@phdthesis{Brembs2000,
  author    = {Brembs, Bj{\"o}rn},
  title     = {An Analysis of Associative Learning in Drosophila at the Flight Simulator},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1039},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {Most natural learning situations are of a complex nature and consist of a tight conjunction of the animal's behavior (B) with the perceived stimuli. According to the behavior of the animal in response to these stimuli, they are classified as being either biologically neutral (conditioned stimuli, CS) or important (unconditioned stimuli, US or reinforcer). A typical learning situation is thus identified by a three term contingency of B, CS and US. A functional characterization of the single associations during conditioning in such a three term contingency has so far hardly been possible. Therefore, the operational distinction between classical conditioning as a behavior-independent learning process (CS-US associations) and operant conditioning as essentially behavior-dependent learning (B-US associations) has proven very valuable. However, most learning experiments described so far have not been successful in fully separating operant from classical conditioning into single-association tasks. The Drosophila flight simulator in which the relevant behavior is a single motor variable (yaw torque), allows for the first time to completely separate the operant (B-US, B-CS) and the classical (CS-US) components of a complex learning situation and to examine their interactions. In this thesis the contributions of the single associations (CS-US, B-US and B-CS) to memory formation are studied. Moreover, for the first time a particularly prominent single association (CS-US) is characterized extensively in a three term contingency. A yoked control shows that classical (CS-US) pattern learning requires more training than operant pattern learning. Additionally, it can be demonstrated that an operantly trained stimulus can be successfully transferred from the behavior used during training to a new behavior in a subsequent test phase. This result shows unambiguously that during operant conditioning classical (CS-US) associations can be formed. In an extension to this insight, it emerges that such a classical association blocks the formation of an operant association, which would have been formed without the operant control of the learned stimuli. Instead the operant component seems to develop less markedly and is probably merged into a complex three-way association. This three-way association could either be implemented as a sequential B-CS-US or as a hierarchical (B-CS)-US association. The comparison of a simple classical (CS-US) with a composite operant (B, CS and US) learning situation and of a simple operant (B-US) with another composite operant (B, CS and US) learning situation, suggests a hierarchy of predictors of reinforcement. Operant behavior occurring during composite operant conditioning is hardly conditioned at all. The associability of classical stimuli that bear no relation to the behavior of the animal is of an intermediate value, as is operant behavior alone. Stimuli that are controlled by operant behavior accrue associative strength most easily. If several stimuli are available as potential predictors, again the question arises which CS-US associations are formed? A number of different studies in vertebrates yielded amazingly congruent results. These results inspired to examine and compare the properties of the CS-US association in a complex learning situation at the flight simulator with these vertebrate results. It is shown for the first time that Drosophila can learn compound stimuli and recall the individual components independently and in similar proportions. The attempt to obtain second-order conditioning with these stimuli, yielded a relatively small effect. In comparison with vertebrate data, blocking and sensory preconditioning experiments produced conforming as well as dissenting results. While no blocking could be found, a sound sensory preconditioning effect was obtained. Possible reasons for the failure to find blocking are discussed and further experiments are suggested. The sensory preconditioning effect found in this study is revealed using simultaneous stimulus presentation and depends on the amount of preconditioning. It is argued that this effect is a case of 'incidental learning', where two stimuli are associated without the need of reinforcement. Finally, the implications of the results obtained in this study for the general understanding of memory formation in complex learning situations are discussed.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Keller2002,
  author    = {Keller, Andreas},
  title     = {Genetic Intervention in Sensory Systems of a Fly},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-680},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit vergleicht Transgene, die in Drosophila Neuronen exprimiert wurden, um diese abzut{\"o}ten oder zu blockieren. Tetanus Neurotoxin erwies sich als sehr effizient, um chemische Synapsen zu blockieren. Synapsen, die aus einer chemischen und einer elektrischen Komponente bestehen, ließen sich dagegen mit einem ektopisch exprimierten humanen Kalium-Kanal zuverl{\"a}ssiger ausschalten. Es wurden drei M{\"o}glichkeiten verglichen, eine zeitliche Kontrolle {\"u}ber die Funktion von Neuronen zu erlangen. Keines der getesteten Systeme erwies sich als universell anwendbar, aber die durch Rekombination induzierte Tetanus Neurotoxin Expression ist ein vielversprechender Ansatz. Die aus dieser vergleichenden methodischen Studie gewonnenen Ergebnisse wurden angewendet, um die Rolle von Neuronen in sensorischen Systemen bei der Verarbeitung verschiedener sensorischer Informationen zu untersuchen. Chemische und mechanische Rezeptorneuronen konnten den olfaktorisch gesteuerten Verhaltensweisen beziehungsweise den lokomotorischen Leistungen, denen sie zu Grunde liegen, zugeordnet werden. Hauptthema der Arbeit ist die Suche nach Neuronen, die an der Bewegungsdetektion im visuellen System beteiligt sind. Dabei zeigte sich, daß weder L2 noch L4 Neuronen im ersten visuellen Neuropil essentiell f{\"u}r die Detektion von Bewegung sind. Vielmehr deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, daß die Bewegungsdetektion {\"u}ber das Netzwerk der amacrinen Zellen (a) erfolgt. Die f{\"u}r vertikale Bewegung sensitiven VS Zellen in der Lobula Platte erwiesen sich als nicht notwendig f{\"u}r die Verhaltensreaktionen auf vertikale Bewegungsreize. Daraus folgt auch, daß in der Strukturmutante optomotor blind das Fehlen der VS Zellen nicht urs{\"a}chlich f{\"u}r die stark eingeschr{\"a}nkten Reaktionen auf vertikale Bewegung ist. Ein anderer Defekt in optomotor blind muß daf{\"u}r verantwortlich sein. Die Arbeit zeigt das große Potential der beschriebenen Methoden zur Untersuchung der Informationsverarbeitung im Nervensystem von Drosophila. Einzelne Neuronengruppen konnten komplexen Verhaltensweisen zugeordnet werden und Theorien {\"u}ber die Informationsverarbeitung konnten in Verhaltensexperimenten mit transgenen Fliegen getestet werden. Eine weitere Verfeinerung der Methodik zur genetischen Intervention wird das Drosophila Gehirn zu einem noch besseren Modell f{\"u}r die Informationsverarbeitung in Nervensystemen machen.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Putz2002,
  author    = {Putz, Gabriele},
  title     = {Characterization of memories and ignorant (S6KII) mutants in operant conditioning in the heat-box},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-4195},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Learning and memory processes of operant conditioning in the heat-box were analysed. Age, sex, and larval desity were not critical parameters influencing memory, while low or high activity levels of flies were negatively correlated with their performance. In a search for conditioning parameters leading to high retention scores, intermittent training was shown to give better results than continuous training. As the memory test is the immediate continuation of the conditioning phase just omitting reinforcement, we obtain a memory which consists of two components: a spatial preference for one side of the chamber and a stay-where-you-are effect in which the side preference is contaminated by the persistence of heat avoidance. Intermittent training strengthens the latter. In the next part, memory retention was investigated. Flies were trained in one chamber and tested in a second one after a brief reminder training. With this direct transfer, memory scores reflect an associative learning process in the first chamber. To investigate memory retention after extended time periods, indirect transfer experiments were performed. The fly was transferred to a different environment between training and test phases. With this procedure an after-effect of the training was still observed two hours later. Surprisingly, exposure to the chamber without conditioning also lead to a memory effect in the indirect transfer experiment. This exposure effect revealed a dispositional change that facilitates operant learning during the reminder training. The various memory effects are independent of the mushroom bodies. The transfer experiments and yoked controls proved that the heat-box records an associative memory. Even two hours after the operant conditioning procedure, the fly remembers that its position in the chamber controls temperature. The cAMP signaling cascade is involved in heat-box learning. Thus, amnesiac, rutabaga, and dunce mutants have an impaired learning / memory. Searching for, yet unknown, genes and signaling cascades involved in operant conditioning, a Drosophila melanogaster mutant screen with 1221 viable X-chromosome P-element lines was performed. 29 lines with consistently reduced heat avoidance/ learning or memory scores were isolated. Among those, three lines have the p[lacW] located in the amnesiac ORF, confirming that with the chosen candidate criteria the heat-box is a useful tool to screen for learning and /or memory mutants. The mutant line ignP1 (8522), which is defective in the gene encoding p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (S6KII), was investigated. The P-insertion of line ignP1 is the first Drosophila mutation in the ignorant (S6KII) gene. It has the transposon inserted in the first exon. Mutant males are characterized by low training performance, while females perform well in the standard experiment. Several deletion mutants of the ignorant gene have been generated. In precise jumpouts the phenotype was reverted. Imprecise jumpouts with a partial loss of the coding region were defective in operant conditioning. Surprisingly, null mutants showed wild-type behavior. This might indicate an indirect effect of the mutated ignorant gene on learning processes. In classical odor avoidance conditioning, ignorant null mutants showed a defect in the 3-min, 30-min, and 3-hr memory, while the precise jumpout of the transposon resulted in a reversion of the behavioral phenotype. Deviating results from operant and classical conditioning indicate different roles for S6KII in the two types of learning.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Porsch2002,
  author    = {Porsch, Matthias},
  title     = {OMB and ORG-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3614},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Members of the T-box gene family encode transcription factors that play key roles during embryonic development and organogenesis of invertebrates and vertebrates. The defining feature of T-box proteins is an about 200 aa large, conserved DNA binding motif, the T domain. Their importance for proper development is highlighted by the dramatic phenotypes of T-box mutant animals. My thesis was mainly focused on two Drosophila T-box genes, optomotor-blind (omb) and optomotor-blind related 1 (org-1), and included (i) a genetic analysis of org-1 and (ii) the identification of molecular determinants within OMB and ORG-1 that confer functional specificity. (i) Genetic analysis of org-1 initially based on a behavioral Drosophila mutant, C31. C31 is a X-linked, recessive mutant and was mapped to 7E-F, the cytological region of org-1. This pleiotropic mutant is manifested in walking defects, structural aberrations in the central brain, and "held-out" wings. Molecular analysis revealed that C31 contains an insertion of a 5' truncated I retrotransposon within the 3' untranslated transcript of org-1, suggesting that C31 might represent the first org-1 mutant. Based on this hypothesis, we screened 44.500 F1 female offspring of EMS mutagenized males and C31 females for the "held-out" phenotype, but failed to isolate any C31 or org-1 mutant, although this mutagenesis was functional per se. Since we could not exclude the possibility that our failure is due to an idiosyncracy of C31, we intended not to rely on C31 in further genetic experiments and followed a reverse genetic strategy . All P element lines cytologically mapping to 7E-7F were characterized for their precise insertion sites. 13 of the 19 analyzed lines had P element insertions within a hot-spot 37 kb downstream of org-1. No P element insertions within org-1 could be identified, but several P element insertions were determined on either side of org-1. The org-1 nearest insertions were used for local-hop experiments, in which we associated 6 new genes with P insertions, but failed to target org-1. The closest P elements are still 10 kb away from org-1. Subsequently, we employed org-1 flanking P elements to induce precise deletions in 7E-F spanning org-1. Two org-1 flanking P elements were brought together on a recombinant chromosome. Remobilization of P elements in cis configuration frequently results in deletions with the P element insertion sites as deficiency endpoints. In a first attempt, we expected to identify deficiencies by screening for C31 alleles. 8 new C31 alleles could be isolated. The new C31 chromosomes, however, did not carry the desired deletion. Molecular analysis indicated that C31 is not caused by aberrations in org-1, but by mutations in a distal locus. We repeated the P element remobilization and screened for the absence of P element markers. 4 lethal chromosomes could be isolated with a deletion of the org-1 locus. (ii) The consequences of ectopic org-1 were analyzed using UAS-org-1 transgenic flies and a number of different Gal4 driver lines. Misexpression of org-1 during imaginal development interfered with the normal development of many organs and resulted in flies with a plethora of phenotypes. These include a homeotic transformation of distal antenna (flagellum) into distal leg structures, a strong size reduction of the legs along their proximo-distal axis, and stunted wings. Like ectopic org-1, ectopic omb leads to dramatic changes of normal developmental pathways in Drosophila as well. dpp-Gal4/ UAS-omb flies are late pupal lethal and show an ectopic pair of wings and largely reduced eyes. GMR-Gal4 driven ectopic omb expression in the developing eye causes a degeneration of the photoreceptor cells, while GMR-Gal4/ UAS-org-1 flies have intact eyes. Hence, ectopic org-1 and omb induce profound phenotypes that are qualitatively different for these homologous genes. To begin to address the question where within OMB and ORG-1 the specificity determinants reside, we conceptionally subdivided both proteins into three domains and tested the relevance ofthese domains for functional specificity in vivo. The single domains were cloned and used as modules to assemble all possible omb-org-1 chimeric trans- genes. A method was developed to determine the relative expression strength of different UAS-transgenes, allowing to compare the various transgenic constructs for qualitative differences only, excluding different transgene quantities. Analysis of chimeric omb-org-1 transgenes with the GMR-Gal4 driver revealed that all three OMB domains contribute to functional specificity.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schwaerzel2003,
  author    = {Schw{\"a}rzel, Martin},
  title     = {Localizing engrams of olfactory memories in Drosophila},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-5065},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {Zars and co-workers were able to localize an engram of aversive olfactory memory to the mushroom bodies of Drosophila (Zars et al., 2000). In this thesis, I followed up on this finding in two ways. Inspired by Zars et al. (2000), I first focused on the whether it would also be possible to localize memory extinction.While memory extinction is well established behaviorally, little is known about the underlying circuitry and molecular mechanisms. In extension to the findings by Zars et al (2000), I show that aversive olfactory memories remain localized to a subset of mushroom body Kenyon cells for up to 3 hours. Extinction localizes to the same set of Kenyon cells. This common localization suggests a model in which unreinforced presentations of a previously learned odorant intracellularly antagonizes the signaling cascades underlying memory formation. The second part also targets memory localization, but addresses appetitive memory. I show that memories for the same olfactory cue can be established through either sugar or electric shock reinforcement. Importantly, these memories localize to the same set of neurons within the mushroom body. Thus, the question becomes apparent how the same signal can be associated with different events. It is shown that two different monoamines are specificaly necessary for formation of either of these memories, dopamine in case of electric shock and octopamine in case of sugar memory, respectively. Taking the representation of the olfactory cue within the mushroom bodies into account, the data suggest that the two memory traces are located in the same Kenyon cells, but in separate subcellular domains, one modulated by dopamine, the other by octopamine. Taken together, this study takes two further steps in the search for the engram. (1) The result that in Drosophila olfactory learning several memories are organized within the same set of Kenyon cells is in contrast to the pessimism expressed by Lashley that is might not be possible to localize an engram. (2) Beyond localization, a possibible mechanism how several engrams about the same stimulus can be localized within the same neurons might be suggested by the models of subcellular organisation, as postulated in case of appetitive and aversive memory on the one hand and acquisition and extinction of aversive memory on the other hand.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Roth2003,
  author    = {Roth, Martin},
  title     = {Functional and developmental characterisation of matrix binding sites in decapentaplegic},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-7542},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {In the last years it became evident that many cytokines do not only bind to their specific cell surface receptors but also interact with components of the extracellular matrix. Mainly in Drosophila, several enzymes were identified, that are involved in glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Mutations in these enzymes mostly result in disturbances of several signaling pathways like hedgehog, wingless, FGF or dpp. In most cases it was, due to these pleiotropic effects, not possible to examine the relevance of matrix interactions for single pathways. The aim of this work was to examine the relevance of matrix interactions for the TGF-ß superfamily member DPP. Based on the fact that DPP is highly homologous to human BMP-2, the basic N-terminus of mature DPP was mutated, which has been shown to contain a heparin-binding site in BMP-2. Thus, a wildtype variant (D-MYC), a deletion variant (D-DEL), which lacked the whole basic part of the N-terminus and a duplication variant (D-DUP), which contained a second copy of the basic core moitiv, were generated. In order to characterise the variants biochemically, they were expressed in E.coli and refolded in a bioactive form. In chicken limbbud assay, the deletion variant was much more active than the wildtype variant, comparable to data of BMP-2. By means of biacore mesurements with the immobilised ectodomain of the high affinity type I receptor thick veins, it could be demonstrated, that the variants differ only in matrix binding and not in their receptor affinity. Different matrix binding was shown by Heparin FPLC. The biological relevance of the matrix interaction of DPP was examined in transgenic flies. To allow expression of the different variants under the control of various Gal4 driver lines, they were cloned behind an UAS-promoter site. In early tracheal development, a strong dependence of DPP signaling on matrix binding was observed. While ectopic expression of the deletion variant caused only minor defects, the branching pattern was strongly disturbed by overexpression of wildtype and duplication variant. Ubiquitous expression of the variants in the wing imaginal disc caused overproliferation of the disc and expansion of the omb target gene expression. The extent of phenotypes correlated with the matrix binding ability of the variants. Corresponding disturbances of the wing vein pattern was observed in adult flies. By the crossing of different dpp allels, transheterozygous animals were created, that lack dpp only in imaginal discs. Expression of the variants under the control of a suitable dpp-Gal4 driver line revealed insights into the biological relevance of matrix binding on DPP gradient formation and specific target gene activation in wing imaginal discs. It was shown, that all variants were able to generate a functional DPP gradient with correct expression of the target genes omb and spalt. Again a correlation between extent of target gene domains and matrix binding ability of the corresponding variants was found. Thus by mutating the N-terminus of DPP, it could be shown that this is responsible for DPP`s matrix interaction. Also the relevance of matrix binding of DPP in different tissues was examined. It turned out, that the reorganisation of tracheal branching by DPP strongly depends on matrix interactions wheras the establishing of a gradient in wing imaginal discs depends only gradually on matrix interactions. Based on these data a model for the action of DPP/TGFßs as morphogens was established. While a deletion of matrix binding leads to a decrease in specific bioactivity of the cytokine, the latter is increased by additional matrix binding sites.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schwenkert2005,
  author    = {Schwenkert, Isabell},
  title     = {Phenotypic characterization of hangover at the neuromuscular junction},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-14977},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Ethanoltoleranz beruht vermutlich auf Ver{\"a}nderung in synaptischer Plastizit{\"a}t; da die Mechanismen, die zu dieser Anpassung der Synapsen f{\"u}hren, in hang-Mutanten offensichtlich defekt sind, war es Ziel dieser Arbeit zu erkl{\"a}ren, wie HANG zu synaptischer Plastizit{\"a}t beitr{\"a}gt. In diesem Zusammenhang war es besonders wichtig herauszufinden, in welchem neuronalen Prozeß HANG eine Rolle spielt. Antik{\"o}rperfarbungen gegen HANG zeigten, da das Protein in allen neuronalen Zellkernen larvaler und adulter Gehirne vorhanden ist. Gehirne der hangAE10 Mutante zeigen keine F{\"a}rbung, was best{\"a}tigt, da diese Tiere Nullmutanten f{\"u}r HANG sind. Eine genauere Analyse der Verteilung von HANG im Zellkern ergab, daß HANG in einem punktartigen Muster an bestimmten Stellen im Kern angereichert ist; diese HANG-Aggregate sind an der Innenseite der Kernmembran lokalisiert und colokalisieren nicht mit dem Chromatin. Auf der Basis dieser Ergebnissen wurde postuliert, daß HANG vermutlich an der Stabilisierung, Prozessierung oder dem Export von mRNAs beteiligt ist. Da synaptische Plastizit{\"a}t gut an den einzelnen Neuronen der neuromuskul{\"a}ren Synapse von Drosophila-Larven studiert werden kann, wurde die Morphologie der Motorneurone dritter Larven am Muskelpaar 6/7 des Segments A4 untersucht. Diese Untersuchungen zeigten, da Boutonanzahl und Axonl{\"a}nge in hangAE10-Larven um 40 \% erh{\"o}ht sind. Außerdem zeigen einige Boutons der hang-Mutanten eine abnormale, sanduhrf{\"o}rmige Form, was darauf hinweist, daß sie nach Initiation der Bouton-Teilung m{\"o}glicherweise in einem halb-separierten Zustand geblieben sind. Die Zunahme an Boutons in den Mutanten ist im wesentlichen auf eine Zunahme der Anzahl der Typ Ib-Boutons zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren. Die Analyse der Verteilung verschiedener synaptischer Marker in hangover-Mutanten ergab keine Hinweise auf Abnormalit{\"a}ten im Zytoskelett oder in der Ausbildung der pr{\"a}-und postsynaptischen Strukturen. Des weiteren ist die Anzahl der aktiven Zonen relativ zur Boutonoberfl{\"a}che nicht ver{\"a}ndert; da hang-Mutanten aber mehr synaptische Boutons pro synaptischem Terminal besitzen, kann man insgesamt von einer Zunahme der Anzahl der aktiven Zonen ausgehen. Die pr{\"a}synaptische Expression von HANG in den Mutanten rettet die erh{\"o}hte Boutonanzahl und die verl{\"a}ngerten Axone, was ebenfalls beweist, daß die beobachteten synaptischen Defekte auf das Fehlen von HANG und nicht auf Sekund{\"a}rmutationen zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren sind. Eine postsynaptische Expression der hangover cDNA in den Mutanten dagegen rettet den Ph{\"a}notyp nicht. Die Anzahl der synaptischen Boutons wird unter anderem durch cAMP-Levels bestimmt, welche somit synaptische Plastizit{\"a}t regeln. Da hang-Mutanten eine erh{\"o}hte Boutonanzahl aufweisen, f{\"u}hrte dies zu der Spekulation, daß der Ph{\"a}notyp dieser Mutanten m{\"o}glicherweise auf ver{\"a}nderte cAMPlevels zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. Um dies zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen, wurde die Morphologie der neuromuskul{\"a}ren Synapsen von hangAE10-Larven mit denen von dnc1 verglichen, welche Defekte in der cAMP-Kaskade aufweisen. Einige Aspekte des Ph{\"a}notyps (z. B. die Zunahme der Boutonanzahl und das Verhaltnis von aktiven Zonen pro Boutonfl{\"a}che) sind sehr ¨ahnlich; jedoch unterscheiden sich die beiden Mutanten in anderen morphologischen Aspekten. Die Expression eines UAS-dnc-Transgens in hangover-Mutanten modifizierte den hang-Ph{\"a}notyp ebenfalls nicht. Auf der Basis der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit wurde ein Modell f{\"u}r die Funktion von HANG erstellt, nach dem dieses Protein vermutlich am Isoform-spezifischen Spleißen bestimmter Transkripte beteiligt ist, deren Produkte f{\"u}r die synaptische Plastizit{\"a}t an der neuromuskul{\"a}ren Synapse ben{\"o}tigt werden.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wagh2005,
  author    = {Wagh, Dhananjay Anil},
  title     = {"Bruchpilot" -molecular and functional characterization of a novel active zone protein at the Drosophila synapse},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-14989},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Chemical neurotransmission is a complex process of central importance for nervous system function. It is thought to be mediated by the orchestration of hundreds of proteins for its successful execution. Several synaptic proteins have been shown to be relevant for neurotransmission and many of them are highly conserved during evolution- suggesting a universal mechanism for neurotransmission. This process has checkpoints at various places like, neurotransmitter uptake into the vesicles, relocation of the vesicles to the vicinity of calcium channels in order to facilitate Ca2+ induced release thereby modulating the fusion probability, formation of a fusion pore to release the neurotransmitter and finally reuptake of the vesicles by endocytosis. Each of these checkpoints has now become a special area of study and maintains its own importance for the understanding of the overall process. Ca2+ induced release occurs at specialized membrane structures at the synapse known as the active zones. These are highly ordered electron dense grids and are composed of several proteins which assist the synaptic vesicles in relocating in the vicinity of Ca2+ channels thereby increasing their fusion probability and then bringing about the vesicular fusion itself. All the protein modules needed for these processes are thought to be held in tight arrays at the active zones, and the functions of a few have been characterized so far at the vertebrate active zones. Our group is primarily interested in characterizing the molecular architecture of the Drosophila synapse. Due to its powerful genetics and well-established behavioural assays Drosophila is an excellent system to investigate neuronal functioning. Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) from a hybridoma library against Drosophila brain are routinely used to detect novel proteins in the brain in a reverse genetic approach. Upon identification of the protein its encoding genetic locus is characterized and a detailed investigation of its function is initiated. This approach has been particularly useful to detect synaptic proteins, which may go undetected in a forward genetic approach due to lack of an observable phenotype. Proteins like CSP, Synapsin and Sap47 have been identified and characterized using this approach so far. MAB nc82 has been one of the shortlisted antibodies from the same library and is widely used as a general neuropil marker due to the relative transparency of immunohistochemical whole mount staining obtained with this antibody. A careful observation of double stainings at the larval neuromuscular junctions with MAB nc82 and other pre and post-synaptic markers strongly suggested an active zone localization of the nc82 antigen. Synaptic architecture is well characterized in Drosophila at the ultrastructural level. However, molecular details for many synaptic components and especially for the active zone are almost entirely unknown. A possible localization at the active zone for the nc82 antigen served as the motivation to initiate its biochemical characterization and the identification of the encoding gene. In the present thesis it is shown by 2-D gel analysis and mass spectrometry that the nc82 antigen is a novel active zone protein encoded by a complex genetic locus on chromosome 2R. By RT-PCR exons from three open reading frames previously annotated as separate genes are demonstrated to give rise to a transcript of at least 5.5 kb. Northern blots produce a prominent signal of 11 kb and a weak signal of 2 kb. The protein encoded by the 5.5 kb transcript is highly conserved amongst insects and has at its N-terminus significant homology to the previously described vertebrate active zone protein ELKS/ERC/CAST. Bioinformatic analysis predicts coiled-coil domains spread all over the sequence and strongly suggest a function involved in organizing or maintaining the structure of the active zone. The large C-terminal region is highly conserved amongst the insects but has no clear homologues in veretebrates. For a functional analysis of this protein transgenic flies expressing RNAi constructs under the control of the Gal4 regulated enhancer UAS were kindly provided by the collaborating group of S.Sigrist (G\&\#1616;ttingen). A strong pan-neuronal knockdown of the nc82 antigen by transgenic RNAi expression leads to embryonic lethality. A relatively weaker RNAi expression results in behavioural deficits in adult flies including unstable flight and impaired walking behavior. Due to this peculiar phenotype as observed in the first knockdown studies the gene was named "bruchpilot" (brp) encoding the protein "Bruchpilot (BRP)" (German for crash pilot). A pan-neuronal as well as retina specific downregulation of this protein results in loss of ON and OFF transients in ERG recordings indicating dysfunctional synapses. Retina specific downregulation also shows severely impaired optomotor behaviour. Finally, at an ultrastructural level BRP downregulation seems to impair the formation of the characteristic T-shaped synaptic ribbons at the active zones without significantly altering the overall synaptic architecture (in collaboration with E.Asan). Vertebrate active zone protein Bassoon is known to be involved in attaching the synaptic ribbons to the active zones as an adapter between active zone proteins RIBEYE and ERC/CAST. A mutation in Bassoon results in a floating synaptic ribbon phenotype. No protein homologous to Bassoon has been observed in Drosophila. BRP downregulation also results in absence of attached synaptic ribbons at the active zones. This invites the speculation of an adapter like function for BRP in Drosophila. However, while Bassoon mutant mice are viable, BRP deficit in addition to the structural phenotype also results in severe behavioural and physiological anomalies and even stronger downregulation causes embryonic lethality. This therefore suggests an additional and even more important role for BRP in development and normal functioning of synapses in Drosophila and also in other insects. However, how BRP regulates synaptic transmission and which other proteins are involved in this BRP dependant pathway remains to be investigated. Such studies certainly will attract prominent attention in the future.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schindelin2005,
  author    = {Schindelin, Johannes},
  title     = {The standard brain of Drosophila melanogaster and its automatic segmentation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-15518},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {In this thesis, I introduce the Virtual Brain Protocol, which facilitates applications of the Standard Brain of Drosophila melanogaster. By providing reliable and extensible tools for the handling of neuroanatomical data, this protocol simplifies and organizes the recurring tasks involved in these applications. It is demonstrated that this protocol can also be used to generate average brains, i.e. to combine recordings of several brains with the same features such that the common features are emphasized. One of the most important steps of the Virtual Insect Protocol is the aligning of newly recorded data sets with the Standard Brain. After presenting methods commonly applied in a biological or medical context to align two different recordings, it is evaluated to what extent this alignment can be automated. To that end, existing Image Processing techniques are assessed. I demonstrate that these techniques do not satisfy the requirements needed to guarantee sensible alignments between two brains. Then, I analyze what needs to be taken into account in order to formulate an algorithm which satisfies the needs of the protocol. In the last chapter, I derive such an algorithm using methods from Information Theory, which bases the technique on a solid mathematical foundation. I show how Bayesian Inference can be applied to enhance the results further. It is demonstrated that this approach yields good results on very noisy images, detecting apparent boundaries between structures. The same approach can be extended to take additional knowledge into account, e.g. the relative position of the anatomical structures and their shape. It is shown how this extension can be utilized to segment a newly recorded brain automatically.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Masek2005,
  author    = {Masek, Pavel},
  title     = {Odor intensity learning in Drosophila},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-15546},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {It has been known for a long time that Drosophila can learn to discriminate not only between different odorants but also between different concentrations of the same odor. Olfactory associative learning has been described as a pairing between odorant and electric shock and since then, most of the experiments conducted in this respect have largely neglected the dual properties of odors: quality and intensity. For odorant-coupled short-term memory, a biochemical model has been proposed that mainly relies on the known cAMP signaling pathway. Mushroom bodies (MB) have been shown to be necessary and sufficient for this type of memory, and the MB-model of odor learning and short-term memory was established. Yet, theoretically, based on the MB-model, flies should not be able to learn concentrations if trained to the lower of the two concentrations in the test. In this thesis, I investigate the role of concentration-dependent learning, establishment of a concentration-dependent memory and their correlation to the standard two-odor learning as described by the MB-model. In order to highlight the difference between learning of quality and learning of intensity of the same odor I have tried to characterize the nature of the stimulus that is actually learned by the flies, leading to the conclusion that during the training flies learn all possible cues that are presented at the time. The type of the following test seems to govern the usage of the information available. This revealed a distinction between what flies learned and what is actually measured. Furthermore, I have shown that learning of concentration is associative and that it is symmetrical between high and low concentrations. I have also shown how the subjective quality perception of an odor changes with changing intensity, suggesting that one odor can have more than one scent. There is no proof that flies perceive a range of concentrations of one odorant as one (odor) quality. Flies display a certain level of concentration invariance that is limited and related to the particular concentration. Learning of concentration is relevant only to a limited range of concentrations within the boundaries of concentration invariance. Moreover, under certain conditions, two chemically distinct odorants could smell sufficiently similarly such, that they can be generalized between each other like if they would be of the same quality. Therefore, the abilities of the fly to identify the difference in quality or in intensity of the stimuli need to be distinguished. The way how the stimulus is analyzed and processed speaks in favor of a concept postulating the existence of two separated memories. To follow this concept, I have proposed a new form of memory called odor intensity memory (OIM), characterized it and compared it to other olfactory memories. OIM is independent of some members of the known cAMP signaling pathway and very likely forms the rutabaga-independent component of the standard two-odor memory. The rutabaga-dependent odor memory requires qualitatively different olfactory stimuli. OIM is revealed within the limits of concentration invariance where the memory test gives only sub-optimal performance for the concentration differences but discrimination of odor quality is not possible at all. Based on the available experimental tools, OIM seems to require the mushroom bodies the same as odor-quality memory but its properties are different. Flies can memorize the quality of several odorants at a given time but a newly formed memory of one odor interferes with the OIM stored before. In addition, the OIM lasts only 1 to 3 hours - much shorter than the odor-quality memory.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}