by using newly generated \textit{Mip\textsuperscript{W{\"U}}-Gal4} lines. Thermogenetical activation or genetical silencing of MIP\textsuperscript{W{\"U}} celles did not affect feeding behaviour and resulted in changes in the sleep status. \par My results are in contradiction to a recent research of Min Soohong and colleagues who demonstrated a role of MIPs in the regulation of food intake and body weight in \textit{Drosophila}. They showed that constitutive silencing of MIP\textsuperscript{KR} cells increased food intake and body weight, whereas thermogenetic activation of MIP\textsuperscript{KR} cells decreased food intake and body weight by using \textit{Mip\textsuperscript{KR}-Gal4} driver. Then I repeated the experiments with the \textit{Mip\textsuperscript{KR}-Gal4} driver, but could not reproduce the results. Interestingly, I just observed the opposite phenotype. When MIP\textsuperscript{KR} cells were silenced by expressing UAS-tetanus toxin (\textit{UAS-TNT}), the \textit{Mip\textsuperscript{KR}\$>\$TNT} flies showed reduced food intake. The thermogenetic activation of MIP\textsuperscript{KR} cells did not affect food intake. Furthermore, I observed that the thermogenetic activation of MIP\textsuperscript{KR} cells strongly reduced the sleep duration.\par In the third part of the dissertation, I adapted and improved a method for metabolic labelling for \textit{Drosophila} peptides to quantify the relative amount of peptides and the released peptides by mass spectrometry under different physiological and behavioural conditions. qRT-PCR is a practical technique to measure the transcription and the corresponding mRNA level of a given peptide. However, this is not the only way to measure the translation and production of peptides. Although the amount of peptides can be quantified by mass spectrometry, it is not possible to distinguish between peptides stored in vesicles and released peptides in CNS extracts. I construct an approach to assess the released peptides, which can be calculated by comparing the relative amount of peptides between two timepoints in combination with the mRNA levels which can be used as semiquantitative proxy reflecting the production of peptides during this period. \par After optimizing the protocol for metabolic labelling, I carried out a quantitative analysis of peptides before and after eclosion as a test. I was able to show that the EH- and SIFa-related peptides were strongly reduced after eclosion. This is in line with the known function and release of EH during eclosion. Since this test was positive, I next used the metabolic labelling in \textit{Drosophila} adult, which were either fed \textit{ad libitum} or starved for 24 hrs, and analysed the effects on the amount of AstA and MIPs. In the mRNA level, my results showed that in the brain \textit{AstA} mRNA level in the 24 hrs starved flies was increased compared to in the \textit{ad libitum} fed flies, whereas in the gut the \textit{AstA} mRNA level was decreased. Starvation induced the reduction of \textit{Mip} mRNA level in the brain and gut. Unfortunately, due to technical problems I was unable to analyse the metabolic labelled peptides during the course of this thesis.\par}, subject = {AstA}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Scholz2017, author = {Scholz, Nicole}, title = {Genetic analyses of sensory and motoneuron physiology in Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123249}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {During my PhD I studied two principal biological aspects employing Drosophila melanogaster. Therefore, this study is divided into Part I and II. Part I: Bruchpilot and Complexin interact to regulate synaptic vesicle tethering to the active zone cytomatrix At the presynaptic active zone (AZ) synaptic vesicles (SVs) are often physically linked to an electron-dense cytomatrix - a process referred to as "SV tethering". This process serves to concentrate SVs in close proximity to their release sites before contacting the SNARE complex for subsequent fusion (Hallermann and Silver, 2013). In Drosophila, the AZ protein Bruchpilot (BRP) is part of the proteinous cytomatrix at which SVs accumulate (Kittel et al., 2006b; Wagh et al., 2006; Fouquet et al., 2009). Intriguingly, truncation of only 1\% of the C-terminal region of BRP results in a severe defect in SV tethering to this AZ scaffold (hence named brpnude; Hallermann et al., 2010b). Consistent with these findings, cell-specific overexpression of a C-terminal BRP fragment, named mBRPC-tip (corresponds to 1\% absent in brpnude; m = mobile) phenocopied the brpnude mutant in behavioral and functional experiments. These data indicate that mBRPC-tip suffices to saturate putative SV binding sites, which induced a functional tethering deficit at motoneuronal AZs. However, the molecular identity of the BRP complement to tether SVs to the presynaptic AZ scaffold remains unknown. Moreover, within larval motoneurons membrane-attached C-terminal portions of BRP were sufficient to tether SVs to sites outside of the AZ. Based on this finding a genetic screen was designed to identify BRP interactors in vivo. This screen identified Complexin (CPX), which is known to inhibit spontaneous SV fusion and to enhance stimulus evoked SV release (Huntwork and Littleton, 2007; Cho et al., 2010; Martin et al., 2011). However, so far CPX has not been associated with a function upstream of priming/docking and release of SVs. This work provides morphological and functional evidence, which suggests that CPX promotes recruitment of SVs to the AZ and thereby curtails synaptic short-term depression. Together, the presented findings indicate a functional interaction between BRP and CPX at Drosophila AZs. Part II: The Adhesion-GPCR Latrophilin/CIRL shapes mechanosensation The calcium independent receptor of α-latrotoxin (CIRL), also named Latrophilin, represents a prototypic Adhesion class G-protein coupled-receptor (aGPCR). Initially, Latrophilin was identified based on its capacity to bind the α-component of latrotoxin (α-LTX; Davletov et al., 1996; Krasnoperov et al., 1996), which triggers massive exocytotic activity from neurons of the peripheral nervous system (Scheer et al., 1984; Umbach et al., 1998; Orlova et al., 2000). As a result Latrophilin is considered to play a role in synaptic transmission. Later on, Latrophilins have been associated with other biological processes including tissue polarity (Langenhan et al., 2009), fertility (Pr{\"o}mel et al., 2012) and synaptogenesis (Silva et al., 2011). However, thus far its subcellular localization and the identity of endogenous ligands, two aspects crucial for the comprehension of Latrophilin's in vivo function, remain enigmatic. Drosophila contains only one latrophilin homolog, named dCirl, whose function has not been investigated thus far. This study demonstrates abundant dCirl expression throughout the nervous system of Drosophila larvae. dCirlKO animals are viable and display no defects in development and neuronal differentiation. However, dCirl appears to influence the dimension of the postsynaptic sub-synaptic reticulum (SSR), which was accompanied by an increase in the postsynaptic Discs-large abundance (DLG). In contrast, morphological and functional properties of presynaptic motoneurons were not compromised by the removal of dCirl. Instead, dCirl is required for the perception of mechanical challenges (acoustic-, tactile- and proprioceptive stimuli) through specialized mechanosensory devices, chordotonal organs (Eberl, 1999). The data indicate that dCirl modulates the sensitivity of chordotonal neurons towards mechanical stimulation and thereby adjusts their input-output relation. Genetic interaction analyses suggest that adaption of the molecular mechanotransduction machinery by dCirl may underlie this process. Together, these results uncover an unexpected function of Latrophilin/dCIRL in mechanosensation and imply general modulatory roles of aGPCR in mechanoception.}, subject = {Drosophila}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Beck2016, author = {Beck, Katherina}, title = {Einfluss von RSK auf die Aktivit{\"a}t von ERK, den axonalen Transport und die synaptische Funktion in Motoneuronen von \(Drosophila\) \(melanogaster\)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130717}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit sollte die Funktion von RSK in Motoneuronen von Drosophila untersucht werden. Mutationen im RSK2-Gen verursachen das Coffin-Lowry-Syndrom (CLS), das durch mentale Retardierung charakterisiert ist. RSK2 ist haupts{\"a}chlich in Regionen des Gehirns exprimiert, in denen Lernen und Ged{\"a}chtnisbildung stattfinden. In M{\"a}usen und Drosophila, die als Modellorganismen f{\"u}r CLS dienen, konnten auf makroskopischer Ebene keine Ver{\"a}nderungen in den Hirnstrukturen gefunden werden, dennoch wurden in verschiedenen Verhaltensstudien Defekte im Lernen und der Ged{\"a}chtnisbildung beobachtet. Die synaptische Plastizit{\"a}t und die einhergehenden Ver{\"a}nderungen in den Eigenschaften der Synapse sind fundamental f{\"u}r adaptives Verhalten. Zur Analyse der synaptischen Plastizit{\"a}t eignet sich das neuromuskul{\"a}re System von Drosophila als Modell wegen des stereotypen Innervierungsmusters und der Verwendung ionotroper Glutamatrezeptoren, deren Untereinheiten homolog sind zu den Untereinheiten der Glutamatrezeptoren des AMPA-Typs aus S{\"a}ugern, die wesentlich f{\"u}r die Bildung von LTP im Hippocampus sind. Zun{\"a}chst konnte gezeigt werden, dass RSK in den Motoneuronen von Drosophila an der pr{\"a}synaptischen Seite lokalisiert ist, wodurch RSK eine Synapsen-spezifische Funktion aus{\"u}ben k{\"o}nnte. Morphologische Untersuchungen der Struktur der neuromuskul{\"a}ren Synapsen konnten aufzeigen, dass durch den Verlust von RSK die Gr{\"o}ße der neuromuskul{\"a}ren Synapse, der Boutons sowie der Aktiven Zonen und Glutamatrezeptorfelder reduziert ist. Obwohl mehr Boutons gebildet werden, sind weniger Aktive Zonen und Glutamatrezeptorfelder in der neuromuskul{\"a}ren Synapse enthalten. RSK reguliert die synaptische Transmission, indem es die postsynaptische Sensitivit{\"a}t, nicht aber die Freisetzung der Neurotransmitter an der pr{\"a}synaptischen Seite beeinflusst, obwohl in immunhistochemischen Analysen eine postsynaptische Lokalisierung von RSK nicht nachgewiesen werden konnte. RSK ist demnach an der Regulation der synaptischen Plastizit{\"a}t glutamaterger Synapsen beteiligt. Durch immunhistochemische Untersuchungen konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass aktiviertes ERK an der pr{\"a}synaptischen Seite lokalisiert ist und diese synaptische Lokalisierung von RSK reguliert wird. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus konnte in dieser Arbeit nachgewiesen werden, dass durch den Verlust von RSK hyperaktiviertes ERK in den Zellk{\"o}rpern der Motoneurone vorliegt. RSK wird durch den ERK/MAPK-Signalweg aktiviert und {\"u}bernimmt eine Funktion sowohl als Effektorkinase als auch in der Negativregulation des Signalwegs. Demnach dient RSK in den Zellk{\"o}rpern der Motoneurone als Negativregulator des ERK/MAPK-Signalwegs. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus k{\"o}nnte RSK die Verteilung von aktivem ERK in den Subkompartimenten der Motoneurone regulieren. Da in vorangegangenen Studien gezeigt werden konnte, dass ERK an der Regulation der synaptischen Plastizit{\"a}t beteiligt ist, indem es die Insertion der AMPA-Rezeptoren zur Bildung der LTP reguliert, sollte in dieser Arbeit aufgekl{\"a}rt werden, ob der Einfluss von RSK auf die synaptische Plastizit{\"a}t durch seine Funktion als Negativregulator von ERK zustande kommt. Untersuchungen der genetischen Interaktion von rsk und rolled, dem Homolog von ERK in Drosophila, zeigten, dass die durch den Verlust von RSK beobachtete reduzierte Gesamtzahl der Aktiven Zonen und Glutamatrezeptorfelder der neuromuskul{\"a}ren Synapse auf die Funktion von RSK als Negativregulator von ERK zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. Die Gr{\"o}ße der neuromuskul{\"a}ren Synapse sowie die Gr{\"o}ße der Aktiven Zonen und Glutamatrezeptorfelder beeinflusst RSK allerdings durch seine Funktion als Effektorkinase des ERK/MAPK-Signalwegs. Studien des axonalen Transports von Mitochondrien zeigten, dass dieser in vielen neuropathologischen Erkrankungen beeintr{\"a}chtigt ist. Die durchgef{\"u}hrten Untersuchungen des axonalen Transports in Motoneuronen konnten eine neue Funktion von RSK in der Regulation des axonalen Transports aufdecken. In den Axonen der Motoneurone von RSK-Nullmutanten wurden BRP- und CSP-Agglomerate nachgewiesen. RSK k{\"o}nnte an der Regulation des axonalen Transports von pr{\"a}synaptischem Material beteiligt sein. Durch den Verlust von RSK wurden weniger Mitochondrien in anterograder Richtung entlang dem Axon transportiert, daf{\"u}r verweilten mehr Mitochondrien in station{\"a}ren Phasen. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auch der anterograde Transport von Mitochondrien durch den Verlust von RSK beeintr{\"a}chtigt ist.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Guan2016, author = {Guan, Chonglin}, title = {Functional and genetic dissection of mechanosensory organs of \(Drosophila\) \(melanogaster\)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146220}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {In Drosophila larvae and adults, chordotonal organs (chos) are highly versatile mechanosensors that are essential for proprioception, touch sensation and hearing. Chos share molecular, anatomical and functional properties with the inner ear hair cells of mammals. These multiple similarities make chos powerful models for the molecular study of mechanosensation. In the present study, I have developed a preparation to directly record from the sensory neurons of larval chos (from the lateral chos or lch5) and managed to correlate defined mechanical inputs with the corresponding electrical outputs. The findings of this setup are described in several case studies. (1) The basal functional lch5 parameters, including the time course of response during continuous mechanical stimulation and the recovery time between successive bouts of stimulation, was characterized. (2) The calcium-independent receptor of α-latrotoxin (dCIRL/Latrophilin), an Adhesion class G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR), is identified as a modulator of the mechanical signals perceived by lch5 neurons. The results indicate that dCIRL/Latrophilin is required for the perception of external and internal mechanical stimuli and shapes the sensitivity of neuronal mechanosensation. (3) By combining this setup with optogenetics, I have confirmed that dCIRL modulates lch5 neuronal activity at the level of their receptor current (sensory encoding) rather than their ability to generate action potentials. (4) dCIRL´s structural properties (e.g. ectodomain length) are essential for the mechanosensitive properties of chordotonal neurons. (5) The versatility of chos also provides an opportunity to study multimodalities at multiple levels. In this context, I performed an experiment to directly record neuronal activities at different temperatures. The results show that both spontaneous and mechanically evoked activity increase in proportion to temperature, suggesting that dCIRL is not required for thermosensation in chos. These findings, from the development of an assay of sound/vibration sensation, to neuronal signal processing, to molecular aspects of mechanosensory transduction, have provided the first insights into the mechanosensitivity of dCIRL. In addition to the functional screening of peripheral sensory neurons, another electrophysiological approach was applied in the central nervous system: dCIRL may impact the excitability of the motor neurons in the ventral nerve cord (VNC). In the second part of my work, whole-cell patch clamp recordings of motor neuron somata demonstrated that action potential firing in the dCirl\(^K\)\(^O\) did not differ from control samples, indicating comparable membrane excitability.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Backhaus2016, author = {Backhaus, Philipp}, title = {Effects of Transgenic Expression of Botulinum Toxins in Drosophila}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143279}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Clostridial neurotoxins (botulinum toxins and tetanus toxin) disrupt neurotransmitter release by cleaving neuronal SNARE proteins. We generated transgenic flies allowing for conditional expression of different botulinum toxins and evaluated their potential as tools for the analysis of synaptic and neuronal network function in Drosophila melanogaster by applying biochemical assays and behavioral analysis. On the biochemical level, cleavage assays in cultured Drosophila S2 cells were performed and the cleavage efficiency was assessed via western blot analysis. We found that each botulinum toxin cleaves its Drosophila SNARE substrate but with variable efficiency. To investigate the cleavage efficiency in vivo, we examined lethality, larval peristaltic movements and vision dependent motion behavior of adult Drosophila after tissue-specific conditional botulinum toxin expression. Our results show that botulinum toxin type B and botulinum toxin type C represent effective alternatives to established transgenic effectors, i.e. tetanus toxin, interfering with neuronal and non-neuronal cell function in Drosophila and constitute valuable tools for the analysis of synaptic and network function.}, subject = {Botulinustoxin}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Koenig2016, author = {K{\"o}nig, Sebastian}, title = {Spatially selective visual attention in Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134452}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Finding the right behavior at the right time is one of the major tasks of brains. In a natural scenery there is often an abundance of stimuli present and the brain has to separate the relevant from the irrelevant ones. Selective visual attention (SVA) is a property of higher visual systems that achieves this separation, as it allows to '[…] focus on one source of sensory input to the exclusion of others' (Luck and Mangun, 1996). There are probably several forms of SVA depending upon the criteria used for the separation, such as salience, color, location in space, novelty, or motion. Many studies have investigated SVA in humans and non-human primates. However, complex functions like attention were initially not expected to be already implemented in the brains of simple organisms like Drosophila. After a first demonstration of selective attention in the fly (Wolf and Heisenberg, 1980), it took some time until other studies included attentional mechanisms in their argumentation to explain certain behaviors of Drosophila. However, their definition and characterization of attention differed and often was ambiguous. Here, one particular form, spatially selective visual attention in the fly Drosophila is investigated. It has been shown earlier that the fly spontaneously may restrict its behavioral responses in stationary flight to the visual stimuli on one side of the visual field. On the basis of experiments of Sareen et al., (2011) it has been conjectured that the fly has a focus of attention (FoA) and that the fly responds to the visual stimuli within this area of the visual field. Whether the FoA is the adequate concept for this spatial property of SVA in the fly needs to be further discussed and is a subject also of the present study. At this stage, the concept will be used in the description of the new results expanding the characterization of SVA. This study continued the investigation of SVA during tethered flight with variable but controlled visual input and an automated primary data evaluation. This standardized paradigm allowed for analysis of wild-type behavior as well as for a comparison of several mutant and pharmacologically manipulated strains to the wild-type. Some properties of human SVA like the occurrence of externally as well as internally caused shifts of attention were found in Drosophila and it could be shown, that SVA in the fly can be externally guided and has an attention span. Additionally, a neurotransmitter and proteins, which play a significant role in SVA were discovered. Based on this, the genetic tools available for Drosophila provided the means to a first examination of cells and circuits involved in SVA. Finally, the free walk behavior of flies that had been shown to have compromised SVA was characterized. The results suggested that the observed phenotypes of SVA were not behavior specific. Covert shifts of the FoA were investigated. The FoA can be externally guided by visual cues to one or the other side of the visual field and even after the cue has disappeared it remains there for <4s. An intriguing finding of this study is the fact, that the quality of the cue determines whether it is attractive or repellent. For example a cue can be changed from being repellent (negative) to being attractive (positive) by changing its oscillation amplitude from 4° to 2°. Testing the effectiveness of cues in the upper and lower visual field separately, revealed that the perception of a cue by the fly is not exclusively based on a sum of its specifications. Because positive cueing did not have an after-effect in each of the two half-fields alone, but did so if the cue was shown in both, the fly seems to evaluate the cue for each combination of parameters specifically. Whether this evaluation of the cue changed on a trial-to-trial basis or if the cue in some cases failed to shift the FoA can at this point not be determined. Looking at the responses of the fly to the displacement of a black vertical stripe showed that they can be categorized as no responses, syn-directional responses (following the direction of motion of the stripe) and anti-directional responses (in the opposite direction of the motion of the stripe). The yaw-torque patterns of the latter bared similarities with spontaneous body saccades and they most likely represented escape attempts of the fly. Syn-directional responses, however, were genuine object responses, distinguishable by a longer latency until they were elicited and a larger amplitude. These properties as well as the distribution of response polarities were not influenced by the presence or absence of a cue. When two stripes were displaced simultaneously in opposite directions the rate of no responses increased in comparison to the displacement of a single stripe. If one of the stripes was cued, both, the responses towards and away from the side of cue resembled the syn-directional responses. Significant progress was made with the elucidation of the neuronal underpinnings of SVA. Ablation of the mushroom bodies (MB) demonstrated their requirement for SVA. Furthermore, it was shown that dopamine signaling has to be balanced between too much and too little. Either inhibiting the synthesis of dopamine or its re-uptake at the synapse via the dDAT impaired the flies' susceptibility to cueing. Using the Gal4/UAS system, cell specific expression or knockdown of the dDAT was used to scrutinize the role of MB sub-compartments in SVA. The αβ-lobes turned out to be necessary and sufficient to maintain SVA. The Gal4-line c708a labels only a subset of Kenyon cells (KC) within the αβ-lobes, αβposterior. These cells stand out, because of (A) the mesh-like arrangement of their fibers within the lobes and (B) the fact that unlike the other KCs they bypass the calyx and thereby the main source of olfactory input to the MBs, forming connections only in the posterior accessory calyx (Tanaka et al., 2008). This structure receives no or only marginal olfactory input, suggesting for it a role in tasks other than olfaction. This study shows their requirement in a visual task by demonstrating that they are necessary to uphold SVA. Restoring dDAT function in these approximately only 90 cells was probably insufficient to lower the dopamine concentration at the relevant synapses and hence a rescue failed. Alternatively, the processes mediating SVA at the αβ-lobes might require an interplay between all of their KCs. In conclusion, the results provide an initial point for future research to fully understand the localization of and circuitry required for SVA in the brain. In the experiments described so far, attention has been externally guided. However, flies are also able to internally shift their FoA without any cues from the outside world. In a set of 60 consecutive simultaneous displacements of two stripes, they were more likely to produce a response with the same polarity as the preceding one than a random polarity selection predicted. This suggested a dwelling of the FoA on one side of the visual field. Assuming that each response was influenced by the previous one in a way that the probability to repeat the response polarity was increased by a certain factor (dwelling factor, df), a random selection of response type including a df was computed. Implementation of the df removed the difference between observed probability of polarity repetition and the one suggested by random selection. When the interval between displacements was iteratively increased to 5s, no significant df could be detected anymore for pauses longer than 4s. In conclusion, Drosophila has an attention span of approximately 4s. Flies with a mutation in the radish gene expressed no after-effect of cueing and had a shortened attention span of about 1s. The dDAT inhibitor methylphenidate is able to rescue the first, but does not affect the latter phenotype. Probably, radish is differently involved in the two mechanisms. This study showed, that endogenous (covert) shifts of spatially selective visual attention in the fly Drosophila can be internally and externally guided. The variables determining the quality of a cue turned out to be multifaceted and a more systematic approach is needed for a better understanding of what property or feature of the cue changes the way it is evaluated by the fly. A first step has been made to demonstrate that SVA is a fundamental process and compromising it can influence the characteristics of other behaviors like walking. The existence of an attention span, the dependence of SVA on dopamine as well as the susceptibility to pharmacological manipulations, which in humans are used to treat respective diseases, point towards striking similarities between SVA in humans and Drosophila.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schlichting2015, author = {Schlichting, Matthias}, title = {Light entrainment of the circadian clock: the importance of the visual system for adjusting Drosophila melanogaster´s activity pattern}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114457}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The change of day and night is one of the challenges all organisms are exposed to, as they have to adjust their physiology and behavior in an appropriate way. Therefore so called circadian clocks have evolved, which allow the organism to predict these cyclic changes of day and night. The underlying molecular mechanism is oscillating with its endogenous period of approximately 24 hours in constant conditions, but as soon as external stimuli, so called Zeitgebers, are present, the clocks adjust their period to exactly 24h, which is called entrainment. Studies in several species, including humans, animals and plants, showed that light is the most important Zeitgeber synchronizing physiology and behavior to the changes of day and night. Nevertheless also other stimuli, like changes in temperature, humidity or social interactions, are powerful Zeitgebers for entraining the clock. This thesis will focus on the question, how light influences the locomotor behavior of the fly in general, including a particular interest on the entrainment of the circadian clock. As a model organism Drosophila melanogaster was used. During the last years several research groups investigated the effect of light on the circadian clock and their results showed that several light input pathways to the clock contribute to wild-type behavior. Most of the studies focused on the photopigment Cryptochrome (CRY) which is expressed in about half of the 150 clock neurons in the fly. CRY is activated by light, degrades the clock protein Timeless (TIM) and hence entrains the clock to the light-dark (LD)-cycle resulting from changes of day and night. However, also flies lacking CRY are still able to entrain their clock mechanism as well as their activity-rest-rhythm to LD-cycles, clearly showing that the visual system of the fly also contributes to clock synchronization. The mechanism how light information from the visual system is transferred to the clock is so far still unknown. This is also true for so-called masking-effects which are changes in the behavior of the animal that are directly initiated by external stimuli and therefore independent of the circadian clock. These effects complement the behavior of the animals as they enable the fly to react quickly to changes in the environment even during the clock-controlled rest state. Both of these behavioral features were analyzed in more detail in this study. On the one hand, we investigated the influence of the compound eyes on the entrainment of the clock neurons and on the other hand, we tried to separate clock-controlled behavior from masking. To do so "nature-like" light conditions were simulated allowing the investigation of masking and entrainment within one experiment. The simulation of moonlight and twilight conditions caused significant changes in the locomotor behavior. Moonlit nights increased nocturnal activity levels and shifted the morning (M) and evening (E) activity bouts into the night. The opposite was true for the investigation of twilight, as the activity bouts were shifted into the day. The simulation of twilight and moonlight within the same experiment further showed that twilight appears to dominate over moonlight, which is in accordance to the assumption that twilight in nature is one of the key signals to synchronize the clock as the light intensity during early dawn rises similarly in every season. By investigating different mutants with impaired visual system we showed that the compound eyes are essential for the observed behavioral adaptations. The inner receptor cells (R7 and R8) are important for synchronizing the endogenous clock mechanism to the changes of day and night. In terms of masking, a complex interaction of all receptor cells seems to adjust the behavioral pattern, as only flies lacking photopigments in inner and outer receptor cells lacked all masking effects. However, not only the compound eyes seem to contribute to rhythmic activity in moonlit nights. CRY-mutant flies shift their E activity bout even more into the night than wild-type flies do. By applying Drosophila genetics we were able to narrow down this effect to only four CRY expressing clock neurons per hemisphere. This implies that the compound eyes and CRY in the clock neurons have antagonistic effects on the timing of the E activity bout. CRY advances activity into the day, whereas the compound eyes delay it. Therefore, wild-type behavior combines both effects and the two light inputs might enable the fly to time its activity to the appropriate time of day. But CRY expression is not restricted to the clock neurons as a previous study showed a rather broad distribution within the compound eyes. In order to investigate its function in the eyes we collaborated with Prof. Rodolfo Costa (University of Padova). In our first study we were able to show that CRY interacts with the phototransduction cascade and thereby influences visual behavior like phototaxis and optomotor response. Our second study showed that CRY in the eyes affects locomotor activity rhythms. It appears to contribute to light sensation without being a photopigment per se. Our results rather indicate that CRY keeps the components of the phototransduction cascade close to the cytoskeleton, as we identified a CRY-Actin interaction in vitro. It might therefore facilitate the transformation of light energy into electric signals. In a further collaboration with Prof. Orie Shafer (University of Michigan) we were able to shed light on the significance of the extraretinal Hofbauer-Buchner eyelet for clock synchronization. Excitation of the eyelet leads to Ca2+ and cAMP increases in specific clock neurons, consequently resulting in a shift of the flies´ rhythmic activity. Taken together, the experiments conducted in this thesis revealed new functions of different eye structures and CRY for fly behavior. We were furthermore able to show that masking complements the rhythmic behavior of the fly, which might help to adapt to natural conditions.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Grebler2015, author = {Grebler, Rudi}, title = {Untersuchung der Rolle von Rhodopsin 7 und Cryptochrom im Sehprozess von Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114466}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Ausgangspunkt f{\"u}r die Detektion von Licht ist im gesamten Tierreich die Absorption von Photonen durch photorezeptive Proteine, die sogenannten Opsine und in geringerem Ausmaß die Typ 1 Cryptochrome. Die Taufliege Drosophila melanogaster besitzt sechs eingehend charakterisierte, auch als Rhodopsine bezeichnete Opsine (Rh1-Rh6) und ein Cryptochrom (CRY). Neben den Ocellen und den Hofbauer-Buchner {\"A}uglein werden die Rhodopsine in erster Linie in den Photorezeptorzellen der Komplexaugen, den Hauptorganen der Lichtperzeption exprimiert, wo sie der Vermittlung der visuellen Wahrnehmung dienen. Basierend auf Sequenzvergleichen wurde im Jahr 2000 ein neues Protein namens Rh7 zur Gruppe der Drosophila Opsine hinzugef{\"u}gt. Bis heute fehlt allerdings jeglicher experimentelle Beleg f{\"u}r die photorezeptive Funktion dieses Proteins. Im Gegensatz dazu wird Cryptochrom in erster Linie in einigen Uhrneuronen des Drosophila Gehirns exprimiert, wo es diesen Neuronen die F{\"a}higkeit zur Lichtdetektion verleiht und das Photoentrainment der inneren Uhr lenkt. Neueren Untersuchungen zu folge spielt CRY allerdings auch bei der visuellen Wahrnehmung der Augen eine Rolle. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielte nun darauf ab die potentielle Funktion von Rh7 als neuen Photorezeptor in Drosophila sowie die Rolle von CRY bei der visuellen Lichtperzeption zu untersuchen. Die Aufnahmen der Elektroretinogramme (ERGs) von transgenen Fliegen, die Rh7 anstelle von oder zusammen mit dem dominanten Photorezeptor Rh1 in den Komplexaugen exprimieren, zeigen, dass Rh7 die Phototransduktionskaskade bei Belichtung mit Weißlicht nicht aktivieren kann. Die Abwesenheit von Rh7 sorgt allerdings trotzdem f{\"u}r eine Beeintr{\"a}chtigung der lichtinduzierten Antwort der Rezeptorzellen im Komplexauge. So zeigen die Intensit{\"a}ts-Response Kurven der ERG Rezeptorpotentialamplitude von rh7 Knockout-Fliegen unter Weißlicht niedriger und mittlerer Intensit{\"a}t nach einer anf{\"a}nglichen Dunkeladaptation von 15min eine insgesamt, im Vergleich zur Kontrolle erh{\"o}hte Rezeptorpotentialamplitude. Der Verlauf dieser Kurven deutet außerdem darauf hin, dass die Zunahme der Rezeptorpotentialamplitude mit steigender Lichtintensit{\"a}t gr{\"o}ßer wird. Zudem zeigt das Aktionsspektrum f{\"u}r die Rezeptorpotentialamplitude der rh7 Knockout-Fliegen, dass diese Empfindlichkeitszunahme im gesamten Bereich von 370-648nm auftritt. Diese Beeintr{\"a}chtigung scheint jedoch zu fehlen, wenn die Fliegen vor Experimentbeginn nur 1min dunkeladaptiert wurden, oder wenn intensives Blaulicht zur Belichtung verwendet wird. Des weiteren ist auch das 4s nach Ende des Lichtpulses im ERG gemessene Nachpotential bei fehlendem Rh7 reduziert. Zusammengenommen deuten diese Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass Rh7, wenn auch nicht als Photorezeptor, bei Belichtung mit Weißlicht niedriger und mittlerer Intensit{\"a}t die Lichtantwort in den Rezeptorzellen des Komplexauges in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von Intensit{\"a}t und Adaptationszustand beeinflusst und dass dieser Einfluss scheinbar nicht durch Licht eines eng begrenzten Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereichs induziert wird. Des weiteren legt die Untersuchung des ERG Nachpotentials nahe, dass Rh7 m{\"o}glicherweise f{\"u}r eine normale Beendigung der Lichtantwort ben{\"o}tigt wird. Die allgemeine Funktion von Rh7 als Photorezeptor in Drosophila sowie die Eigenschaften der endogenen Funktion von Rh7 werden diskutiert. Unabh{\"a}ngig davon wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit auch gezeigt, dass Fliegen ohne CRY zwar nach 15-min{\"u}tiger, nicht jedoch nach 1-min{\"u}tiger Dunkeladaptation bei Belichtung mit Weißlicht niedriger Intensit{\"a}t eine insgesamt geringere ERG Rezeptorpotentialamplitude aufweisen. Dies k{\"o}nnte auf eine Beeintr{\"a}chtigung der Dunkeladaptationsprozesse bei Abwesenheit von CRY hindeuten.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{LuiblneeHermann2014, author = {Luibl [n{\´e}e Hermann], Christiane}, title = {The role of the neuropeptides NPF, sNPF, ITP and PDF in the circadian clock of Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-93796}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Organisms have evolved endogenous clocks which allow them to organize their behavior, metabolism and physiology according to the periodically changing environmental conditions on earth. Biological rhythms that are synchronized to daily changes in environment are governed by the so-called circadian clock. Since decades, chronobiologists have been investigating circadian clocks in various model organisms including the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, which was used in the present thesis. Anatomically, the circadian clock of the fruitfly consists of about 150 neurons in the lateral and dorsal protocerebrum, which are characterized by their position, morphology and neurochemistry. Some of these neurons had been previously shown to contain either one or several neuropeptides, which are thought to be the main signaling molecules used by the clock. The best investigated of these neuropeptides is the Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF), which had been shown to constitute a synchronizing signal between clock neurons as well as an output factor of the clock. In collaboration with various coworkers, I investigated the roles of three other clock expressed neuropeptides for the generation of behavioral rhythms and the partly published, partly unpublished data are presented in this thesis. Thereby, I focused on the Neuropeptide F (NPF), short Neuropeptide F (sNPF) and the Ion Transport Peptide (ITP). We show that part of the neuropeptide composition within the clock network seems to be conserved among different Drosophila species. However, the PDF expression pattern in certain neurons varied in species deriving from lower latitudes compared to higher latitudes. Together with findings on the behavioral level provided by other people, these data suggest that different species may have altered certain properties of their clocks - like the neuropeptide expression in certain neurons - in order to adapt their behavior to different habitats. We then investigated locomotor rhythms in Drosophila melanogaster flies, in which neuropeptide circuits were genetically manipulated either by cell ablation or RNA interference (RNAi). We found that none of the investigated neuropeptides seems to be of equal importance for circadian locomotor rhythms as PDF. PDF had been previously shown to be necessary for rhythm maintenance in constant darkness (DD) as well as for the generation of morning (M) activity and for the right phasing of the evening (E) activity in entrained conditions. We now demonstrate that NPF and ITP seem to promote E activity in entrained conditions, but are clearly not the only factors doing so. In addition, ITP seems to reduce nighttime activity. Further, ITP and possibly also sNPF constitute weak period shortening components in DD, thereby opposing the effect of PDF. However, neither NPF or ITP, nor sNPF seem to be necessary in the clock neurons for maintaining rhythmicity in DD. It had been previously suggested that PDF is released rhythmically from the dorsal projection terminals. Now we discovered a rhythm in ITP immunostaining in the dorsal projection terminals of the ITP+ clock neurons in LD, suggesting a rhythm in peptide release also in the case of ITP. Rhythmic release of both ITP and PDF seems to be important to maintain rhythmic behavior in DD, since constantly high levels of PDF and ITP in the dorsal protocerebrum lead to behavioral arrhythmicity. Applying live-imaging techniques we further demonstrate that sNPF acts in an inhibitory way on few clock neurons, including some that are also activated by PDF, suggesting that it acts as signaling molecule within the clock network and has opposing effects to PDF. NPF did only evoke very little inhibitory responses in very few clock neurons, suggesting that it might rather be used as a clock output factor. We were not able to apply the same live-imaging approach for the investigation of the clock neuron responsiveness to ITP, but overexpression of ITP with various driver lines showed that the peptide most likely acts mainly in clock output pathways rather than inter-clock neuron communication. Taking together, I conclude that all investigated peptides contribute to the control of locomotor rhythms in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. However, this control is in most aspects dominated by the actions of PDF and rather only fine-tuned or complemented by the other peptides. I assume that there is a high complexity in spatial and temporal action of the different neuropeptides in order to ensure correct signal processing within the clock network as well as clock output.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @article{BogdanSchultzGrosshans2013, author = {Bogdan, Sven and Schultz, J{\"o}rg and Grosshans, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Formin' cellular structures: Physiological roles of Diaphanous (Dia) in actin dynamics}, series = {Communicative \& Integrative Biology}, volume = {6}, journal = {Communicative \& Integrative Biology}, number = {e27634}, doi = {10.4161/cib.27634}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121305}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Members of the Diaphanous (Dia) protein family are key regulators of fundamental actin driven cellular processes, which are conserved from yeast to humans. Researchers have uncovered diverse physiological roles in cell morphology, cell motility, cell polarity, and cell division, which are involved in shaping cells into tissues and organs. The identification of numerous binding partners led to substantial progress in our understanding of the differential functions of Dia proteins. Genetic approaches and new microscopy techniques allow important new insights into their localization, activity, and molecular principles of regulation.}, language = {en} } @article{HerterStauchGallantetal.2015, author = {Herter, Eva K. and Stauch, Maria and Gallant, Maria and Wolf, Elmar and Raabe, Thomas and Gallant, Peter}, title = {snoRNAs are a novel class of biologically relevant Myc targets}, series = {BMC Biology}, volume = {13}, journal = {BMC Biology}, number = {25}, doi = {10.1186/s12915-015-0132-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124956}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Background Myc proteins are essential regulators of animal growth during normal development, and their deregulation is one of the main driving factors of human malignancies. They function as transcription factors that (in vertebrates) control many growth- and proliferation-associated genes, and in some contexts contribute to global gene regulation. Results We combine chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIPseq) and RNAseq approaches in Drosophila tissue culture cells to identify a core set of less than 500 Myc target genes, whose salient function resides in the control of ribosome biogenesis. Among these genes we find the non-coding snoRNA genes as a large novel class of Myc targets. All assayed snoRNAs are affected by Myc, and many of them are subject to direct transcriptional activation by Myc, both in Drosophila and in vertebrates. The loss of snoRNAs impairs growth during normal development, whereas their overexpression increases tumor mass in a model for neuronal tumors. Conclusions This work shows that Myc acts as a master regulator of snoRNP biogenesis. In addition, in combination with recent observations of snoRNA involvement in human cancer, it raises the possibility that Myc's transforming effects are partially mediated by this class of non-coding transcripts.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dusik2015, author = {Dusik, Verena}, title = {Immunhistochemische und funktionelle Charakterisierung der Mitogen-aktivierten Proteinkinase p38 in der inneren Uhr von Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124636}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Circadianes und Stress-System sind zwei physiologische Systeme, die dem Organismus helfen sich an Ver{\"a}nderungen ihrer Umwelt anzupassen. W{\"a}hrend letzteres spontane und schnelle Antworten auf akute, unvorhersehbare Umweltreize liefert, sagt das circadiane System t{\"a}glich wiederkehrende Ereignisse vorher and bereitet den Organismus so vorzeitig auf diese nahende Umweltver{\"a}nderung vor. Dennoch, trotz dieser unterschiedlichen Reaktionsmechanismen agieren beide Systeme nicht komplett autonom. Studien der vergangen Jahre belegen vielmehr eine Interaktion beider Systeme. So postulieren sie zum einem Unterschiede in der Stressantwort in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der Tageszeit zu der der Reiz auftritt und weisen zugleich auf eine Zunahme von gest{\"o}rten biologischen Tagesrhythmen, wie zum Beispiel Schlafst{\"o}rungen, in Folge von unkontrollierten oder exzessiven Stress hin. Ebenso liefern k{\"u}rzlich durchgef{\"u}hrte Studien an Vertebraten und Pilzen Hinweise, dass mit p38, eine Stress-aktivierte Kinase, an der Signalweiterleitung zur inneren Uhr beteiligt ist (Hayashi et al., 2003), sogar durch dieses endogene Zeitmesssystem reguliert wird (Vitalini et al., 2007; Lamb et al., 2011) und deuten damit erstmals eine m{\"o}gliche Verbindung zwischen Stress-induzierten und regul{\"a}ren rhythmischen Anpassungen des Organismus an Umweltver{\"a}nderungen an. Molekulare und zellul{\"a}re Mechanismen dieser Verkn{\"u}pfung sind bisher noch nicht bekannt. W{\"a}hrend die Rolle von p38 MAPK bei der Stress- und Immunantwort in Drosophila melanogaster gut charakterisiert ist, wurden Expression und Funktion von p38 in der inneren Uhr hingegen bislang nicht untersucht. Die hier vorliegende Arbeit hatte daher zum Ziel mittels immunhistochemischer, verhaltensphysiologischer und molekularer Methoden eine m{\"o}gliche Rolle der Stress-aktivierten Kinase im circadianen System der Fliege aufzudecken. Antik{\"o}rperf{\"a}rbungen sowie Studien mit Reporterlinien zeigen deutliche F{\"a}rbesignale in den s-LNv, l-LNv und DN1a und erbringen erstmals einen Nachweis f{\"u}r p38 Expression in den Uhrneuronen der Fliege. Ebenso scheint die Aktivit{\"a}t von p38 MAPK in den DN1a uhrgesteuert zu sein. So liegt p38 vermehrt in seiner aktiven Form in der Dunkelphase vor und zeigt, neben seiner circadian regulierten Aktivierung, zus{\"a}tzlich auch eine Inaktivierung durch Licht. 15-Minuten-Lichtpulse in der subjektiven Nacht f{\"u}hren zu einer signifikanten Reduktion von aktivierter, phosphorylierter p38 MAPK in den DN1a von Canton S Wildtypfliegen im Vergleich zu Fliegen ohne Lichtpuls-Behandlung. Aufzeichnungen der Lokomotoraktivit{\"a}t offenbaren zus{\"a}tzlich die Notwendigkeit von p38 MAPK f{\"u}r wildtypisches Timing der Abendaktivit{\"a}t sowie zum Erhalt von 24-Stunden-Verhaltensrhythmen unter konstanten Dauerdunkel-Bedindungen. So zeigen Fliegen mit reduzierten p38 Level in Uhrneuronen einen verz{\"o}gerten Beginn der Abendaktivit{\"a}t und stark verl{\"a}ngerte Freilaufperioden. In {\"U}bereinstimmung mit Effekten auf das Laufverhalten scheint dar{\"u}ber hinaus die Expression einer dominant-negativen Form von p38b in Drosophila's wichtigsten Uhrneuronen eine versp{\"a}tete nukle{\"a}re Translokation von Period zur Folge zu haben. Westernblots legen zus{\"a}tzlich einen Einfluss von p38 auf den Phosphorylierungsgrad von Period nahe und liefern damit einen m{\"o}gliche Erkl{\"a}rung f{\"u}r den versp{\"a}teten Kerneintritt des Uhrproteins. Abschließende St{\"u}tzung der Westernblotergebnisse bringen in vitro Kinasenassays und deuten auf p38 als eine potentielle „Uhrkinase" hin, welche auch in vivo Period an Serin 661 sowie weiteren potentiellen Phosphorylierungsstellen phosphorylieren k{\"o}nnte. Zusammengenommen deuten die Ergebnisse der hier vorliegenden Arbeit eindeutig auf eine bedeutende Rolle von p38, neben dessen Funkion im Stress-System, auch im circadianen System der Fliege hin und offenbaren damit die M{\"o}glichkeit, dass p38 als Schnittstelle zwischen beider Systeme fungiert.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Ehmann2015, author = {Ehmann, Nadine}, title = {Linking the active zone ultrastructure to function in Drosophila}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-118186}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Accurate information transfer between neurons governs proper brain function. At chemical synapses, communication is mediated via neurotransmitter release from specialized presynaptic intercellular contact sites, so called active zones. Their molecular composition constitutes a precisely arranged framework that sets the stage for synaptic communication. Active zones contain a variety of proteins that deliver the speed, accuracy and plasticity inherent to neurotransmission. Though, how the molecular arrangement of these proteins influences active zone output is still ambiguous. Elucidating the nanoscopic organization of AZs has been hindered by the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional light microscopy, which is insufficient to resolve the active zone architecture on the nanometer scale. Recently, super-resolution techniques entered the field of neuroscience, which yield the capacity to bridge the gap in resolution between light and electron microscopy without losing molecular specificity. Here, localization microscopy methods are of special interest, as they can potentially deliver quantitative information about molecular distributions, even giving absolute numbers of proteins present within cellular nanodomains. This thesis puts forward an approach based on conventional immunohistochemistry to quantify endogenous protein organizations in situ by employing direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). Focussing on Bruchpilot (Brp) as a major component of Drosophila active zones, the results show that the cytomatrix at the active zone is composed of units, which comprise on average ~137 Brp molecules, most of which are arranged in approximately 15 heptameric clusters. To test for a quantitative relationship between active zone ultrastructure and synaptic output, Drosophila mutants and electrophysiology were employed. The findings indicate that the precise spatial arrangement of Brp reflects properties of short-term plasticity and distinguishes distinct mechanistic causes of synaptic depression. Moreover, functional diversification could be connected to a heretofore unrecognized ultrastructural gradient along a Drosophila motor neuron.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Yang2015, author = {Yang, Zhenghong}, title = {A systematic study of learned helplessness in Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112424}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The learned helplessness phenomenon is a specific animal behavior induced by prior exposure to uncontrollable aversive stimuli. It was first found by Seligman and Maier (1967) in dogs and then has been reported in many other species, e.g. in rats (Vollmayr and Henn, 2001), in goldfishes (Padilla, 1970), in cockroaches (Brown, 1988) and also in fruit flies (Brown, 1996; Bertolucci, 2008). However, the learned helplessness effect in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) has not been studied in detail. Thus, in this doctoral study, we investigated systematically learned helplessness behavior of Drosophila for the first time. Three groups of flies were tested in heatbox. Control group was in the chambers experiencing constant, mild temperature. Second group, master flies were punished in their chambers by being heated if they stopped walking for 0.9s. The heat pulses ended as soon as they resumed walking again. A third group, the yoked fly, was in their chambers at the same time. However, their behavior didn't affect anything: yoked flies were heated whenever master flies did, with same timing and durations. After certain amount of heating events, yoked flies associated their own behavior with the uncontrollability of the environment. They suppressed their innate responses such as reducing their walking time and walking speed; making longer escape latencies and less turning around behavior under heat pulses. Even after the conditioning phase, yoked flies showed lower activity level than master and control flies. Interestingly, we have also observed sex dimorphisms in flies. Male flies expressed learned helplessness not like female flies. Differences between master and yoked flies were smaller in male than in female flies. Another interesting finding was that prolonged or even repetition of training phases didn't enhance learned helplessness effect in flies. Furthermore, we investigated serotonergic and dopaminergic nervous systems in learned helplessness. Using genetic and pharmacological manipulations, we altered the levels of serotonin and dopamine in flies' central nervous system. Female flies with reduced serotonin concentration didn't show helpless behavior, while the learned helplessness effect in male flies seems not to be affected by a reduction of serotonin. Flies with lower dopamine level do not display the learned helplessness effect in the test phase, suggesting that with low dopamine the motivational change in learned helplessness in Drosophila may decline faster than with a normal dopamine level.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ljaschenko2013, author = {Ljaschenko, Dmitrij}, title = {Hebbian plasticity at neuromuscular synapses of Drosophila}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-90465}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Synaptic plasticity determines the development of functional neural circuits. It is widely accepted as the mechanism behind learning and memory. Among different forms of synaptic plasticity, Hebbian plasticity describes an activity-induced change in synaptic strength, caused by correlated pre- and postsynaptic activity. Additionally, Hebbian plasticity is characterised by input specificity, which means it takes place only at synapses, which participate in activity. Because of its correlative nature, Hebbian plasticity suggests itself as a mechanism behind associative learning. Although it is commonly assumed that synaptic plasticity is closely linked to synaptic activity during development, the mechanistic understanding of this coupling is far from complete. In the present study channelrhodopsin-2 was used to evoke activity in vivo, at the glutamatergic Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Remarkably, correlated pre- and postsynaptic stimulation led to increased incorporation of GluR-IIA-type glutamate receptors into postsynaptic receptor fields, thus boosting postsynaptic sensitivity. This phenomenon is input-specific. Conversely, GluR-IIA was rapidly removed from synapses at which neurotransmitter release failed to evoke substantial postsynaptic depolarisation. This mechanism might be responsible to tame uncontrolled receptor field growth. Combining these results with developmental GluR-IIA dynamics leads to a comprehensive physiological concept, where Hebbian plasticity guides growth of postsynaptic receptor fields and sparse transmitter release stabilises receptor fields by preventing overgrowth. Additionally, a novel mechanism of retrograde signaling was discovered, where direct postsynaptic channelrhodopsin-2 based stimulation, without involvement of presynaptic neurotransmitter release, leads to presynaptic depression. This phenomenon is reminiscent of a known retrograde homeostatic mechanism, of inverted polarity, where neurotransmitter release is upregulated, upon reduction of postsynaptic sensitivity.}, subject = {Synapse}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Andlauer2013, author = {Andlauer, Till Felix Malte}, title = {Structural and Functional Diversity of Synapses in the Drosophila CNS}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85018}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Large-scale anatomical and functional analyses of the connectivity in both invertebrate and mammalian brains have gained intense attention in recent years. At the same time, the understanding of synapses on a molecular level still lacks behind. We have only begun to unravel the basic mechanisms of how the most important synaptic proteins regulate release and reception of neurotransmitter molecules, as well as changes of synaptic strength. Furthermore, little is known regarding the stoichiometry of presynaptic proteins at different synapses within an organism. An assessment of these characteristics would certainly promote our comprehension of the properties of different synapse types. Presynaptic proteins directly influence, for example, the probability of neurotransmitter release as well as mechanisms for short-term plasticity. We have examined the strength of expression of several presynaptic proteins at different synapse types in the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster using immunohistochemistry. Clear differences in the relative abundances of the proteins were obvious on different levels: variations in staining intensities appeared from the neuropil to the synaptic level. In order to quantify these differences, we have developed a ratiometric analysis of antibody stainings. By application of this ratiometric method, we could assign average ratios of presynaptic proteins to different synapse populations in two central relays of the olfactory pathway. In this manner, synapse types could be characterized by distinct fingerprints of presynaptic protein ratios. Subsequently, we used the method for the analysis of aberrant situations: we reduced levels of Bruchpilot, a major presynaptic protein, and ablated different synapse or cell types. Evoked changes of ratio fingerprints were proportional to the modifications we had induced in the system. Thus, such ratio signatures are well suited for the characterization of synapses. In order to contribute to our understanding of both the molecular composition and the function of synapses, we also characterized a novel synaptic protein. This protein, Drep-2, is a member of the Dff family of regulators of apoptosis. We generated drep-2 mutants, which did not show an obvious misregulation of apoptosis. By contrast, Drep-2 was found to be a neuronal protein, highly enriched for example at postsynaptic receptor fields of the input synapses of the major learning centre of insects, the mushroom bodies. Flies mutant for drep-2 were viable but lived shorter than wildtypes. Basic synaptic transmission at both peripheral and central synapses was in normal ranges. However, drep-2 mutants showed a number of deficiencies in adaptive behaviours: adult flies were locomotor hyperactive and hypersensitive towards ethanol-induced sedation. Moreover, the mutant animals were heavily impaired in associative learning. In aversive olfactory conditioning, drep-2 mutants formed neither short-term nor anaesthesia-sensitive memories. We could demonstrate that Drep-2 is required in mushroom body intrinsic neurons for normal olfactory learning. Furthermore, odour-evoked calcium transients in these neurons, a prerequisite for learning, were reduced in drep-2 mutants. The impairment of the mutants in olfactory learning could be fully rescued by pharmacological application of an agonist to metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Quantitative mass spectrometry of Drep-2 complexes revealed that the protein is associated with a large number of translational repressors, among them the fragile X mental retardation protein FMRP. FMRP inhibits mGluR-mediated protein synthesis. Lack of this protein causes the fragile X syndrome, which constitutes the most frequent monogenic cause of autism. Examination of the performance of drep-2 mutants in courtship conditioning showed that the animals were deficient in both short- and long-term memory. Drep-2 mutants share these phenotypes with fmrp and mGluR mutants. Interestingly, drep-2; fmrp double mutants exhibited normal memory. Thus, we propose a model in which Drep-2 antagonizes FMRP in the regulation of mGluR-dependent protein synthesis. Our hypothesis is supported by the observation that impairments in synaptic plasticity can arise if mGluR signalling is imbalanced in either direction. We suggest that Drep-2 helps in establishing this balance.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Chen2012, author = {Chen, Yi-chun}, title = {Experimental access to the content of an olfactory memory trace in larval Drosophila}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-83705}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Animals need to evaluate their experiences in order to cope with new situations they encounter. This requires the ability of learning and memory. Drosophila melanogaster lends itself as an animal model for such research because elaborate genetic techniques are available. Drosphila larva even saves cellular redundancy in parts of its nervous system. My Thesis has two parts dealing with associative olfactory learning in larval Drosophila. Firstly, I tackle the question of odour processing in respect to odour quality and intensity. Secondly, by focusing on the evolutionarily conserved presynaptic protein Synapsin, olfactory learning on the cellular and molecular level is investigated. Part I.1. provides a behaviour-based estimate of odour similarity in larval Drosophila by using four recognition-type experiments to result in a combined, task-independent estimate of perceived difference between odour-pairs. A further comparison of these combined perceived differences to published calculations of physico-chemical difference reveals a weak correlation between perceptual and physico-chemical similarity. Part I.2. focuses on how odour intensity is interpreted in the process of olfactory learning in larval Drosophila. First, the dose-effect curves of learnability across odour intensities are described in order to choose odour intensities such that larvae are trained at intermediate odour intensity, but tested for retention either with that trained intermediate odour intensity, or with respectively HIGHer or LOWer intensities. A specificity of retention for the trained intensity is observed for all the odours used. Such intensity specificity of learning adds to appreciate the richness in 'content' of olfactory memory traces, and to define the demands on computational models of associative olfactory memory trace formation. In part II.1. of the thesis, the cellular site and molecular mode of Synapsin function is investigated- an evolutionarily conserved, presynaptic vesicular phosphoprotein. On the cellular level, the study shows a Synapsin-dependent memory trace in the mushroom bodies, a third-order "cortical" brain region of the insects; on the molecular level, Synapsin engages as a downstream element of the AC-cAMP-PKA signalling cascade.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schleyer2012, author = {Schleyer, Michael}, title = {Integrating past, present and future: mechanisms of a simple decision in larval Drosophila}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78923}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Is behaviour response or action? In this Thesis I study this question regarding a rather simple organism, the larva of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Despite its numerically simple brain and limited behavioural repertoire, it is nevertheless capable to accomplish surprisingly complex tasks. After association of an odour and a rewarding or punishing reinforcement signal, the learnt odour is able to retrieve the formed memory trace. However, the activated memory trace is not automatically turned into learned behaviour: Appetitive memory traces are behaviourally expressed only in absence of the rewarding tastant whereas aversive memory traces are behaviourally expressed in the presence of the punishing tastant. The 'decision' whether to behaviourally express a memory trace or not relies on a quantitive comparison between memory trace and current situation: only if the memory trace (after odour-sugar training) predicts a stronger sugar reward than currently present, animals show appetitive conditioned behaviour. Learned appetitive behaviour is best seen as active search for food - being pointless in the presence of (enough) food. Learned aversive behaviour, in turn, can be seen as escape from a punishment - being pointless in absence of punishment. Importantly, appetitive and aversive memory traces can be formed and retrieved independent from each other but also can, under appriate circumstances, summate to jointly organise conditioned behaviour. In contrast to learned behaviour, innate olfactory behaviour is not influenced by gustatory processing and vice versa. Thus, innate olfactory and gustatory behaviour is rather rigid and reflexive in nature, being executed almost regardless of other environmental cues. I suggest a behavioural circuit-model of chemosensory behaviour and the 'decision' process whether to behaviourally express a memory trace or not. This model reflects known components of the larval chemobehavioural circuit and provides clear hypotheses about the kinds of architecture to look for in the currently unknown parts of this circuit. The second chapter deals with gustatory perception and processing (especially of bitter substances). Quinine, the bitter tastant in tonic water and bitter lemon, is aversive for larvae, suppresses feeding behaviour and can act as aversive reinforcer in learning experiments. However, all three examined behaviours differ in their dose-effect dynamics, suggesting different molecular and cellular processing streams at some level. Innate choice behaviour, thought to be relatively reflexive and hard-wired, nevertheless can be influenced by the gustatory context. That is, attraction toward sweet tastants is decreased in presence of bitter tastants. The extent of this inhibitory effect depends on the concentration of both sweet and bitter tastant. Importantly, sweet tastants differ in their sensitivity to bitter interference, indicating a stimulus-specific mechanism. The molecular and cellular processes underlying the inhibitory effect of bitter tastants are unknown, but the behavioural results presented here provide a framework to further investigate interactions of gustatory processing streams.}, subject = {Lernen}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Cook2012, author = {Cook, Mandy}, title = {The neurodegenerative Drosophila melanogaster AMPK mutant loechrig}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72027}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {In dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Drosophila Mutante loechrig (loe), die progressive Degeneration des Nervensystems aufweist, weiter beschrieben. In der loe Mutante fehlt eine neuronale Isoform der γ- Untereinheit der Proteinkinase AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase). Die heterotrimere AMPK (auch als SNF4Aγ bekannt) kontrolliert das Energieniveau der Zelle, was st{\"a}ndiges Beobachten des ATP/AMP- Verh{\"a}ltnis erfordert. AMPK wird durch niedrige Energiekonzentrationen und Beeintr{\"a}chtigungen im Metabolismus, wie zum Beispiel Sauerstoffmangel, aktiviert und reguliert mehrere wichtige Signaltransduktionswege, die den Zellmetabolismus kontrollieren. Jedoch ist die Rolle von AMPK im neuronalen {\"U}berleben noch unklar. Eines der Proteine, dass von AMPK reguliert wird, ist HMGR (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA- reductase), ein Schl{\"u}sselenzym in der Cholesterin- und Isoprenoidsynthese. Es wurde gezeigt, dass wenn die Konzentration von HMGR manipuliert wird, auch der Schweregrad des neurodegenerativen Ph{\"a}notyps in loe beeinflusst wird. Obwohl die regulatorische Rolle von AMPK auf HMGR in Drosophila konserviert ist, k{\"o}nnen Insekten Cholesterin nicht de novo synthetisieren. Dennoch ist der Syntheseweg von Isoprenoiden zwischen Vertebraten und Insekten evolution{\"a}r konserviert. Isoprenylierung von Proteinen, wie zum Beispiel von kleinen G-Proteinen, stellt den Proteinen einen hydophobischen Anker bereit, mit denen sie sich an die Zellmembran binden k{\"o}nnen, was in anschließender Aktivierung resultieren kann. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird gezeigt, dass die loe Mutation die Prenylierung von Rho1 und den LIM-Kinasesignalweg beeinflusst, was eine wichtige Rolle im Umsatz von Aktin und axonalem Auswachsen spielt. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Mutation in LOE, Hyperaktivit{\"a}t des Isoprenoidsynthesewegs verursacht, was zur erh{\"o}hten Farnesylierung von Rho1 und einer dementsprechend h{\"o}heren Konzentration von Phospho- Cofilin f{\"u}hrt. Eine Mutation in Rho1 verbessert den neurodegenerativen Ph{\"a}notyp und die Lebenserwartung von loe. Der Anstieg vom inaktiven Cofilin in loe f{\"u}hrt zu einer Zunahme von filament{\"o}sen Aktin. Aktin ist am Auswachen von Neuronen beteiligt und Experimente in denen loe Neurone analysiert wurden, gaben wertvolle Einblicke in eine m{\"o}gliche Rolle die AMPK, und dementsprechend Aktin, im Neuronenwachstum spielt. Des Weiteren wurde demonstriert, dass Neurone, die von der loe Mutante stamen, einen verlangsamten axonalen Transport aufweisen, was darauf hinweist dass Ver{\"a}nderungen, die durch den Einfluss von loe auf den Rho1 Signalweg im Zytoskelettnetzwerk hervorgerufen wurden, zur St{\"o}rung des axonalen Transports und anschließenden neuronalen Tod f{\"u}hren. Es zeigte außerdem, dass Aktin nicht nur am neuronalen Auswachsen beteiligt ist, sondern auch wichtig f{\"u}r die Aufrechterhaltung von Neuronen ist. Das bedeutet, dass {\"A}nderungen der Aktindynamik zur progressiven Degeneration von Neuronen f{\"u}hren kann. Zusammenfassend unterstreichen diese Ergebnisse die wichtige Bedeutung von AMPK in den Funktionen und im {\"U}berleben von Neuronen und er{\"o}ffnen einen neuartigen funktionellen Mechanismus in dem {\"A}nderungen in AMPK neuronale Degeneration hervorrufen kann.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kistenpfennig2012, author = {Kistenpfennig, Christa}, title = {Rhodopsin 7 and Cryptochrome - circadian photoreception in Drosophila}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72209}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Many organisms evolved an endogenous clock to adapt to the daily environmental changes caused by the earth's rotation. Light is the primary time cue ("Zeitgeber") for entrainment of circadian clocks to the external 24-h day. In Drosophila, several visual pigments are known to mediate synchronization to light: The blue-light photopigment Cryptochrome (CRY) and six well-described rhodopsins (Rh1-Rh6). CRY is present in the majority of clock neurons as well as in the compound eyes, whereas the location of rhodopsins is restricted to the photoreceptive organs - the compound eyes, the ocelli and the HB-eyelets. CRY is thought to represent the key photoreceptor of Drosophila's circadian clock. Nevertheless, mutant flies lacking CRY (cry01) are able to synchronize their locomotor activity rhythms to light-dark (LD) cycles, but need significantly longer than wild-type flies. In this behavior, cry01 mutants strongly resemble mammalian species that do not possess any internal photoreceptors and perceive light information exclusively through their photoreceptive organs (eyes). Thus, a mammalian-like phase-shifting behavior would be expected in cry01 flies. We investigated this issue by monitoring a phase response curve (PRC) of cry01 and wild-type flies to 1-h light pulses of 1000 lux irradiance. Indeed, cry01 mutants produced a mammalian-similar so called type 1 PRC of comparatively low amplitude (< 25\% of wild-type) with phase delays to light pulses during the early subjective night and phase advances to light pulses during the late subjective night (~1 h each). Despite the predominant role of CRY, the visual system contributes to the light sensitivity of the fly's circadian clock, mainly around dawn and dusk. Furthermore, this phase shifting allows for the slow re-entrainment which we observed in cry01 mutants to 8-h phase delays of the LD 12 h:12 h cycle. However, cry01 also showed surprising differences in their shifting ability: First of all, their PRC was characterized by a second dead zone in the middle of the subjective night (ZT17-ZT19) in addition to the usual unresponsiveness during the subjective day. Second, in contrast to wild-type flies, cry01 mutants did not increase their shift of activity rhythms neither in response to longer stimuli nor to light pulses of higher irradiance. In contrast, both 6-h light pulses of 1000 lux and 1-h light pulses of 10,000 lux light intensity during the early subjective night even resulted in phase advances instead of the expected delays. Thus, CRY seems to be not only responsible for the high light sensitivity of the wild-type circadian clock, but is apparently also involved in integrating and processing light information. Rhodopsin 7 (Rh7) is a yet uncharacterized protein, but became a good photoreceptor candidate due to sequence similarities to the six known Drosophila Rhs. The second part of this thesis investigated the expression pattern of Rh7 and its possible functions, especially in circadian photoreception. Furthermore, we were interested in a potential interaction with CRY and thus, tested cry01 and rh70 cry01 mutants as well. Rh1 is the main visual pigment of the Drosophila compound eye and expressed in six out of eight photoreceptors cells (R1-R6) in each of the ~800 ommatidia. Motion vision depends exclusively on Rh1 function but, moreover, Rh1 plays an important structural role and assures proper photoreceptor cell development and maintenance. In order to investigate its possible photoreceptive function, we expressed Rh7 in place of Rh1. Rh7 was indeed able to overtake the role of Rh1 in both aspects: It prevented retinal degeneration and mediated the optomotor response (OR), a motion vision-dependent behavior. At the transcriptional level, rh7 is expressed at approximately equal amounts in adult fly brains and retinas. Due to a reduced specificity of anti-Rh7 antibodies, we could not verify this result at the protein level. However, analysis of rh7 null mutants (rh70) suggested different Rh7 functions in vivo. Previous experiments strongly indicated an increased sensitivity of the compound eyes in the absence of Rh7 and suggested impaired light adaptation. We aimed to test this hypothesis at the levels of circadian photoreception. Locomotor activity rhythms are a reliable output of the circadian clock. Rh70 mutant flies generally displayed a wild-type similar bimodal activity pattern comprising morning (M) and evening (E) activity bouts. Activity monitoring supported the proposed "shielding" function, since rh70 mutants behaved like wild-type flies experiencing high irradiances. Under all investigated conditions, their activity peaks lay further apart resulting in a prolonged midday break. The behavior of cry01 mutants was mainly characterized by an unexpectedly high flexibility in the timing of M and E activity bouts which allowed tracking of lights-on and lights-off even under extreme photoperiods. Activity profiles of the corresponding rh70 cry01 double mutants reflected neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects of Rh7 and CRY and were dominated by a broad E activity peak. In the future, the different circadian phenotypes will be further investigated on the molecular level by analysis of clock protein cycling in the underlying pacemaker neurons. The work of this thesis confirmed that Rh7 is indeed able to work as a photoreceptor and to initiate the classical phototransduction cascade. On the other hand, it provided further evidence at the levels of circadian photoreception that Rh7 might serve as a shielding pigment for Rh1 in vivo, thereby mediating proper light adaptation.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Eschbach2011, author = {Eschbach, Claire}, title = {Classical and operant learning in the larvae of Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70583}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {In dieser Doktorarbeit studiere ich einige psychologische Aspekte im Verhalten der Drosophila, insbesondere von Drosophila Larven. Nach einer Einleitung, in der ich den wissenschaftlichen Kontext darstelle und die Mechanismen der olfaktorischen Wahrnehmung sowie des klassichen und operanten Lernens beschreibe, stelle ich die verschiedenen Experimente meiner Doktorarbeit vor. Wahrnehmung Das zweite Kapitel behandelt die Art, in der adulte Drosophila zwischen Einzeld{\"u}ften und Duftgemischen generaliseren. Ich habe gefunden, daß die Fliegen eine Mischung aus zwei D{\"u}ften als gleich verschieden von ihren beiden Elementen wahrnehmen; und daß die Intensit{\"a}t sowie die chemisch-physikalische Natur der Elemente das Ausmass der Generalisierung zwischen der Mischung und ihren beiden Elementen beeinflusst. Diese Entdeckungen sollten f{\"u}r die weitere Forschung anregend sein, wie zum Beispiel zum functional imaging. Ged{\"a}chtnis Das dritte Kapitel stellt die Etablierung eines neuen Protokolls zur klassischen Konditionierung bei Drosophila Larven dar. Es handelt sich um Experimente, bei denen ein Duft mit einer mechanischen St{\"o}rung als Strafreiz verkn{\"u}pft wird. Das Protokoll wird einen Vergleich zwischen zwei Arten vom aversiven Ged{\"a}chtnissen (Geschmack vs. mechanische St{\"o}rung als Strafreize) erm{\"o}glichen, einschliesslich eines Vergleiches ihrer neurogenetischen Grundlagen; zudem kann nun geforscht werden, ob die jeweiligen Ged{\"a}chtnisse spezifisch f{\"u}r die Art des verwendeten Strafreizes sind. Selbstgestaltung Das vierte Kapitel umfasst unsere Versuche, operantes Ged{\"a}chtnis bei Drosophila Larven zu beobachten. Zumindest f{\"u}r die unmittelbar ersten Momente des Tests konnte ich zeigen, dass die Larven ihr Verhalten entsprechend dem Training ausrichten. Dieses Ged{\"a}chtnis scheint jedoch im Laufe des Tests schnell zu verschwinden. Es ist daher geraten, diese Ergebnisse {\"u}ber operantes Lernen zu wiederholen, eventuell das experimentelle Protokoll zu verbessern, um so eine systematische Analyse der Bedingungen und Mechanismen f{\"u}r das operante Lernen bei der Drosophila Larve zu erlauben. Im f{\"u}nften Kapitel verwende ich die im Rahmen des vierten Kapitels entwickelten Methoden f{\"u}r eine Analyse der Fortbewegung der Larven. Ich habe insbesondere die Wirkung des pflanzlichen ‚cognitive enhancers' Rhodiola rosea untersucht, sowie die Auswirkungen von Mutationen in den Genen, welche f{\"u}r Synapsin und SAP47 kodieren; schliesslich habe ich getestet, ob die Geschmacksqualit{\"a}t der Testsituation lokomotorische Parameter ver{\"a}ndert. Diese Dissertation erbringt also eine Reihe neuer Aspekte zur Psychologie der Drosophila und wird hoffentlich in diesem Bereich der Forschung neue Wege {\"o}ffnen.}, subject = {Lernen}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kapustjansky2011, author = {Kapustjansky, Alexander}, title = {In vivo imaging and optogenetic approach to study the formation of olfactory memory and locomotor behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69535}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Understanding of complex interactions and events in a nervous system, leading from the molecular level up to certain behavioural patterns calls for interdisciplinary interactions of various research areas. The goal of the presented work is to achieve such an interdisciplinary approach to study and manipulate animal behaviour and its underlying mechanisms. Optical in vivo imaging is a new constantly evolving method, allowing one to study not only the local but also wide reaching activity in the nervous system. Due to ease of its genetic accessibility Drosophila melanogaster represents an extraordinary experimental organism to utilize not only imaging but also various optogenetic techniques to study the neuronal underpinnings of behaviour. In this study four genetically encoded sensors were used to investigate the temporal dynamics of cAMP concentration changes in the horizontal lobes of the mushroom body, a brain area important for learning and memory, in response to various physiological and pharmacological stimuli. Several transgenic lines with various genomic insertion sites for the sensor constructs Epac1, Epac2, Epac2K390E and HCN2 were screened for the best signal quality, one line was selected for further experiments. The in vivo functionality of the sensor was assessed via pharmacological application of 8-bromo-cAMP as well as Forskolin, a substance stimulating cAMP producing adenylyl cyclases. This was followed by recording of the cAMP dynamics in response to the application of dopamine and octopamine, as well as to the presentation of electric shock, odorants or a simulated olfactory signal, induced by acetylcholine application to the observed brain area. In addition the interaction between the shock and the simulated olfactory signal by simultaneous presentation of both stimuli was studied. Preliminary results are supporting a coincidence detection mechanism at the level of the adenylyl cyclase as postulated by the present model for classical olfactory conditioning. In a second series of experiments an effort was made to selecticvely activate a subset of neurons via the optogenetic tool Channelrhodopsin (ChR2). This was achieved by recording the behaviour of the fly in a walking ball paradigm. A new method was developed to analyse the walking behaviour of the animal whose brain was made optically accessible via a dissection technique, as used for imaging, thus allowing one to target selected brain areas. Using the Gal4-UAS system the protocerebral bridge, a substructure of the central complex, was highlighted by expressing the ChR2 tagged by fluorescent protein EYFP. First behavioural recordings of such specially prepared animals were made. Lastly a new experimental paradigm for single animal conditioning was developed (Shock Box). Its design is based on the established Heat Box paradigm, however in addition to spatial and operant conditioning available in the Heat Box, the design of the new paradigm allows one to set up experiments to study classical and semioperant olfactory conditioning, as well as semioperant place learning and operant no idleness experiments. First experiments involving place learning were successfully performed in the new apparatus.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mishra2011, author = {Mishra, Dushyant}, title = {The content of olfactory memory in larval Drosophila}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66316}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {An animal depends heavily on its sense of smell and its ability to form olfactory associations as this is crucial for its survival. This thesis studies in two parts about such associative olfactory learning in larval Drosophila. The first part deals with different aspects of odour processing while the second part is concerned with aspects related to memory and learning. Chapter I.1 highlights how odour intensities could be integrated into the olfactory percept of larval Drosophila. I first describe the dose-effect curves of learnability across odour intensities for different odours and then choose odour intensities from these curves such that larvae are trained at intermediate odour intensity, but are tested for retention with either that trained intermediate odour intensity, or with respectively HIGHer or LOWer intensities. I observe a specificity of retention for the trained intensity for all the odours used. Further I compare these findings with the case of adult Drosophila and propose a circuit level model of how such intensity coding comes about. Such intensity specificity of learning adds to appreciate the richness in 'content' of olfactory memory traces, and to define the demands on computational models of olfaction and olfactory learning. Chapter I.2 provides a behaviour-based estimate of odour similarity using four different types of experiments to yield a combined, task-independent estimate of perceived difference between odour-pairs. Further comparison of these perceived differences to published measures of physico- chemical difference reveals a weak correlation. Notable exceptions to this correlation are 3-octanol and benzaldehyde. Chapter I.3 shows for two odours (3-octanol and 1-octene-3-ol) that perceptual differences between these odours can either be ignored after non-discriminative training (generalization), or accentuated by odour-specific reinforcement (discrimination). Anosmic Or83b1 mutants have lost these faculties, indicating that this adaptive adjustment is taking place downstream of Or83b expressing sensory neurons. Chapter II.1 of this thesis deals with food supplementation with dried roots of Rhodiola rosea. This dose-dependently improves odour- reward associative function in larval Drosophila. Supplementing fly food with commercially available tablets or extracts, however, does not have a 'cognitive enhancing' effect, potentially enabling us to differentiate between the effective substances in the root versus these preparations. Thus Drosophila as a genetically tractable study case should now allow accelerated analyses of the molecular mechanism(s) that underlie this 'cognitive enhancement' conveyed by Rhodiola rosea. Chapter II.2 describes the role of Synapsin, an evolutionarily conserved presynaptic phosphoprotein using a combined behavioural and genetic approach and asks where and how, this protein affects functions in associative plasticity of larval Drosophila. This study shows that a Synapsin-dependent memory trace can be pinpointed to the mushroom bodies, a 'cortical' brain region of the insects. On the molecular level, data in this study assign Synapsin as a behaviourally- relevant effector of the AC-cAMP-PKA cascade.}, subject = {Drosophila}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Aso2010, author = {Aso, Yoshinori}, title = {Dissecting the neuronal circuit for olfactory learning in Drosophila}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55483}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {This thesis consists of three major chapters, each of which has been separately published or under the process for publication. The first chapter is about anatomical characterization of the mushroom body of adult Drosophila melanogaster. The mushroom body is the center for olfactory learning and many other functions in the insect brains. The functions of the mushroom body have been studied by utilizing the GAL4/UAS gene expression system. The present study characterized the expression patterns of the commonly used GAL4 drivers for the mushroom body intrinsic neurons, Kenyon cells. Thereby, we revealed the numerical composition of the different types of Kenyon cells and found one subtype of the Kenyon cells that have not been described. The second and third chapters together demonstrate that the multiple types of dopaminergic neurons mediate the aversive reinforcement signals to the mushroom body. They induce the parallel memory traces that constitute the different temporal domains of the aversive odor memory. In prior to these chapters, "General introduction and discussion" section reviews and discuss about the current understanding of neuronal circuit for olfactory learning in Drosophila.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Jauch2010, author = {Jauch, Mandy}, title = {Die Serin/Arginin Proteinkinase 79D (SRPK79D) von Drosophila melanogaster und ihre Rolle bei der Bildung Aktiver Zonen von Synapsen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53974}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Synapsen als Stellen der Kommunikation zwischen Neuronen besitzen spezialisierte Bereiche - Aktive Zonen (AZs) genannt -, die aus einem hoch komplexen Netzwerk von Proteinen aufgebaut sind und die Maschinerie f{\"u}r den Prozess der Neurotransmitter-Aussch{\"u}ttung und das Vesikel-Recycling beinhalten. In Drosophila ist das Protein Bruchpilot (BRP) ein wichtiger Baustein f{\"u}r die T-f{\"o}rmigen B{\"a}nder („T-Bars") der pr{\"a}synaptischen Aktiven Zonen. BRP ist notwendig f{\"u}r eine intakte Struktur der Aktiven Zone und eine normale Exocytose von Neurotransmitter-Vesikeln. Auf der Suche nach Mutationen, welche die Verteilung von Bruchpilot im Gewebe beeintr{\"a}chtigen, wurde eine P-Element-Insertion im Gen CG11489 an der Position 79D identifiziert, welches eine Kinase kodiert, die einen hohen Grad an Homologie zur Familie der SR Proteinkinasen (SRPKs) von S{\"a}ugern aufweist. Die Mitglieder dieser Familie zeichnen sich durch eine evolution{\"a}r hoch konservierte zweigeteilte Kinasedom{\"a}ne aus, die durch eine nicht konservierte Spacer-Sequenz unterbrochen ist. SRPKs phosphorylieren SR-Proteine, die zu einer evolution{\"a}r hoch konservierten Familie Serin/Arginin-reicher Spleißfaktoren geh{\"o}ren und konstitutive sowie alternative Spleißprozesse steuern und damit auf post-transkriptioneller Ebene die Genexpression regulieren. Mutation des Srpk79D-Gens durch die P-Element-Insertion (Srpk79DP1) oder eine Deletion im Gen (Srpk79DVN Nullmutante) f{\"u}hrt zu auff{\"a}lligen BRP-Akkumulationen in larvalen und adulten Nerven. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass diese BRP-Akkumulationen auf Ultrastruktur-Ebene ausgedehnten axonalen Agglomeraten elektronendichter B{\"a}nder entsprechen und von klaren Vesikeln umgeben sind. Charakterisierung durch Immuno-Elektronenmikroskopie ergab, dass diese Strukturen BRP-immunoreaktiv sind. Um die Bildung BRP-enthaltender Agglomerate in Axonen zu verhindern und damit eine intakte Gehirnfunktion zu gew{\"a}hrleisten, scheint die SRPK79D nur auf niedrigem Niveau exprimiert zu werden, da die endogene Kinase mit verschiedenen Antik{\"o}rpern nicht nachweisbar war. Wie in anderen Arbeiten gezeigt werden konnte, ist die Expression der PB-, PC- oder PF-Isoform der vier m{\"o}glichen SRPK79D-Varianten, die durch alternativen Transkriptionsstart in Exon eins beziehungsweise drei und alternatives Spleißen von Exon sieben zustande kommen, zur Rettung des Ph{\"a}notyps der BRP-Akkumulation im Srpk79DVN Nullmutanten-Hintergrund ausreichend. Zur Charakterisierung der Rescue-Eigenschaften der SRPK79D-PE-Isoform wurde mit der Klonierung der cDNA in einen UAS-Vektor begonnen. Offenbar beruht die Bildung der axonalen BRP-Agglomerate nicht auf einer {\"U}berexpression von BRP in den betroffenen Neuronen, denn auch bei reduzierter Expression des BRP-Proteins im Srpk79DVN Nullmutanten-Hintergrund entstehen die BRP-Agglomerate. In K{\"o}pfen der Srpk79DVN Nullmutante ist die Gesamtmenge an Bruchpilot-Protein im Vergleich zum Wildtyp nicht deutlich ver{\"a}ndert. Auch die auf Protein-Ebene untersuchte Expression der verschiedenen Isoformen der pr{\"a}synaptischen Proteine Synapsin, Sap47 und CSP weicht in der Srpk79DVN Nullmutante nicht wesentlich von der Wildtyp-Situation ab, sodass sich keine Hinweise auf ver{\"a}ndertes Spleißen der entsprechenden pr{\"a}-mRNAs ergeben. Jedes der sieben bekannten SR-Proteine von Drosophila ist ein potentielles Zielprotein der SRPK79D. Knock-down-Experimente f{\"u}r die drei hier untersuchten SR-Proteine SC35, X16/9G8 und B52/SRp55 im gesamten Nervensystem durch RNA-Interferenz zeigten allerdings keinen Effekt auf die Verteilung von BRP im Gewebe. Hinsichtlich der Flugf{\"a}higkeit der Tiere hat die Srpk79DVN Nullmutation keinen additiven Effekt zum Knock-down des BRP-Proteins, denn die Doppelmutanten zeigten bei der Bestimmung des Anteils an flugunf{\"a}higen Tieren vergleichbare Werte wie die Einzelmutanten, die entweder die Nullmutation im Srpk79D-Gen trugen, oder BRP reduziert exprimierten. Vermutlich sind Bruchpilot und die SR Proteinkinase 79D somit Teil desselben Signalwegs. Durch Doppelf{\"a}rbungen mit Antik{\"o}rpern gegen BRP und CAPA-Peptide wurde abschließend entdeckt, dass Bruchpilot auch im Median- und Transvers-Nervensystem (MeN/TVN) von Drosophila zu finden ist, welche die Neuroh{\"a}mal-Organe beherbergen. Aufgabe dieser Organe ist die Speicherung und Aussch{\"u}ttung von Neuropeptid-Hormonen. Daher ist zu vermuten, dass das BRP-Protein neben Funktionen bei der Neurotransmitter-Exocytose m{\"o}glicherweise eine Rolle bei der Aussch{\"u}ttung von Neuropeptiden spielt. Anders als in den Axonen der larvalen Segmental- und Intersegmentalnerven der Srpk79DVN Nullmutante, die charakteristische BRP-Agglomerate aufweisen, hat die Mutation des Srpk79D-Gens in den Axonen der Va-Neurone, die das MeN/TVN-System bilden, keinen sichtbaren Effekt auf die Verteilung von Brp, denn das Muster bei F{\"a}rbung gegen BRP weist keine deutlichen Ver{\"a}nderungen zum Wildtyp auf.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Schmid2010, author = {Schmid, Benjamin}, title = {Computational tools for the segmentation and registration of confocal brain images of Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51490}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Neuroanatomical data in fly brain research are mostly available as spatial gene expression patterns of genetically distinct fly strains. The Drosophila standard brain, which was developed in the past to provide a reference coordinate system, can be used to integrate these data. Working with the standard brain requires advanced image processing methods, including visualisation, segmentation and registration. The previously published VIB Protocol addressed the problem of image registration. Unfortunately, its usage was severely limited by the necessity of manually labelling a predefined set of neuropils in the brain images at hand. In this work I present novel tools to facilitate the work with the Drosophila standard brain. These tools are integrated in a well-known open-source image processing framework which can potentially serve as a common platform for image analysis in the neuroanatomical research community: ImageJ. In particular, a hardware-accelerated 3D visualisation framework was developed for ImageJ which extends its limited 3D visualisation capabilities. It is used for the development of a novel semi-automatic segmentation method, which implements automatic surface growing based on user-provided seed points. Template surfaces, incorporated with a modified variant of an active surface model, complement the segmentation. An automatic nonrigid warping algorithm is applied, based on point correspondences established through the extracted surfaces. Finally, I show how the individual steps can be fully automated, and demonstrate its application for the successful registration of fly brain images. The new tools are freely available as ImageJ plugins. I compare the results obtained by the introduced methods with the output of the VIB Protocol and conclude that our methods reduce the required effort five to ten fold. Furthermore, reproducibility and accuracy are enhanced using the proposed tools.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Triphan2009, author = {Triphan, Tilman}, title = {The Central Control of Gap Climbing Behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43666}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {In this work, a behavioural analysis of different mutants of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been carried out. Primarily, the gap climbing behaviour (Pick \& Strauss, 2005) has been assayed as it lends itself for the investigation of decision making processes and the neuronal basis of adaptive behaviour. Furthermore it shows how basic motor actions can be combined into a complex motor behaviour. Thanks to the neurogenetic methods, Drosophila melanogaster has become an ideal study object for neurobiological questions. Two different modules of climbing control have been examined in detail. For the decision making, the mutant climbing sisyphus was analysed. While wild-type flies adapt the initiation of climbing behaviour to the width of the gap and the probability for a successful transition. climbing sisyphus flies initiate climbing behaviour even at clearly insurmountable gap widths. The climbing success itself is not improved in comparison to the wild-type siblings. The mutant climbing sisyphus is a rare example of a hyperactive mutant besides many mutants that show a reduced activity. Basic capabilities in vision have been tested in an optomotor and a distance-estimation paradigm. Since they are not affected, a defect in decision making is most probably the cause of this behavioural aberration. A second module of climbing control is keeping up orientation towards the opposite side of the gap during the execution of climbing behaviour. Mutants with a structural defect in the protocerebral bridge show abnormal climbing behaviour. During the climbing attempt, the longitudinal body axis does not necessarily point into the direction of the opposite side. Instead, many climbing events are initiated at the side edge of the walking block into the void and have no chance to ever succeed. The analysed mutants are not blind. In one of the mutants, tay bridge1 (tay1) a partial rescue attempt used to map the function in the brain succeeded such that the state of the bridge was restored. That way, a visual targeting mechanism has been activated, allowing the flies to target the opposite side. When the visibility of the opposing side was reduced, the rescued flies went back to a tay1 level of directional scatter. The results are in accord with the idea that the bridge is a central constituent of the visual targeting mechanism. The tay1 mutant was also analysed in other behavioural paradigms. A reduction in walking speed and walking activity in this mutant could be rescued by the expression of UAS-tay under the control of the 007Y-GAL4 driver line, which concomitantly restores the structure of the protocerebral bridge. The separation of bridge functions from functions of other parts of the brain of tay1 was accomplished by rescuing the reduced optomotor compensation in tay1 by the mb247-GAL4>UAS-tay driver. While still having a tay1-like protocerebral bridge, mb247-GAL4 rescue flies are able to compensate at wild-type levels. An intact compensation is not depended on the tay expression in the mushroom bodies, as mushroom body ablated flies with a tay1 background and expression of UAS-tay under the control of mb247-GAL4 show wild-type behaviour as well. The most likely substrate for the function are currently unidentified neurons in the fan-shaped body, that can be stained with 007Y-GAL4 and mb247-GAL4 as well.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bertolucci2008, author = {Bertolucci, Franco}, title = {Operant and classical learning in Drosophila melanogaster: the ignorant gene (ign)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-33984}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {One of the major challenges in neuroscience is to understand the neuronal processes that underlie learning and memory. For example, what biochemical pathways underlie the coincidence detection between stimuli during classical conditioning, or between an action and its consequences during operant conditioning? In which neural substructures is this information stored? How similar are the pathways mediating these two types of associative learning and at which level do they diverge? The fly Drosophila melanogaster is an appropriate model organism to address these questions due to the availability of suitable learning paradigms and neurogenetic tools. It permits an extensive study of the functional role of the gene S6KII which in Drosophila had been found to be differentially involved in classical and operant conditioning (Bertolucci, 2002; Putz et al., 2004). Genomic rescue experiments showed that olfactory conditioning in the Tully machine, a paradigm for Pavlovian olfactory conditioning, depends on the presence of an intact S6KII gene. This rescue was successfully performed on both the null mutant and a partial deletion, suggesting that the removal of the phosphorylating unit of the kinase was the main cause of the functional defect. The GAL4/UAS system was used to achieve temporal and spatial control of S6KII expression. It was shown that expression of the kinase during the adult stage was essential for the rescue. This finding ruled out a developmental origin of the mutant learning phenotype. Furthermore, targeted spatial rescue of S6KII revealed a requirement in the mushroom bodies and excluded other brain structures like the median bundle, the antennal lobes and the central complex. This pattern is very similar to the one previously identified with the rutabaga mutant (Zars et al., 2000). Experiments with the double mutant rut, ign58-1 suggest that both rutabaga and S6KII operate in the same signalling pathway. Previous studies had already shown that deviating results from operant and classical conditioning point to different roles for S6KII in the two types of learning (Bertolucci, 2002; Putz, 2002). This conclusion was further strengthened by the defective performance of the transgenic lines in place learning and their normal behavior in olfactory conditioning. A novel type of learning experiment, called "idle experiment", was designed. It is based on the conditioning of the walking activity and represents a purely operant task, overcoming some of the limitations of the "standard" heat-box experiment, a place learning paradigm. The novel nature of the idle experiment allowed exploring "learned helplessness" in flies, unveiling astonishing similarities to more complex organisms such as rats, mice and humans. Learned helplessness in Drosophila is found only in females and is sensitive to antidepressants.}, subject = {Klassische Konditionierung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Fouquet2008, author = {Fouquet, Wernher}, title = {Analysis of synapse assembly in Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-38173}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {The majority of rapid cell-to-cell communication mechanisms and information processing within the nervous system makes use of chemical synapses. Fast neurotransmission on these sites not only requires very close apposition of pre- and postsynaptic partners, but also depends on an effective structural arrangement of cellular components on both sides of the synaptic cleft. Synaptic vesicles fuse at active zones (AZs), characterized by an electron-dense protein mesh of insufficiently characterized composition and function. EM analysis of synapses identified electron dense structures thought (but not proven) to play an important role for vesicle release efficacy. The molecular organization of presynaptic AZs during Ca2+ influx-triggered neurotransmitter release is currently a focus of intense investigation. Due to its appearance in electron micrographs, dense bodies at Drosophila synapses were named T-bars. Together with the lab of Erich Buchner, we recently showed that Bruchpilot (BRP) of the Drosophila melanogaster, homologous to the mammalian CAST/ERC family in its N-terminal half, is essential for the T-bar assembly at AZs and efficient neurotransmitter release respectively. The question, in which way BRP contributes to functional and structural organization of the AZ, was a major focus of this thesis. First, stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED), featuring significantly increased optical resolution, was used to achieve first insights into 'cytoarchitecture' of the AZ compartment. In addition, in vivo live imaging experiments following identified populations of synapses over extended periods were preformed to address the trafficking of protein at forming synapses and thereby providing a temporal sequence for the AZ assembly process. Apart from BRP, two additional AZ proteins, DLiprin-\&\#945; and DSyd-1, were included into the analysis, which were both shown to contribute to efficient AZ assembly. Drosophila Syd-1 (DSyd-1) and Drosophila Liprin-\&\#945; (DLiprin-\&\#945;) clusters initiated AZ assembly, finally forming discrete 'quanta' at the AZ edge. ELKS-related Bruchpilot, in contrast, accumulated late from diffuse pools in the AZ center, where it contributed to the electron dense specialization by adopting an extended conformation vertical to the AZ membrane. We show that DSyd-1 and DLiprin-\&\#945; are important for efficient AZ formation. The results of this thesis describe AZ assembly as a sequential protracted process, with matured AZs characterized by sub-compartments and likely quantal building blocks. This step-wise, in parts reversible path leading to mature AZ structure and function offers new control possibilities in the development and plasticity of synaptic circuits.}, subject = {Synapse}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Busch2009, author = {Busch, Sebastian}, title = {Morphologie und Organisation individueller oktopaminerger Neurone im Gehirn von Drosophila m.}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-36203}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Das biogene Amin Oktopamin moduliert verschiedene Verhaltensweisen in Invertebraten. In verschiedenen Insektenspezies, wie Heuschrecken, Grillen oder Schaben, ist die Funktion und die Architektur des peripheren oktopaminergen Systems auf Einzelzellebene bekannt. Um die zellul{\"a}re Grundlage f{\"u}r die verschiedenen Funktionen von Oktopamin im Zentralnervensystem zu verstehen, ist eine detaillierte Analyse der Architektur des zentralen oktopaminergen Systems notwendig. Innerhalb meiner Doktorarbeit fertigte eine anatomische Karte individueller oktopaminerger Neurone des adulten Hirns von Drosophila an. Ich nutzte die Flp-out Technik, um einzelne oktopaminerge Neurone anzuf{\"a}rben. Anhand ihrer Projektionsmuster konnte ich 28 verschiedene Zelltypen in vier Oktopamin-immunoreaktiven Zellclustern identifizieren. Ihre Morphologie sowie die Verteilung genetischer Marker zeigte, dass die meisten Zelltypen mehrere Neuropile innervieren und dabei eine klare Trennung von Pr{\"a}- und Postsynaptischen Regionen aufweisen. Die Mehrheit der Zelltypen bildet dendritische Verzweigungen in einer bestimmten Region, der posterioren Slope. Jedoch innerviert jeder Zelltyp stereotyp eine bestimmte Kombination von Zielregionen im Gehirn. Das deutet stark darauf hin, dass oktopaminerge Neurone kombinatorisch organisiert sind: Jedes individuelle Neuron scheint Komponente eines spezifischen neuronalen Schaltkreises zu sein. Dabei k{\"o}nnte jeder Zelltyp eine Art "Modul" darstellen, das selektiv bestimmte Funktionen in den jeweiligen Zielregionen moduliert. Das oktopaminerge Mittelliniencluster des Sub{\"o}sophagealen Ganglions zeigt eine besondere zellul{\"a}re Organisation. Es besteht aus gepaarten und ungepaarten Neuronen, die des Zentralgehirn mit extensiven Verzweigungen versorgen. Um die Ordnung hinter dieser komplexen Organisation zu verstehen, wurden die segmentale Organistion der Mittellinienneurone auf Einzelzellebene analysiert und ihre embryonalen Anlagen verglichen. Letzteres erm{\"o}glichte die morphologische Analyse von einzelnen oktopaminergen Mittellinienklonen. OA-VPM und OA-VUM Neurone bilden zusammen drei Subcluster im Sub{\"o}sophagealen Ganglion, die wahrscheinlich die drei gnathalen Neuromere repr{\"a}sentieren. Alle OA-VUM Neurone stammen von der embryonalen Mittellinie ab. In den mandibularen und maxillaren Neuromeren formen sie morphologisch identische Zelltypen, mit stereotypen Innervationsmustern. OA-VPM Neurone gehen nicht aus der embryonalen Mittellinie hervor und sind nicht segmental dupliziert. Diese Arbeit vermittelt nicht nur einen Eindruck {\"u}ber die Architektur individueller oktopaminerger Neurone, sondern auch {\"u}ber die Organisation des oktopaminergen Systems auf Einzelzellebene.}, subject = {Drosophila}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Voeller2009, author = {V{\"o}ller, Thomas}, title = {Visualisierung und Manipulation neuronaler Aktivit{\"a}ten im Gehirn von Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35589}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit wurden zwei Techniken zur Analyse der Funktion diverser Neuronen in Drosophila melanogaster angewendet. Im ersten Teil wurde mittels in-vivo Calcium Imaging Technik unter Verwendung des Calciumsensors Cameleon neuronale Aktivit{\"a}t entlang des olfaktorischen Signalweges registriert. Hierbei wurde die neuronale Repr{\"a}sentation der Duftidentit{\"a}t und der Duftintensit{\"a}t untersucht. In Bezug auf diese Fragestellung wurde die Datenverarbeitung und Datenanalyse weiterentwickelt und standardisiert. Die Experimente f{\"u}hrten zu dem Ergebnis, dass duftspezifische Aktivit{\"a}tsmuster auf der Ebene des Antennallobus sehr gut unterscheidbar sind. Manche Aktivit{\"a}tsmuster der pr{\"a}sentierten D{\"u}fte zeigten interessanterweise einen hohen {\"A}hnlichkeitsgrad, wohingegen andere un{\"a}hnlich waren. In h{\"o}heren Gehirnzentren wie den Orten der terminalen Aborisationen der Projektionsneurone oder den Pilzk{\"o}rper Kenyonzellen liegt eine starke Variabilit{\"a}t der duftevozierten Aktivit{\"a}tsmuster vor, was generelle Interpretationen unm{\"o}glich macht und h{\"o}chstens Vergleiche innerhalb eines Individuums zul{\"a}sst. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Calciumsignale in den Rezeptorneuronen sowie pr{\"a}- und postsynaptisch in den Projektionsneuronen bei Erh{\"o}hung der Konzentration der verschiedenen pr{\"a}sentierten D{\"u}fte {\"u}ber einen Bereich von mindestens drei Gr{\"o}ßenordnungen ansteigen. In den Kenyonzellen des Pilzk{\"o}rper-Calyx und der Pilzk{\"o}rper-Loben ist diese Konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngigkeit weniger deutlich ausgepr{\"a}gt und im Falle der Loben nur f{\"u}r bestimmte D{\"u}fte detektierbar. Eine Best{\"a}tigung des postulierten „sparsed code" der Duftpr{\"a}sentation in den Pilzk{\"o}rpern konnte in dieser Arbeit nicht erbracht werden, was m{\"o}glicherweise daran liegt, dass eine Einzelzellaufl{\"o}sung mit der verwendeten Technik nicht erreicht werden kann. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit sollte durch die Nutzung des lichtabh{\"a}ngigen Kationenkanals Channelrhodopsin-2 der Frage nachgegangen werden, ob bestimmte modulatorische Neurone die verst{\"a}rkenden Eigenschaften eines bestrafenden oder belohnenden Stimulus vermitteln. Die lichtinduzierte Aktivierung von Channelrhodopsin-2 exprimierenden dopaminergen Neuronen als Ersatz f{\"u}r einen aversiven Reiz f{\"u}hrte bei einer olfaktorischen Konditionierung bei Larven zur Bildung eines aversiven assoziativen Ged{\"a}chtnisses. Im Gegensatz dazu induzierte die Aktivierung von Channelrhodopsin-2 in oktopaminergen/tyraminergen Neuronen als Ersatz f{\"u}r einen appetitiven Reiz ein appetitives assoziatives Ged{\"a}chtnis. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass dopaminerge Neurone bei Larven aversives Duftlernen, oktopaminerge/tyraminerge Neurone dagegen appetitives Duftlernen induzieren.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Franz2009, author = {Franz, Mirjam}, title = {Analyse der Hangover Funktion w{\"a}hrend der Entwicklung von Ethanol-induziertem Verhalten}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35591}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Die Entwicklung von Ethanoltoleranz ist ein Indikator f{\"u}r eine m{\"o}gliche Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von Alkohol. Der genaue molekulare Mechanismus der Ethanoltoleranzentwicklung ist jedoch nicht bekannt. Drosophila erm{\"o}glicht die molekulare und ph{\"a}notypische Untersuchung von verschiedenen Mutanten mit ver{\"a}nderter Toleranz und kann so zu einem besseren Verst{\"a}ndnis beitragen. Die hangAE10 Mutante entwickelt eine reduzierte Ethanoltoleranz, wobei dieser Ph{\"a}notyp auf Defekte in der zellul{\"a}ren Stressantwort zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. F{\"u}r ein besseres Verst{\"a}ndnis, in welchen molekularen Mechanismen bzw. Signalwegen HANG wirkt, wurde die Funktion des Proteins auf zellul{\"a}rer Ebene analysiert und m{\"o}gliche Zielgene charakterisiert. Die auff{\"a}llige Proteinstruktur von HANG spricht f{\"u}r eine Interaktion mit Nukleins{\"a}uren. Immunhistochemische Analysen von ektopisch exprimiertem Hangover Protein ergaben, dass dieses nicht mit der DNA co-lokalisiert und auch nicht an polyt{\"a}nen Chromosomen nachgewiesen werden kann. Die ektopische Expression von HANG in Speicheldr{\"u}senzellen zeigte eine punktf{\"o}rmige Verteilung des Proteins innerhalb des Zellkerns. Dieses punktf{\"o}rmige Expressionsmuster wird h{\"a}ufig in RNA-bindenden Proteinen gefunden. Deshalb wurden Co-Lokalisationsstudien von HANG mit Markern f{\"u}r RNAmodifizierende Proteine durchgef{\"u}hrt. Dabei wurde keine Interaktion mit verschiedenen Markerproteinen des Spleißapparates gefunden. Mithilfe von in vitro Experimenten konnte aber die Bindung von RNA an bestimmten Hangover Proteinbereichen nachgewiesen werden Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass HANG eine RNA-regulierende Funktion hat. In einem cDNA Microarray Experiment wurde das Gen dunce als m{\"o}gliches Zielgen von Hangover identifiziert. Das Gen dunce kodiert f{\"u}r eine Phosphodiesterase, welche spezifisch cAMP hydrolysiert. Zur Best{\"a}tigung der cDNA Microarray Experimente wurden die dnc Transkriptunterschiede in Wildtyp und hangAE10 Mutante mithilfe von semiquantitativer RT-PCR f{\"u}r jede der vier Gruppen untersucht. Dabei konnte eine Reduktion der dncRMRA-Transkriptgruppe in hangAE10 Mutanten nachgewiesen werden. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse wurde die dncRMRA -spezifische dnc\&\#916;143 Mutante hergestellt und auf Verhaltensebene analysiert. Die Experimente zeigten, dass sowohl dnc1, als auch die dnc\&\#916;143 Mutante eine reduzierte Ethanoltoleranz und Defekte in der zellul{\"a}ren Stressantwort aufweisen. F{\"u}r die Rettung der reduzierten Toleranz von hangAE10 und dnc\&\#916;143 in dncRMRA-spezifischen Neuronen wurde die dncRMRA Promotor- GAL4 Linie hergestellt. Die reduzierte Ethanoltoleranz der dnc\&\#916;143 Mutanten konnte {\"u}ber die Expression von UAS-dnc mit der dncRMRA-GAL4 Linie auf Wildtyp Level gerettet werden. Die reduzierte Toleranz der hangAE10 Mutante konnte mithilfe derselben GAL4 Linie verbessert werden. Dies beweist, dass in beiden Mutanten dieselben Zellen f{\"u}r die Entwicklung von Ethanoltoleranz ben{\"o}tigt werden und sie wahrscheinlich in der gleichen Signaltransduktionskaskade eine Funktion haben. Aufgrund der Anf{\"a}lligkeit der UAS/ GAL4 Systems gegen{\"u}ber Hitze war es außerdem nicht m{\"o}glich die Defekte der zellul{\"a}ren Stressantwort von dnc\&\#916;143 bzw. hangAE10 Fliegen zu retten. Die Rettung der reduzierten Ethanoltoleranz der dcn\&\#916;143 Mutante f{\"u}hrte außerdem zu der Vermutung, dass die cAMP Regulation eine wichtige Funktion bei der Ethanoltoleranzentwicklung hat. {\"U}ber die Expression von cAMP-regulierenden Proteinen in dncRMRA-spezifischen Neuronen wurde der Einfluss von cAMP bei Ethanol-induziertem Verhalten {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Bei der {\"U}berexpression von dunce und rutabaga konnte weder eine Ver{\"a}nderung f{\"u}r die Ethanolsensitivit{\"a}t, noch f{\"u}r die Toleranzentwicklung festgestellt werden. Eine Erkl{\"a}rung hierf{\"u}r w{\"a}re, dass Ver{\"a}nderungen in der cAMP Konzentration {\"u}ber R{\"u}ckkopplungsmechanismen zwischen Dunce und Rutabaga ausgeglichen werden k{\"o}nnen. F{\"u}r eine genauere Aussage m{\"u}sste jedoch die cAMP Konzentration in diesen Fliegen gemessen werden. Die {\"U}berexpression von pka- in dncRMRA spezifischen Zellen f{\"u}hrt zu einer erh{\"o}hten Ethanolresistenz. Das bedeutet, dass die Modulation der cAMP Konzentration durch dunce und rutabaga in dncRMRA spezifischen Zellen keinen Einfluss auf Ethanol-induziertes Verhalten hat, wohingegen die St{\"a}rke der cAMP vermittelten Signalverarbeitung {\"u}ber die cAMP-abh{\"a}ngige PKA zu Ver{\"a}nderungen im Verhalten f{\"u}hrt. F{\"u}r Mutanten des cAMP Signalweges ist außerdem bekannt, dass sie Defekte im olfaktorischen Lernen bzw. Ged{\"a}chtnis aufweisen. Deshalb wurden die dnc\&\#916;143, dnc1 und hangAE10 Mutanten in diesem Paradigma getestet. Sowohl dnc1, als auch dnc\&\#916;143 Fliegen zeigten einen reduzierten Performance Index f{\"u}r das zwei und 30 Minuten Ged{\"a}chtnis. Nach 180 Minuten verhielten sich die dnc\&\#916;143 Mutanten nicht mehr unterschiedlich zum Wildtyp, die dnc1 Mutante zeigte jedoch immer noch eine Reduktion des Performance Index im Vergleich zur Kontrolle. Demnach ist in dnc\&\#916;143 Mutanten nur das Kurzzeitged{\"a}chtnis betroffen, wohingegen hangAE10 Mutanten keine Reduktion des Performance Index f{\"u}r das olfaktorische Kurzzeitged{\"a}chtnis aufweisen. Die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse der beiden Mutanten in der Ged{\"a}chtnisentwicklung deuten außerdem daraufhin, dass Lernen und Ged{\"a}chtnis in dnc\&\#916;143 und hangAE10 Mutanten von der Toleranzentwicklung unabh{\"a}ngig {\"u}ber unterschiedliche cAMP-abh{\"a}ngige Signaltransduktionskaskaden reguliert werden.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Yarali2008, author = {Yarali, Ayse}, title = {Aspects of predictive learning in the fruit fly}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-28741}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Past experience contributes to behavioural organization mainly via learning: Animals learn otherwise ordinary cues as predictors for biologically significant events. This thesis studies such predictive, associative learning, using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. I ask two main questions, which complement each other: One deals with the processing of those cues that are to be learned as predictors for an important event; the other one deals with the processing of the important event itself, which is to be predicted. Do fruit flies learn about combinations of olfactory and visual cues? I probe larval as well as adult fruit flies for the learning about combinations of olfactory and visual cues, using a so called 'biconditional discrimination' task: During training, one odour is paired with reinforcement only in light, but not in darkness; the other odour in turn is reinforced only in darkness, but not in light. Thus, neither the odours nor the visual conditions alone predict reinforcement, only combinations of both do. I find no evidence that either larval or adult fruit flies were to solve such task, speaking against a cross-talk between olfactory and visual modalities. Previous studies however suggest such cross-talk. To reconcile these results, I suggest classifying different kinds of interaction between sensory modalities, according to their site along the sensory-motor continuum: I consider an interaction 'truly' cross-modal, if it is between the specific features of the stimuli. I consider an interaction 'amodal' if it instead engages the behavioural tendencies or 'values' elicited by each stimulus. Such reasoning brings me to conclude that different behavioural tasks require different kinds of interaction between sensory modalities; whether a given kind of interaction will be found depends on the neuronal infrastructure, which is a function of the species and the developmental stage. Predictive learning of pain-relief in fruit flies Fruit flies build two opposing kinds of memory, based on an experience with electric shock: Those odours that precede shock during training are learned as predictors for punishment and are subsequently avoided; those odours that follow shock during training on the other hand are learned as signals for relief and are subsequently approached. I focus on such relief learning. I start with a detailed parametric analysis of relief learning, testing for reproducibility as well as effects of gender, repetition of training, odour identity, odour concentration and shock intensity. I also characterize how relief memories, once formed, decay. In addition, concerning the psychological mechanisms of relief learning, first, I show that relief learning establishes genuinely associative conditioned approach behaviour and second, I report that it is most likely not mediated by context associations. These results enable the following neurobiological analysis of relief learning; further, they will form in the future the basis for a mathematical model; finally, they will guide the researchers aiming at uncovering relief learning in other experimental systems. Next, I embark upon neurogenetic analysis of relief learning. First, I report that fruit flies mutant for the so called white gene build overall more 'negative' memories about an experience with electric shock. That is, in the white mutants, learning about the painful onset of shock is enhanced, whereas learning about the relieving offset of shock is diminished. As they are coherently affected, these two kinds of learning should be in a balance. The molecular mechanism of the effect of white on this balance remains unresolved. Finally, as a first step towards a neuronal circuit analysis of relief learning, I compare it to reward learning and punishment learning. I find that relief learning is distinct from both in terms of the requirement for biogenic amine signaling: Reward and punishment are respectively signalled by octopamine and dopamine, for relief learning, either of these seem dispensible. Further, I find no evidence for roles for two other biogenic amines, tyramine and serotonin in relief learning. Based on these findings I give directions for further research.}, subject = {Lernen}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bucher2008, author = {Bucher, Daniel}, title = {An Electrophysiological Analysis of Synaptic Transmission at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27784}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {In this thesis, synaptic transmission was studied electrophysiologically at an invertebrate model synapse, the neuromuscular junction of the Drosophila 3rd instar wandering larvae. In the first part, synaptic function is characterized at the neuromuscular junction in fly lines which are null mutants for the synaptic proteins "the synapse associated protein of 47 kDa" (Sap-47156), Synapsin (Syn97), the corresponding double mutant (Sap-47156, Syn97), a null mutant for an as yet uncharacterized Drosophila SR protein kinase, the Serine-Arginine protein kinase 3 (SRPK3), and the L{\"o}chrig (Loe) mutant which shows a strong neurodegenerative phenotype. Intracellular voltage recordings from larval body wall muscles 6 and 7 were performed to measure amplitude and frequency of spontaneous single vesicle fusion events (miniature excitatory junction potentials or mEJPs). Evoked excitatory junction potentials (eEJPs) at different frequencies and calcium concentrations were also measured to see if synaptic transmission was altered in mutants which lacked these synaptic proteins. In addition, structure and morphology of presynaptic boutons at the larval neuromuscular junction were examined immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies against different synaptic vesicle proteins (SAP-47, CSP, and Synapsin) as well as the active zone protein Bruchpilot. Synaptic physiology and morphology was found to be similar in all null mutant lines. However, L{\"o}chrig mutants displayed an elongated bouton morphology, a significant shift towards larger events in mEJP amplitude frequency histograms, and increased synaptic facilitation during a 10 Hz tetanus. These deficits suggest that Loe mutants may have a defect in some aspect of synaptic vesicle recycling. The second part of this thesis involved the electrophysiological characterization of heterologously expressed light activated proteins at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), a light gated ion channel, and a photoactivated adenylate cyclase (PAC) were expressed in larval motor neurons using the UAS-Gal4 system. Single EJPs could be recorded from muscles 15, 16, and 17 when larva expressing ChR2 were illuminated with short (100 ms) light pulses, whereas long light pulses (10 seconds) resulted in trains of EJPs with a frequency of around 25 Hz. Larva expressing PAC in preparations where motor neurons were cut from the ventral ganglion displayed a significant increase in mEJP frequency after a 1 minute exposure to blue light. Evoked responses in low (.2 mM) calcium were also significantly increased when PAC was stimulated with blue light. When motor nerves were left intact, PAC stimulation resulted in light evoked EJPs in muscles 6 and 7 in a manner consistent with RP3 motor neuron activity. ChR2 and PAC are therefore useful and reliable tools for manipulating neuronal activity in vivo.}, subject = {Drosophila}, language = {en} }