@article{MaschwitzFialaDolling1987,
  author    = {Maschwitz, U. and Fiala, Brigitte and Dolling, W. R.},
  title     = {New trophobiotic symbioses of ants with South East Asian bugs},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-34030},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {A trophobiotic relationship between two species of phloem-feeding plataspid bugs and an ant, Meranoplus mucronatus, was discovered on tree trunks in Malaysia. Similar relationships were found between coreid bugs and Crematogaster sp. and Anoplolepis longipes, on bamboo in the same area. The ants recruit to groups of the bugs and feed on the liquid, sugar-rich faeces of the larvae, stimulating release of the honeydew by tactile signals. They protect all stages of the bugs from disturbance by biting and by the use of defensive secretions. Phloem-feeding bugs in the families Plataspidae and Coreidae need long sty lets to pierce the thick bark of their host tree. The different methods of accommodating the resting stylets in these two families are described. The plataspids are described as Tropidotylus servus sp. novo and T. minister sp. novo A coreid previously reported in association with M. mucronatus in Malaya is described as Hygia cliens sp. novo The coreids on bamboo were determined as Cloresmus spp. and Notobitus affinis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MaschwitzFialaLeeetal.1989,
  author    = {Maschwitz, Ulich and Fiala, Brigitte and Lee, Ying Fah and Chey, Vun Khen and Tan, Fui Lian},
  title     = {New and little-known myrmecophytic associations from Bornean rain forests},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42957},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {The woody climber Millettia niuewenhuisii (Fabaceae) and the shrub Myrmeconauclea strigosa (Rubiaceae) in Sabah, Borneo are associated with ants. The hollow stems of Millettia nieuwenhuisii are regularly inhabited by an aggressive Cladomyrma sp., which keeps pseudococcids inside the stem. On Myrmeconauclea strigosa the ants live in hollow internodal swellings near the end of the branches. In this plant many different ant species use the nesting space in an opportunistic manner.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FialaMaschwitzPongetal.1989,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Maschwitz, Ulrich and Pong, Tho, Yow and Helbig, Andreas J.},
  title     = {Studies of a South East Asian ant-plant association : protection of Macaranga trees by Crematogaster borneensis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42857},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {In the humid tropics of SE Asia there are some 14 myrmecophytic species of the pioneer tree genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). In Peninsular Malaysia a close association exists between the trees and the small, non-stinging myrmicine Crema togas ter borneensis. These ants feed mainly on food bodies provided by the plants and have their colonies inside the hollow intemodes. In a ten months field study we were able to demonstrate for four Macaranga species (M. triloba, M. hypoleuca, M. hosei, M. hulletti) that host plants also benefit considerably from ant-occupation. Ants do not contribute to the nutrient demands of their host plant, they do, however, protect it against herbivores and plant competition. Cleaning behaviour of the ants results in the removal of potential herbivores already in their earliest developmental stages. Strong aggressiveness and a mass recruiting system enable the ants to defend the host plant against many herbivorous insects. This results in a significant decrease in leaf damage due to herbivores on ant-occupied compared to ant-free myrmecophytes as well as compared to non-myrmecophytic Macaranga species. Most important is the ants' defense of the host plant against plant competitors, especially vines, which are abundant in the well-lit pioneer habitats where Macaranga grows. Ants bite off any foreign plant part coming into contact with their host plant. Both ant-free myrmecophytes and non-myrmecophytic Macaranga species had a significantly higher incidence of vine growth than specimens with active ant colonies. This may be a factor of considerable importance allowing Macaranga plants to grow at sites of strongest competition.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Fiala1990,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte},
  title     = {Extrafloral nectaries versus ant-Homoptera mutualisms : a comment on Becerra and Venable},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32948},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Nektarium},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Fiala1990,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte},
  title     = {B{\"a}ume \& Ameisen : Partnerschaften im s{\"u}dostasiatischen Regenwald},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54741},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Baum},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{FialaMaschwitz1990,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Maschwitz, Ulrich},
  title     = {Studies on the south east asian ant-plant association Crematogaster borneensis / Macaranga: adaptations of the ant partner.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32689},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {C. borneensis (Myrmicinae) lives in dose association with several myrmecophytic species of the South East Asian pioneer tree genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). The ants are adapted to the plants so dosely that they do not survive away from it. The only food they utilize is provided as food bodies by the plant and honeydew from specific scale insects kept inside the hollow internodes. The anatomy of the digestive tract is also adapted to life on the host plant: the crop is very sm all and can store only minute food quantities. C. borneensis exdusively colonizes certain Macaranga species. Queens as weIl as workers are able to recognize their host plant species, probably by chemical cues. Colony founding queens swarm throughout the year, mostly during darkness. There is strong competition among queens for host plants. Queens do not carry scale insects on their nuptial flight. Worker ants are active day and night. Most of them patrol and collect food bodies on the younger parts of the host plant. An important characteristic is their deaning behaviour, which results in removal of aIl foreign objects. Even though they are rather smalI, workers respond very aggressively to certain kinds of disturbance of the host plant. The ants attack most phytophagous insects and are especially effective in killing and removing smalI, softbodied herbivores (e.g. caterpillars). They do not possess a functional sting, but apply defensive secretion and-once biting an intruder-will not let go. Their effective alarm system results in a mass attack, which provides adequate defence for the colony and the host plant. A comparison with another Crematogaster species further illustrated the special adaptations of C. borneensis to its host plant.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeisingFialaRamlochetal.1990,
  author    = {Weising, K. and Fiala, Brigitte and Ramloch, K. and Kahl, K. and Epplen, J. T.},
  title     = {Olingonucleotide fingerprinting in angiosperms},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42884},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FialaMebert1990,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Mebert, M.},
  title     = {Partnerschaft f{\"u}rs {\"U}berleben. Ameisenb{\"a}ume im tropischen Regenwald.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42900},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@incollection{Fiala1990,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte},
  title     = {Die Ameisenpflanzen der Gattung Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) - verschiedene Stufen der Pflanzen-Ameisen-Beziehungen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42914},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@inproceedings{FialaMaschwitzTho1991,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Maschwitz, Ulrich and Tho, Yow Pong},
  title     = {The association between Macaranga trees and ants in South-east Asia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54752},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Macaranga},
  language  = {de}
}