@article{MaschwitzFialaLinsenmair1992,
  author    = {Maschwitz, Ulrich and Fiala, Brigitte and Linsenmair, K. Eduard},
  title     = {A new ant-tree from SE Asia: Zanthoxylum myriacanthum (Rutaceae), the Thorny Ivy-Rue},
  isbn      = {0025-1291},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42967},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Zanthoxylum myriacanthum, a small Rutaceous tree growing mainly in secondary hill forests in SE Asia, is a true myrmecophyte. It possesses stem domatia in the form of hollow branches with slitlike openings. Branch hollows and entrance slits are produced by the plant itself through pith degene~.tion ?u.d growth proceSses. If the entrance is not kept open by ants it closes again by growth ol the surrounding tissue after some time. The domatia are colonized opportunistic ally by different arboreous ants, e.g. Crematogaster and Campono tus. Additionally many small extrafloral nectaries are found on the leaflets of Zanthoxylum myriacanthum. Judging from herbarium studies and literature records at least four more true ant trees are found in the genus Zanthoxylum namely Z. rhetsa in SE Asia, Z. conspersipunctatum, Z. pluviatile and Z. vinkii in New Guinea. We could not confirm ant inhabitation in Drypetes pendula (Euphorbiaceae) on the Malay Peninsula, which has also been recorded to be an anttree.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{FialaRabensteinMaschwitz1994,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Rabenstein, R. and Maschwitz, Ulrich},
  title     = {Ant-attracting plant-structures: Food bodies of SE Asian Vitaceae},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55177},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Pflanzen},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeisingFiala1992,
  author    = {Weising, Kurt and Fiala, Brigitte},
  title     = {Botanische Eindr{\"u}cke vom Bako-Nationalpark / Sarawak},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42947},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Fiala1990,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte},
  title     = {B{\"a}ume \& Ameisen : Partnerschaften im s{\"u}dostasiatischen Regenwald},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54741},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Baum},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MaschwitzFialaLinsenmair1994,
  author    = {Maschwitz, Ulrich and Fiala, Brigitte and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Clerodendrum fistulosum (Verbenanceae), an unspecific myrmecophyte from Borneo with spontaneously opening domatia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31013},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Clerodendrumjistulosum Becc. is a true myrmecophyte as it offers nesting space for ants in hollow intemodes. In contrast to previous reports our investigations proved that these domatia open by themselves, thus providing cavities for a variety of different ant species. In Sarawak, Malaysia, we did not find an obligate relationship between C. jistulosum and a specific ant-partner. For comparison, studies on herbarium material of other Clerodendrum species were carried out a further species, C. deflexum from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra presumably also is myrmecophytic.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Fiala1990,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte},
  title     = {Die Ameisenpflanzen der Gattung Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) - verschiedene Stufen der Pflanzen-Ameisen-Beziehungen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42914},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{FialaGrunskyMaschwitzetal.1994,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Grunsky, Harald and Maschwitz, Ulrich and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Diversity of ant-plant interactions: Protective efficacy in Macaranga species with different degrees of ant-association.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32905},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {The pioneer tree Macaranga in SE Asia has developed manyfold associations with ants. The genus comprises all stages of interaction with ants, from facultative relationships to obligate myrmecophytes. Only myrmecophytic Macaranga offer nesting space for ants and are associated with a specific ant partner. The nonmyrmecophytic species are visited by a variety of different ant species which are attracted by extrafloral nectaries (EFN) and food bodies. Transitional Macaranga species like M. hosei are colonized later in their development due to their stem structure. Before the colonization by their specific Crematogaster partner the young plants are visited by different ant species attracted by EFN. These nectaries are reduced and food body production starts as soon as colonization becomes possible. We demonstrated earlier that obligate ant partners can protect their Macaranga plants against herbivore damage and vine cover. In this study we focused on nonspecific interactions and studied M. tanarius and M. hosei, representing a non-myrmecophyte and a transitional species respectively. In ant exclusion experiments both M. tanarius and M. hosei suffered significantly higher mean leaf damage than controls, 37\% versus 6\% in M. hosei, 16\% versus 7\% in M. tanarius. M. tanarius offers both EFN and food bodies so that tests for different effects of these two food rewards could be conducted. Plants with food bodies removed but with EFN remaining had the lowest mean increase of herbivore damage of all experimental groups. Main herbivores on M. hosei were mites and caterpillars. Many M. tanarius plants were infested by a shootborer. Both Macaranga species were visited by various ant species. Crematogaster spp. being the most abundant. We found no evidence for any specific relationships. The results of this study strongly support the hypothesis that non-specific, facultative associations with ants can be advantageous for Macaranga plants. Food bodies appear to have lower attractive value for opportunistic ants than EFN and may require a specific dietary adaptation. This is also indicated by the fact that food body production in the transitional M. hosei does not start before stem structure allows a colonization by the obligate Crematogaster species. M. hosei thus benefits from facultative association with a variety of ants until it produces its first domatia and can be colonized by its obligate mutualist.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FialaLinsenmairMaschwitz1994,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard and Maschwitz, Ulrich},
  title     = {Diversit{\"a}t von Interaktionen zwischen Ameisen und Pflanzen im s{\"u}dostasiatischen Regenwald},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32894},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Assoziationen von Ameisen mit Pflanzen (und oft noch mit pflanzensaugenden Insekten als drittem Partner) d{\"u}rften eine Ursache des Artenreichtums und der hohen Abundanzen tropischer Formicidae sein. Die von den Ameisen genutzten Pflanzen bieten entweder Nahrung an, {\"u}ber extraflorale Nektarien und/oder N{\"a}hrk{\"o}rperchen, oder aber - bei den eigentlichen Myrmekophyten - Nistraum und z.T. auch Nahrung. Diese Beziehungen zeichnen sich durch unterschiedliche Nutzungsweisen und Nutzungsintensit{\"a}ten und damit stark differierende Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Partner voneinander aus. Ein besonders breites Spektrum von Ameisen-Pflanzen-Assoziationen finden wir in der pal{\"a}otropischen Baumgattung Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae), die sich daher als Modellsystem f{\"u}r vergleichende Untersuchungen hervorragend eignet. Die Grundfrage unserer Untersuchungen an diesem System lautet: Verl{\"a}uft aufgrund der ausgepr{\"a}gt mosaikartigen Verteilung der von den myrmekophilen Pflanzen angebotenen Nahrungs- und Nistraumressourcen die Neu- und Wiederbesiedlung von Habitaten durch die Ameisen in Form von Zufallsprozessen? Oder werden, im Gegenteil, durch diesen Umstand Spezialisierungen seitens der Ameisen gef{\"o}rdert und die Zusammensetzung der Lebensgemeinschaften dadurch st{\"a}rker deterministisch gepr{\"a}gt? Unsere bisherigen Untersuchungen zeigen, daß beide Prinzipien wirken. Bei der alleinigen Nutzung von Nahrungsressourcen fehlen spezialisierte Beziehungen weitgehend und stochastische Ereignisse d{\"u}rften sehr h{\"a}ufig die Pflanzen-Ameisen-Assoziation bestimmen. Bei den eigentlichen Myrmekophyten hingegen ist die Auswahl der assozierten Ameisen viel st{\"a}rker determiniert, ganz besonders dann, wenn der Wohnraum, den die Pflanze offeriert, nur durch aktives {\"O}ffnen seitens der Ameisen erschlossen werden kann.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{FialaMaschwitz1992,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Maschwitz, Ulrich},
  title     = {Domatia as most important adaptations in the evolution of myrmecophytes in the paleotropical tree genus Macaranga (Euphorbiacae)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32935},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {The paleotropical tree genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) comprises all stages of interaction with ants, from facultative associations to obligate myrmecophytes. In SE.-Asia food availability does not seem to be the limiting factor for the development of a close relationship since all species provide food for ants in form of extrafloral nectar and/or food bodies. Only myrmecophytic Macaranga species offer nesting space for ants (domatia) inside intern odes which become hollow due to degeneration of the pith. Non-myrmecophytic species have a solid stem with a compact and wet pith and many resin ducts. The stem interior of some transitional species remains solid, but the soft pith can be excavated. The role of different ant-attracting attributes for the development of obligate ant-plant interactions is discussed. In the genus Macaranga, the provision of nesting space seems to be the most important factor for the evolution of obligate myrmecophytism.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FialaMaschwitz1991,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Maschwitz, Ulrich},
  title     = {Extrafloral nectaries in the genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) in Malaysia: comparative studies of their possible significance as predispositions for myrmecophytism.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42863},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {So me species of the paleotropical tree genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) live in elose association with ants. Thc genus comprises the full range of species from those not regularly inhabited by ants to obligate myrmecophytes. In Malaysia (peninsular and Borneo) 23 ofthe 52 species areknown to be ant-associated (44\%). The simplest structural adaptation of plants to attract ants are extrafloral nectaries. We studied the distribution of extraflural nectaries in the genus Macaranga to assess the significance of this character as a possible predisposition for the evolution of obligate myrmecophytism. All species have marginal glands on the leaves. However, only the glands of nonmyrmecophytic species function as nectaries, whereas liquids secreted by these glands in myrmecophytic species did not contain sugar. Some non-myrmecophytic Macaranga and transitional Macaranga species in addition have extrafloral nectaries on the leaf blade near the petiole insertion. All obligatorily myrmecophytic Macaranga species, however, lack additional glands on the lamina. The non-myrmecophytic species are visited by a variety of different ant species, whereas myrmecophytic Macaranga are associated only with one specific ant-partner. Since these ants keep scale insects in the hollow sterns, reduction of nectary production in ant-inhabited Macaranga seems to be biologically significant. We interpret this as a means of (a) saving the assimilates and (b) stabilization of maintenance of the association's specificity. Competition with other ant species for food rewards is avoided and thereby danger ofweakening the protective function ofthe obligate antpartner for the plant is reduced. A comparison with other euphorb species living in the same habitats as Macaranga showed that in genera in which extrafloral nectaries are widespread, no myrmecophytes have evolved. Possession of extrafloral nectaries does not appear to be essential for the development of symbiotic ant-plant interactions. Other predispositions such as nesting space might have played a more important role.},
  subject      = {Macaranga},
  language  = {en}
}