@phdthesis{Kupper2016,
  author    = {Kupper, Maria},
  title     = {The immune transcriptome and proteome of the ant Camponotus floridanus and vertical transmission of its bacterial endosymbiont Blochmannia floridanus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142534},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The evolutionary success of insects is believed to be at least partially facilitated by symbioses between insects and prokaryotes. Bacterial endosymbionts confer various fitness advantages to their hosts, for example by providing nutrients lacking from the insects' diet thereby enabling the inhabitation of new ecological niches. The Florida carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus harbours endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus Blochmannia. These primary endosymbionts mainly reside in the cytoplasm of bacteriocytes, specialised cells interspersed into the midgut tissue, but they were also found in oocytes which allows their vertical transmission. The social lifestyle of C. floridanus may facilitate the rapid spread of infections amongst genetically closely related animals living in huge colonies. Therefore, the ants require an immune system to efficiently combat infections while maintaining a "chronic" infection with their endosymbionts. In order to investigate the immune repertoire of the ants, the Illumina sequencing method was used. The previously published genome sequence of C. floridanus was functionally re-annotated and 0.53\% of C. floridanus proteins were assigned to the gene ontology (GO) term subcategory "immune system process". Based on homology analyses, genes encoding 510 proteins with possible immune function were identified. These genes are involved in microbial recognition and immune signalling pathways but also in cellular defence mechanisms, such as phagocytosis and melanisation. The components of the major signalling pathways appear to be highly conserved and the analysis revealed an overall broad immune repertoire of the ants though the number of identified genes encoding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is comparatively low. Besides three genes coding for homologs of thioester-containing proteins (TEPs), which have been shown to act as opsonins promoting phagocytosis in other insects, six genes encoding the AMPs defesin-1 and defensin-2, hymenoptaecin, two tachystatin-like peptides and one crustin-like peptide are present in the ant genome. Although the low number of known AMPs in comparison to 13 AMPs in the honey bee Apis mellifera and 46 AMPs in the wasp Nasonia vitripennis may indicate a less potent immune system, measures summarised as external or social immunity may enhance the immune repertoire of C. floridanus, as it was discussed for other social insects. Also, the hymenoptaecin multipeptide precursor protein may be processed to yield seven possibly bioactive peptides. In this work, two hymenoptaecin derived peptides were heterologously expressed and purified. The preliminary antimicrobial activity assays indicate varying bacteriostatic effects of different hymenoptaecin derived peptides against Escherichia coli D31 and Staphylococcus aureus which suggests a functional amplification of the immune response further increasing the antimicrobial potency of the ants. Furthermore, 257 genes were differentially expressed upon immune challenge of C. floridanus and most of the immune genes showing differential expression are involved in recognition of microbes or encode immune effectors rather than signalling components. Additionally, genes coding for proteins involved in storage and metabolism were downregulated upon immune challenge suggesting a trade-off between two energy-intensive processes in order to enhance effectiveness of the immune response. The analysis of gene expression via qRT-PCR was used for validation of the transcriptome data and revealed stage-specific immune gene regulation. Though the same tendencies of regulation were observed in larvae and adults, expression of several immune-related genes was generally more strongly induced in larvae. Immune gene expression levels depending on the developmental stage of C. floridanus are in agreement with observations in other insects and might suggest that animals from different stages revert to individual combinations of external and internal immunity upon infection. The haemolymph proteome of immune-challenged ants further established the immune-relevance of several proteins involved in classical immune signalling pathways, e.g. PRRs, extracellularly active proteases of the Toll signalling pathway and effector molecules such as AMPs, lysozymes and TEPs. Additionally, non-canonical proteins with putative immune function were enriched in immune-challenged haemolymph, e.g. Vitellogenins, NPC2-like proteins and Hemocytin. As known from previous studies, septic wounding also leads to the upregulation of genes involved in stress responses. In the haemolymph, proteins implicated in protein stabilisation and in the protection against oxidative stress and insecticides were enriched upon immune challenge. In order to identify additional putative immune effectors, haemolymph peptide samples from immune-challenged larvae and adults were analysed. The analysis in this work focussed on the identification of putative peptides produced via the secretory pathway as previously described for neuropeptides of C. floridanus. 567 regulated peptides derived from 39 proteins were identified in the larval haemolymph, whereas 342 regulated peptides derived from 13 proteins were found in the adult haemolymph. Most of the peptides are derived from hymenoptaecin or from putative uncharacterised proteins. One haemolymph peptide of immune-challenged larvae comprises the complete amino acid sequence of a predicted peptide derived from a Vitellogenin. Though the identified peptide lacks similarities to any known immune-related peptide, it is a suitable candidate for further functional analysis. To establish a stable infection with the endosymbionts, the bacteria have to be transmitted to the next generation of the ants. The vertical transmission of B. floridanus is guaranteed by bacterial infestation of oocytes. This work presents the first comprehensive and detailed description of the localisation of the bacterial endosymbionts in C. floridanus ovaries during oogenesis. Whereas the most apical part of the germarium, which contains the germ-line stem cells, is not infected by the bacteria, small somatic cells in the outer layers of each ovariole were found to be infected in the lower germarium. Only with the beginning of cystocyte differentiation, endosymbionts are exclusively transported from follicle cells into the growing oocytes, while nurse cells were never infected with B. floridanus. This infestation of the oocytes by bacteria very likely involves exocytosis-endocytosis processes between follicle cells and the oocytes. A previous study suggested a down-modulation of the immune response in the midgut tissue which may promote endosymbiont tolerance. Therefore, the expression of several potentially relevant immune genes was analysed in the ovarial tissue by qRT-PCR. The relatively low expression of genes involved in Toll and IMD signalling, and the high expression of genes encoding negative immune regulators, such as PGRP-LB, PGRP-SC2, and tollip, strongly suggest that a down-modulation of the immune response may also facilitate endosymbiont tolerance in the ovaries and thereby contribute to their vertical transmission. Overall, the present thesis improves the knowledge about the immune repertoire of C. floridanus and provides new candidates for further functional analyses. Moreover, the involvement of the host immune system in maintaining a "chronic" infection with symbiotic bacteria was confirmed and extended to the ovaries.},
  subject      = {Camponotus floridanus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Danhof2013,
  author    = {Danhof, Sophia},
  title     = {Molekulare Untersuchung der Interaktion von Neutrophil Extracellular Traps mit dem humanen Pathogen Neisseria meningitidis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85231},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Neisseria meningitidis ist ein wichtiger Erreger von Meningitis und Sepsis insbesondere bei jungen Menschen, gleichzeitig sind hohe Raten asymptomatischen Tr{\"a}gertums bekannt. Als die Virulenz beg{\"u}nstigende Faktoren wurden unter anderem die Kapsel, Pili, {\"a}ußere Membranvesikel (OMV) und Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) identifiziert, die es dem Erreger erleichtern, das menschliche Immunsystem zu {\"u}berwinden. Dabei war bisher die Rolle von Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) als neu beschriebene Komponente der angeborenen Immunantwort nicht untersucht worden. NETs stellen spinnennetzartige DNA-Strukturen mit globul{\"a}ren Proteindom{\"a}nen dar, die aus neutrophilen Granulozyten entstehen und als antimikrobiell gelten. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Wirkung von NETs auf Meningokokken zu charakterisieren und m{\"o}gliche Resistenzmechanismen der Bakterien zu identifizieren. In den vorliegenden Versuchen konnte gezeigt werden, dass Meningokokken an NETs binden und durch diese in ihrer Proliferation gehemmt werden. Eine Lokalisation der Bakterien an die NETs konnte dargestellt werden, LPS und Pili wurden als wichtige Strukturen f{\"u}r die Vermittlung der NET-Bindung identifiziert. OMVs zeigten sich als protektiv gegen{\"u}ber dem Einfluss der NETs, indem sie die Bindung der Erreger an die NETs blockierten. Wenig empfindlich zeigten sich die Bakterien gegen{\"u}ber Histonen als den quantitativ bedeutsamsten NET-Proteinen. Meningokokken sch{\"u}tzen sich gegen{\"u}ber dem Einfluss der NETs durch Ausbildung von Kapsel und LPS mit intakter Phosphoethanolamin-Modifikation. Ebenso vermitteln zwei Cathelicidin-Resistenzgene den Bakterien einen {\"U}berlebensvorteil. Keine Rolle bei der NET-Resistenz spielten die untersuchten Effluxmechanismen. Neuere Untersuchungen von Lappann et al. indentifizierten Meningokokken und OMVs als potente NET-Induktoren. Damit k{\"o}nnten durch die relativ NET-resistenten Mikroorganismen andere Abwehrmechanismen der Neutrophilen konterkariert werden und eine Immunevasion beg{\"u}nstigt werden. Genauere Untersuchungen diesbez{\"u}glich stehen noch aus.},
  subject      = {Neisseria meningitidis},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Frisch2007,
  author    = {Frisch, Susanne},
  title     = {Histondeazetylase- Inhibitoren induzieren die Expression des antimikrobiellen Cathelizidins LL-37 in Hepatozyten und in Epithelzellen des Magens und Kolons},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-22763},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Antimikrobielle Peptide sind kleine, kationische Peptide, die von Epithelzellen gebildet werden und wie endogene Antibiotika wirken. Es sind mehrere humane Defensine und ein humanes Cathelizidin, namens LL-37, bekannt. In der vorliegenden Dissertation konnte gezeigt werden, dass im Gegensatz zu normalen Kolonepithelzellen, gastrointestinale Karzinomzellen LL-37 nicht exprimieren. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluss von Ern{\"a}hrungsfaktoren, wie Butyrat, auf die Expression von LL-37 untersucht. Da Butyrat ein Histonendeazetylasehemmer ist und als solcher Einfluss auf die Expression verschiedener Genen nehmen kann, wurde noch untersucht, ob die Inhibierung von Histonendeazetylase f{\"u}r die gesteigerte Experession von LL-37 verantwortlich ist. Weiterhin konnte die Blockade der durch Histonendeazetylasehemmer induzierten LL-37 Experession durch einen spezifischen MEK-ERK-Inhibitor nachgewiesen werden.Zusammenfassend konnte festgestellt werden, dass die LL-37 Experession in verschiedenen gastrointestinalen Zellen durch Histonendeazetylashemmer moduliert wird. Dieser Vorgang wird durch den MEK-ERK-Signalweg vermittelt und von Ver{\"a}nderungen des Azetylierungsstatus von Kernhiston- und Nichthistonproteinen begleited.},
  language  = {de}
}